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김남균 한국인지및생물심리학회 2010 한국심리학회지 인지 및 생물 Vol.22 No.2
The present study examined human observers’ perceptual capacity to estimate time-to-contact (TTC) of an approaching object under severely perturbed or impoverished optic flow that compromised TTC information, in particular, local tau1. In Experiment 1, non-spherical objects approached the observation point while rotating either about one (horizontal or vertical) or two axes. The objects were depicted using random dots that varied in density (4, 16, 64, or 256 dots), half of which were projected to the observer. Under object rotation, the surface dots were displaced or even disappeared. These manipulations severely compromised the optical pattern specifying local tau1. In Experiment 1, performance degraded with decreasing dot density. Particularly, performance in the 4 dot density condition differed significantly from performance in the three higher density conditions. Experiment 2 examined whether these results accurately depicted the capacity of the human visual system. Objects either approached, or retreated from, the observation point; and participants were asked to judge the direction of the object’s motion. With an overall accuracy of 89%, most objects’ motion directions were identified reliably, even in the 4 dot density condition. Taken together, the present study demonstrated that the human visual system is capable of coping with adverse conditions by extracting requisite information, in particular, local tau1, that specifies the TTC of an approaching object, even from severely perturbed and impoverished optic flow. However, the present results also demonstrate that, under certain extreme conditions such as those engendered by rugby ball shaped object that rotated 90 deg over their approaches to the observation point, the visual system can fail, a finding consistent with that reported by Gray and Regan (2000). 물체가 관찰자를 향하여 다가올 때, 그 물체가 이루는 각, 즉 물체각의 상대적 팽창률의 역수는 그 물체의 도착시간과 일치한다. 관찰자는 tau라고 명명된 이 광학정보를 이용하여 움직이는 물체를 잡거나 다가오는 물체를 피하는 행동을 시간적으로 통제할 수 있다. 하지만 회전하며 날아오는 럭비공 같은 비대칭 비등방형 물체는 광흐름을 교란시키며, 그 결과 tau의 추출을 어렵게 한다. Gray와 Regan(2000)은 이러한 가능성을 검증하였으며, 그 결과 인간시각체계가 tau라는 단안정보에 입각하여 회전하며 접근하는 비원형 물체의 접촉시간을 탐지할 능력이 결여되었다고 주장하였다. 그에 반해, 다양한 결무늬를 입힌 비원형 물체를 이용하여 접촉시간 지각능력을 검증한 김남균(2009)은 기존의 접촉시간 연구에서 보고한 결과들과 비슷하거나 더 우수한 결과를 발견하였다. 하지만 김남균의 연구는 물체 내부 결 조직이 묘사되었다는 점을 제외하고는 참가자들이 어떤 정보에 근거하여 접촉시간을 탐지할 수 있었는지를 규명하기가 어려운 문제점을 내재하고 있다. 이 연구에서는 이러한 문제점을 보완하여, 물체를 검은색의 무선점들로 묘사하였으며, 무선점들의 숫자도 조작하여, tau가 광흐름 속에서 명시되는 정도를 변화시켰다. 이런 물체들을 이용하여 접촉시간 탐지능력을 실험 1에서 검증한 결과, 접근시간 예측이 기존의 문헌에서 보고된 수행능력과 크게 차이가 나지 않는다는 사실을 발견하였다. 하지만 4점 결밀도에서의 수행능력은 다른 3개의 고밀도 조건에서의 수행능력과는 차이가 있었다. 낮은 수행능력이 지각능력을 반영하는지를 평가하기 위해서 실험 2를 실시하여, 실험 1의 결과가 정확한 광패턴, 즉 팽창여부의 탐지에 근거하였는지를 검증하였다. 그 결과 정확한 광패턴 지각능력이 발견되었다. 특히 4점 결밀도 조건에서도 80%이상의 정확도를 보였다. 하지만 럭비공 물체에서 광패턴을 추출하는 것이 다른 물체에 비해 더 어려웠다는 사실을 발견하였으며, 이런 결과는 동일한 물체를 사용한 Gray와 Regan의 연구가 연구에 사용한 물체의 특수성에 근거하여 발생했을 가능성을 제기한다.
