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김란 서울대학교 국어교육연구소 2011 국어교육연구 Vol.28 No.-
China is a large country with a population of over 1.3 billion. The official language of China is Mandarin Chinese and dialects and minority languages are also used in many areas, resulting in an important dilemma for language policy makers in China: dealing with the complex issues of language. Language planning in China started in the 1950s. There have been 3 stages of language planning since then. The first stage was the establishment of standards. The second stage was to further standardize the language. The third stage was the legislation of language. At present, the dialects, minority languages, foreign languages and language used on the internet are main concerns of the language policy makers in China. They proposed a new concept called "building a harmonious language life" to handle the relationship between subjectivity and diversity and ultimately, to contribute to the harmony of social life. 인구 13억 중국의 주된 언어는 한어이지만 방언과 민족이 많은 국가이다. 중국의 공식 언어는 한어이고, 보통어는 전국에서 통용되는 표준어이며, 사용하는 문자는 간소화된 한자이다. 표준어 외에도, 한어에는 몇 개의 큰 방언 지역이 있다. 중국의 소수 민족은 55개이고 100여종에 가까운 언어가 있어 언어 정책 결정자들이 큰 어려움을 겪고 있다. 그래서 어떻게 복잡한 언어 문제를 해결하고, 그 사용 기준을 정하며, 문자 사용의 규범을 정할지와 표준어 보급 문제 및 소수 민족의 언어와 방언을 보호할지에 대한 문제가 중요 연구 과제가 되고 있다. 신중국의 언어 계획은 상반세기 50년대부터 시작되는데, 크게 다음 세 단계로 나누어진다. 첫 단계는 언어 기준을 확립하는 단계인데, 1955년에 간체자와 한어 병음 방안이 확정되었다. 두 번째 단계는 한층 더 언어를 규범화 하였다. 20세기80년대 후반에, 표준어는 외국어와 어느 지역 언어의 영향을 받게 되면서, 언어 혼란 상황이 나타나게 된다. 이로 인해 중국정부는 일련의 규범화된 공문 및 법규를 공포하고 실시한다. 세 번째 단계는 언어 입법 단계이다. 2000년 10월 31일, 중국전국인민대표회의의 상무위원회 제 18차 회의에서"중국국가 통용 언어 문자법"을 통과시켰고, 이 법률은 2001년 1월 1일부터 실시되었다. 오늘날 중국의 언어 정책 역시 새로운 문제에 직면해 있다. 방언, 소수민족의 언어문제, 외국어 교육 문제, 인터넷 언어 문제 등은 언어 정책가 들의 주된 관심사 이다. 이 같은 이유로 중국의 국가 언어 위원회는 "조화로운 언어 생활을 만들자"라는 새로운 이념을 제기했으며, 중요성과 다양성 사이의 관계를 잘 조정함으로써, 사회 언어 생활의 조화로움을 추진하고자 한다.
김란,김한식 한국피부과학연구원 2008 대한피부미용학회지 Vol.6 No.2
Purposes : We carried a clinical observatory study to identify the influence of massage techniques on facial moisture content, percutaneous moisture loss and skin elasticity. Method : We selected two middle-aged women in initial period of epilation and two ones with good scalp conditions and provided regular Swedish massages and scalp massages including faces, necks, and decolite for eight weeks from October 11. 2007 to December 4, 2007 for the subjects A1 and A2. For the subjects of B1 and B2, we massaged their faces, necks and even decolites using Swedish massage technique once a week.. In the process of scalp massage, we used bamboo fine poles we designed for this study. To measure the skin conditions, we used Corneometer CM 825 for moisture content, Tewameter TM 210 for percutaneous moisture loss and Cutometer MPA 580 for Ur/Uf of skin. Results : The moisture contents in a stratum corneum somewhat differed according to facial areas, but after the skin care for eight weeks, the subjects showed relatively stable moisture conditions. However, for the subjects with sensitive skin who had only Swedish massages, as the moisture content on the forehead and chin areas did not reach the normal range of 50~59AU, facial skin moisture content after eight weeks did not improve significantly. The percutaneous moisture loss (TEWL) showed opposite results to the moisture content of a stratum corneum and though there was some difference according to facial areas, when both Swedish massages and scalp reflection therapy were applied simultaneously, TEWL on the forehead, eyes, cheeks, and chins were stable and lower. The subjects who had only Swedish massages showed some decrease in moisture loss, but the moisture content in stratum corneum did not reach normal range. Skin elasticity (Ur/Uf) conditions were different according to facial areas, but after the weeks, their Ur/Uf tended to increase and in comparison with the case when Swedish massages alone, when both the massages were provided simultaneously, elasticity at facial areas was relatively outstanding. Based on the results, it is suggested that the subjects who had simultaneous treatment showed greatly improved facial conditions. Purposes : We carried a clinical observatory study to identify the influence of massage techniques on facial moisture content, percutaneous moisture loss and skin elasticity. Method : We selected two middle-aged women in initial period of epilation and two ones with good scalp conditions and provided regular Swedish massages and scalp massages including faces, necks, and decolite for eight weeks from October 11. 