김남균,김만일,곽재환,전병희 한국방재학회 2019 한국방재학회논문집 Vol.19 No.4
In 2006, a number of debris flows occurred in Inje-gun, Gangwon-do, Korea, due to heavy rainfall. The selected study area from among the debris-flow sites was preserved because no loss of life or property damage occurred. In this study, a digital surface model (DSM) was generated using drones and compared with a 1:5000 digital map by analyzing the debris-flow fan area, debris-flow deposition volume, and slope. Twenty-four ground control points were acquired to build the terrain data of the study area, and the point-cloud data were obtained using drones. The debris-flow fan area from the outflow point was calculated to be 30,000 m2 using the point cloud data, and the upstream area from the outflow point was calculated to be 34,000 m2. In addition, photographs were taken, the non-terrain information was filtered, and an orthophoto was created. The generated orthophoto and DSM were compared with the digital elevation model generated in the 1:5000 digital map. The erosion height of the torrent area and the deposition height were estimated. From the estimated value, the deposition volume of the debris-flow fan area was calculated. The calculated erosion/deposition height of the debris flow was verified by comparing it with the field survey result and the photographs. 2006년 인제군 북면 일대 집중호우로 인하여 토사 및 유목이 유출되는 토석류가 발생하였다. 다수의 토석류 발생지 중에서선정된 연구지역은 인명 및 재산의 피해가 없어 토석류 발생현장이 그대로 보존되어 있다. 본 연구에서는 드론을 활용하여토석류 발생 지역의 DSM을 생성하여 토석류의 퇴적 면적 및 퇴적량, 경사도 분석을 통해 1:1500의 수치지형도와 비교 분석을하였다. 연구대상지인 강원도 인제군 한계리 건천골에 발생한 토석류의 지형자료 구축을 위하여 24개의 지상기준점(Ground Control Points, GCP)을 획득하고, 측량정보인 Point cloud 데이터를 획득하였다. 계류지역의 토사 유출구로부터 확산 면적은약 30,000 이며, 유출구로부터 상류지역 300 까지 확대하여 측량된 면적은 34,000 이다. 측량된 지역은 사진촬영을통해 지형이 아닌 정보들은 필터링 후, 정사영상을 작성하였다. 생성된 정사영상과 DSM은 1:5000의 수치지형도에서 제작된DEM과 비교분석을 하였다. 단면 추출을 통해 상시 흐름이 있는 계류지역의 침식 높이와 퇴적부의 평균 퇴적 심도를 추정하였다. 추정된 값을 이용하여 2006년 당시 발생한 토석류 확산부의 퇴적량을 추정할 수 있었으며, 현장 사진과의 비교를 통하여침식, 퇴적높이를 검증할 수 있었다.
DBU-catalyzed efficient CO<sub>2</sub>-fixation reaction into polymer bearing propargylamine
김남균,신지훈 한국공업화학회 2019 한국공업화학회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2019 No.1
본 연구에서는 상온/상압의 이산화탄소를 고정화할 수 있는 고분자를 합성하고, 합성된 고분자의 물리적 특성을 고찰하였다. propargyl amine기를 가지고 있는 다양한 관능기를 탐색하였고, 이산화탄소 고정화를 위해서는 1,8-Diazabicyclo [5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) 가 효과적인 촉매로 작용하였다. 합성된 고분자는 상온/상압의 이산화탄소 조건에서 5분안에 이산화탄소 고정화를 할 수 있었으며, 공기를 bubbling 하는 것만으로도 이산화탄소를 고정화 할 수 있었다. 이산화탄소 고정화의 모니터링을 NMR, FT-IR 등을 통하여 관찰하였고, GPC, DSC, TGA 등을 통하여 이산화탄소 고정화 전/후의 물성변화를 관찰하였다.
김남균 한국세계문화사학회 2011 세계 역사와 문화 연구 Vol.0 No.24
This article focuses on Ronald Reagan's communication skills during his first several months as president in order to understand American political communication culture. When Reagan finished his second term of the president, he enjoyed a 70 percent approval rating, which was higher than any other president in modern American history. Despite his high popularity, his actual record was not impressive. He failed to achieve his two core campaign pledges- cutting back on government spending and reducing the federal deficit. The government spending during his terms conversely expanded, resulting in an unprecedented amount of the federal deficit. Why was Reagan so popular? The key to Reagan's popularity was his communication skills. Reagan, who had been a radio sports announcer and a movie actor before choosing to be a politician, knew how to perform before the television camera. He liked to use easy expressions and concrete examples rather than obscure conceptual expressions. He knew how to talk to a big audience as if he were talking to a small group of people in a living room. He outperformed his opponents during the presidential elections in 1980 and 1984. He talked to the people directly through the television camera from the White House, whenever he confronted the Congressional opposition. The people were persuaded and supported Reagan rather than the Congress. However Reagan's persuasion was not solely based on his communication skills. More important was his consistency in his ideological stand. He started to argue about the conservative philosophy beginning in 1964 when he campaigned for the Republican presidential candidate, Barry Goldwater. He insisted that America needed to reform the established welfare policies, shifting to a traditional liberal economic principle. He emphasized both the reduction of government spending and the reduction of taxes as well as the deregulation of economy. He never changed his ideological stand since 1964. He repeated his argument throughout his political career. He campaigned repeatedly under the same ideas in 1966 and 1970 for the California governorship and for the president in 1980 and 1984. His campaign theme was always the same. Through his consistent argument, he could build trust in the minds of Americans. That was the real key to the birth of the legend of the so-called Great Communicator - Ronald Reagan. Reagan shows what is the core value of political communication that Americans most highly evaluate.
계면활성제 농도 변화에 따른 셀룰로오즈계 가연물에서의 표면흡수 동적 메커니즘에 관한 연구
김남균,임경범,이동호,Kim. Nam Kyun,Lim. Kyung Bum,Rie. Dong Ho 한국방재학회 2012 한국방재학회논문집 Vol.12 No.6
2005년 대구 서문시장 화재사건의 경우, 심부까지 소화용수가 침투되지 않아 화재 진압 후 재발화로 인해 2차 화재가 발생하여 대형화재로 이어졌다. 이와 같이 일반적인 소화용수를 사용하여 다량의 다공성 물질이 적재되어 있는 공간에서 발생한 화재를 진압하는 경우, 물질의 심부에서 진행되는 연소에 대한 소화 한계성을 가지며 재발화의 위험성이 존재한다. 그러나 현재 국내의 침윤소화약제 기술기준은 표면장력에 대한 기준만 존재하여 이를 통한 약제의 성능평가는 어려운 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 종이와 섬유에 대한 계면활성제의 농도에 따른 젖음 속도 및 젖음 면적을 측정하여 다공성 물질의 표면흡수특성을 파악하였다. 이를 통하여 계면활성제 첨가에 의한 표면장력의 저하에 따라 표면에서의 흡수성이 향상됨을 확인하였다. In the case of Seo-Moon market in Deagu (2005), fire relapse after fire suppression has led the accident to a large fire due to secondary fire occurred because the fire fighting water did not penetrate until deep place. Thus, in the case of using a common fire fighting water extinguish a fire in the place where a large amount of cellulosic combustibles is loaded, there is a risk of fire relapse and that has digestive limitations for a combustion in the deep of cellulosic combustibles. However, a standard exist only on the surface tension in the current domestic wetting agent technology standards, so it is difficult to the performance evaluation of the wetting agent through the standard. Therefore, in this study, surface absorption mechanism were studied by measuring that wetting speed and wetting area according to the concentration of the surfactant for cellulosic combustibles(the paper and textile). Through this study, Depending on the degradation of the surface tension by surfactant addition, it was confirmed that the absorptiveness is improved on the surface.
S-234 : Clinical SYNTAX predicting clinical outcome in patients with acute myocardial infarction
김남균,김창연,김재희,장세용,박선희,배명환,이장훈,양동헌,박헌식,조용근,채성철 대한내과학회 2013 대한내과학회 추계학술대회 Vol.2013 No.1
Background: Although original SYNTAX (Synergy between Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) with TAXUS and Cardiac Surgery) score (SS) excluded the patients undergoing primary PCI, several studies reported that SS could provide prognostic information in those subjects. The aim of this study is to assess whether clinical SS (CSS) would improve the ability to predict major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) compared with original SS in patients undergoing primary PCI. Methods: Between November 2005 and November 2011, 691 patients (515 men; mean age=61.9±12.0 year-old) underwent primary PCI with a diagnosis of first ST-segment elevation MI (STEMI) were analyzed in this study. CSS was calculated by multiplying the SS to an ACEF score (age/left ventricular ejection fraction + 1 if serum creatinine >2 mg/dL). Patients were categorized into 3 groups according to tertiles of CSS; CSSLOW (<14.5, n=230), CSSMID (14.5-26.7, n=231), and CSSHIGH (≥26.8, n=230). The 12-month MACEs were defined as death, non-fatal MI, and revascularizations. Results: During the follow-up, the 12-month MACEs were 5.2% (SSLOW; ≤22), 10.3% (SSMID; 23-32), and 18.9% (SSHIGH; ≥33), respectively (p<0.001), whereas 3.5% (CSSLOW), 5.6% (CSSMID), and 12.2% (CSSHIGH), respectively (p<0.001). CSS (39.5±29.1 versus 23.1±17.2, p<0.001) as well as SS (21.9±9.8 versus 17.1±8.6, p<0.001) was significantly higher in patients with 12-month MACEs. In Cox proportional hazards model, CSS (hazards ratio [HR] 1.03, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02-1.04; p <0.001) as well as SS (HR 1.04, 95% CI 1.01-1.07; p=0.016) was an independent predictor of 12-month MACEs after adjusting for conventional clinical risk factors. In receiver operating characteristics curves, area under the curve (AUC) of CSS was significantly higher compared with those of SS (0.694 versus 0.642, p=0.02). CSS significantly improved net reclassification (0.317, p=0.03) and the integrated discrimination (0.03, p=0.02) of patients compared to SS. Conclusions: In patients underwent primary PCI, we should consider clinical characteristics such as CSS as well as angiographic findings such as SS in decision-making for STEMI.