2007 to December 4, 2007 for the subjects A1 and A2. For the subjects of B1 and B2, we massaged their faces, necks and even decolites using Swedish massage technique once a week.. In the process of scalp massage, we used bamboo fine poles we designed for this study. To measure the skin conditions, we used Corneometer CM 825 for moisture content, Tewameter TM 210 for percutaneous moisture loss and Cutometer MPA 580 for Ur/Uf of skin. Results : The moisture contents in a stratum corneum somewhat differed according to facial areas, but after the skin care for eight weeks, the subjects showed relatively stable moisture conditions. However, for the subjects with sensitive skin who had only Swedish massages, as the moisture content on the forehead and chin areas did not reach the normal range of 50~59AU, facial skin moisture content after eight weeks did not improve significantly. The percutaneous moisture loss (TEWL) showed opposite results to the moisture content of a stratum corneum and though there was some difference according to facial areas, when both Swedish massages and scalp reflection therapy were applied simultaneously, TEWL on the forehead, eyes, cheeks, and chins were stable and lower. The subjects who had only Swedish massages showed some decrease in moisture loss, but the moisture content in stratum corneum did not reach normal range. Skin elasticity (Ur/Uf) conditions were different according to facial areas, but after the weeks, their Ur/Uf tended to increase and in comparison with the case when Swedish massages alone, when both the massages were provided simultaneously, elasticity at facial areas was relatively outstanding. Based on the results, it is suggested that the subjects who had simultaneous treatment showed greatly improved facial conditions.
자운영(Astragalus sinicus Linne) 종자 추출 Oil을 함유한 크림제조 및 피부 보습효과에 관한 연구
김란,김한식 한국피부과학연구원 2011 대한피부미용학회지 Vol.9 No.1
자운영(Astragalus sinicus Linne)은 두과초본의 월년초로서 콩과(Leguminosae)에 속하는 식물이며 재배면적 10 a당 36~54 kg의 종자 생산이 가능하나 매년 자연소실 되고 있다. 자운영자 소재의 선행연구는 성분분석 및 약용성분, 항산화제, 피부 생리활성능 등이 이미 확인되어 보고되었다. 이러한 자운영자를 이용하여 본 연구에서는 자운영자가 함유한 오일의 추출 가능성 및 추출된 오일을 함유한 크림제형 안정성과 아울러 피부 보습효과를 확인하고자 연구를 수행하였다. 자운영자에서 환류식 추출기와 ethylether 용매를 이용하여 오일을 추출한 결과 총 시료 2 kg에서 약 160 ml의 오일이 추출되었다. 크림제형 포뮬라에 의해 자운영자 오일을 3%, 5%, 8% 첨가하여 제조한 화장품을 광학현미경을 이용하여 200배율로 관찰한 결과 고른 액정형성 형태를 나타내었다. 크림 제조 최종 8주후 pH를 측정한 결과 자운영자 오일 3%를 함유한 크림은 5.68, 5%를 함유한 크림은 4.51, 8%를 함유한 크림은 4.12의 약산성 pH를 나타내었다. 크림을 피험자의 전박부에 도포하여 각질층 수분함량의 평균값에 따른 반복측정변량분석을 실시한 결과 모든 군이 도포 후 60분까지 유의하게 증가하다가 감소하기 시작하는 변화를 알 수 있었으며(p<.001), 자운영자 오일을 3%(크림A), 5%(크림B), 8%(크림C) 함유한 시험군이 Control군에 비해 수분함량이 유의하게 높게 변화하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 도포 전에 비해 시험군이 Control군보다 5시간이 경과한 후에도 수분보유 함량이 높게 나타남을 알 수 있었다(p<.001). 향후 자운영자 오일 추출법에 대한 연구와 자운영자 오일의 피부 생리활성능에 대한 연구가 이루어지면 화장품의 제품화가 가능할 것으로 사료된다. Chinese milk vetch is a bienniel grass of Leguminosae family and 36~54 kg per 10 ha is grown, but it naturally dies annually. Previous studies on Chinese milk vetch seeds reported its medicinal effect, antioxidation, and bioactive effect. Therefore, this study aims to analyse possibility to extract oil from Chinese milk vetch seeds, and stability and moisturizing effect of cream containing the oil extracted. In extracting oil using a reflux type extractor and ethylether as a solvent, about 160ml oil was extracted from a total of 2kg specimen. As a result of observing cream for which 3%, 5% and 8% of Chinese milk vetch seeds extracts oil was added to cream-type formula with an 200-power optical microscope, it was discovered that even liquid crystals were formed. When pH was measured eight weeks after making cream, pH of cream with 3% of Chinese milk vetch seeds extracts oil was 5.68, that of cream with 5% of the oil was 4.51, and that of the cream with 8% of oil was 4.12. When cream was applied on the forearm and a repeat measure Anova was performed based on means of moisture contents of stratum corneum, moisture contents of all the groups significantly increased for 60 minutes after the application and then began to decrease (p<.001). The moisture contents of the experiment group in which 3% of the oil(Cream A), 5%(Cream B), and 8%(Cream C) were added began to increase significantly in comparison with the control group. The experiment group showed higher moisture contents even five hours after the application than the control group (p<.001). If further studies on how to extract oil from Chinese milk vetch seeds and its bioactive function are performed, the oil can be used for commercial cosmetic products.
Antioxidant Effects of Salicornia bigelovii Seed Extracts
김란 한국생물공학회 2017 KSBB Journal Vol.32 No.2
The objective of this study was to compare antioxidant effects of different extracts of Salicornia bigelovii seed. DPPH radical scavenging activity, chelating activity of ferrous, superoxide anion radical-scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and contents of total polyphenol and flavonoid were measured for different extracts. Ethanol extract (10 mg/mL) was found to have the maximum DPPH radical scavenging and superoxide anion radical scavenging activities (65.26 and 62.36%, respectively). However, hot water extract (10 mg/mL) showed the highest hydroxyl radical scavenging and chelating activities (51.50 and 53.24%, respectively). Total phenolics and flavonoid contents in the ethanol extract were 522.8 and 480.35 μg /mg, respectively. They were 401.51 and 352.60 μg /mg, respectively, in the hot water extract. These results indicate that ethanol and hot water extracts of S. bigelovii seed have good potential to be used as a new source of antioxidants for functional foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.
A Study of Physiological Activities of the Thermal Treated Eggplant on the Skin
김란 한국생물공학회 2016 KSBB Journal Vol.31 No.3
The purpose of the present research was to investigate the physiological activities of the thermal treated eggplant on the skin. Five minute of thermal treatment at 100oC had the highest polyphenol content of eggplant. However, below and over 5 min of thermal treatment time, they did not increase. When water and ethanol extracts were used, the maximum DPPH radical scavenging activities were obtained, 66.3 and 62.8%, respectively. Among various extracts, the acetone extract gave the highest cosmetic activity. Especially, when acetone extract (15.0 mg/mL) was used, the maximum inhibition activities of tyrosinase, elastase, and collagenase were obtained, 83.4, 78.2 and 62.5%, respectively. These results suggest the anti-wrinkle and whitening and effects of acetone extract were excellent. Therefore, it is should be considered as a promising candidate for novel cosmetic agents
A Note on Aspectual Properties of Korean Idioms
김란 한국생성문법학회 2018 생성문법연구 Vol.28 No.3
This paper investigates aspectual properties of idiomatic expressions in Korean, the data that have not received much attention in the study of Korean idioms. Extending McGinnis’ (2002, 2005) observation concerning English, I examine aspectual behaviors of phrasal idioms in Korean and show that the meaning of phrasal idioms in Korean follows from the composition of their parts. If the current work is on the right track, it may offer support to the argument that has been made in generative grammar in which idioms are not just random units but may act as systematic and compositional phrases.
Rethinking Open Data in E-Government in Korea: An Analysis of the Utilization Gap
김란 한국사회과학협의회 2019 Korean Social Science Journal Vol.46 No.1
The utilization of Open Government Data (OGD) is far more than a technical issue. On the one hand, the degree of utilization can be decided by information, system, and service quality. On the other hand, it is critical to the response of suppliers and demanders of OGD. Hence, the question “where does the ‘utilization gap’ come from?” is seemingly simple, yet the systematic evaluation of the utilization gap is a daunting task. This paper attempts to provide a holistic framework for evaluating the utilization gap of OGD in Korea and use it to diagnose the current status of OGD utilization, mainly focusing on the adoption of Open API. According to our analysis, Open API is a promising technique for improving the accessibility and utilization of OGD, but only a limited number of technicians in the supply-side and the demand-side use it for value creation and policymaking. This paper proposes some policy recommendations, especially emphasizing the issue of standardization, training of users, collaborations, and active feedback channels to narrow the utilization gap.