Antigen Receptor-Mediated Induction of Cytolytic T cell-Specific Transcripts Expression

김관식,권병세,Kim, Gwan-Shik,Lancki, David W.,Kwon, Byoung-Se The Korean Society of Pharmacology 1987 대한약리학잡지 Vol.23 No.1

Cytolytic T cell(CTL)에서는 표현되나 다른 세포에서는 표현되지 않는 유전자를 검색하여 최근 저자는 3종의 CTL 특이 cDNA를 cloning하였다. CTL 특이 cDNA의 기능을 규명하기 위하여 CTL L3 cell을 항원수용체를 통하여 혹은 interleukin 2(IL-2)로 자극하여 활성화시킨 후 RNA blot analysis로 각 cDNA clone의 상응전사체 표현양상을 관찰, CTL활성화과정과의 연관성을 실험하였다. 이중 2종의 cDNA상응전사체표현은 항원수용체자극에 의해 현저히 증가된 반면 IL-2는 전혀 영향을 미치지 않았으며 이 같은 전사체표현증가는 cyclosporin A 처리로 완전히 억제되었다. 이상의 결과는 항원수용체자극으로 활성화되는 유전자가 IL-2에 의해 활성화되는 유전자와는 상이함을 보여주는 것이며 또한 2종의 cDNA clone이 IL-2에 의해 활성화되지 않으나 항원수용체를 통하여 중개되며 cyclosporin A에 예민하게 반응하는 CTL활성화과정의 특정경로에 관여하는 것으로 사료된다. Employing the approach to isolate the genes expressed preferentially in cytolytic T cell (CTL) but not in other types of cell, 3 CTL-specific cDNAs were recently cloned. To characterize these cDNA clones in relation to CTL activation, their expression pattern after T cell antigen receptor (TCR) or interleukin 2 (IL-2) stimulation were investigated by RNA blot analysis of cloned CTL L3 cells. Transcripts level of two cDNA clones were markedly elevated by TCR stimulation but not by IL-2. In addition, transcripts expression of both clones were abrogated by cyclosporin A treatment. These results indicated that gene activation mediated by TCR is distinct from that mediated by IL-2 and imply that those two unidentified cDNA clones are related to TCR-mediated, IL-2-independent but cyclosporin A-sensitive pathway for CTL activation.

치의학교육입문검사 개발이 기본방향

김관식,Kim, Gwan-Sik 대한치과의사협회 2002 대한치과의사협회지 Vol.40 No.10

구강영역 감염증의 향균요법

김관식,Kim, Gwan-Sik 대한치과의사협회 1989 대한치과의사협회지 Vol.27 No.9

임상연구 : Kent Retractor를 사용한 위절제술 환자에서 예방적 PEEP의 효과

김관식 ( Kwan Sik Kim ),박성식 ( Sung Sik Park ),임동건 ( Dong Gun Lim ) 대한마취과학회 2003 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.45 No.3

3공법 복강경 하 복강 내 봉합 및 결찰을 중심으로 한 전자궁적출술

김관식 ( Kwan Sik Kim ) 대한산부인과학회 2005 Obstetrics & Gynecology Science Vol.48 No.1

삼성전자와 애플사 간 특허소송의 현황과 과제 -한국과 미국에서 법적 보호의 비교를 중심으로-

김관식 ( Kwan Shik Kim ) 한남대학교 과학기술법연구소 2012 과학기술법연구 Vol.18 No.3

한국과 미국에서 행해지고 있는 삼성전자와 애플사간의 특허소송에서는 표준특허에 따른 FRAND 확약의 효과의 해석, 방법특허의 소진여부, 디자인권의 침해여부 판단방법 및 트레이드드레스의 보호요건 등에 있어서의 쟁점이 부각되었다. 삼성전자의 표준특허에 대한 소진여부가 한국과 미국에서 달리 판단되었는데, 방법특허도 일반적인 물건에 관한 특허권과 마찬가지로 물건의 적법한 판매에 의하여 소진된다는 법리는 한국과 미국에서 확립되어 있으므로 결론이 상이하게 된 것은 법적 판단의 기초가 된 사실관계에 대한 판단의 차이점에서 주로 기인한 것으로 볼 수 있다. 표준특허의 FRAND 확약의 법적효과와 관련하여 FRAND 확약을 한 이후에 특허권금지청구의 행사가 반독점행위에 해당하지 않는다고 판단한 점에서는 공통된다. 한국과 미국에서 그 차이가 특별히 부각된 점은 디자인의 침해여부 판단 방법 및 트레이드드레스의 보호이다. 한국에서는 디자인의 구성요소 중에서 공지된 부분과 공지되지 아니한 부분을 구분하여 침해여부 판단시 그 중요도에 차이를 두고 구체적인 구성을 비교하는 방법을 채택하고 있으나, 미국의 경우에는 개별적 구성으로 분해하여 비교하는 방법을 거부하고 전체적인 외관을 비교하는 방법을 채택하고 있는 점에서 침해여부의 판단 결과에서 차이가 발생하고 있다. 트레이드드레스는 미국에서는 연방상표법상 등록상표 및 미등록상표의 형태로 모두 보호가 가능하고 등록 및 미등록 여부에 관계없이 희석화 방지조항의 적용의 대상이 되나, 한국에서는 트레이드드레스는 상표의 일종인 입체상표로 등록되기가 힘들므로 미등록주지상표로서 부정경쟁방지법상의 보호를 추구하고 있어 ``주지성’의 충족이 문제로 될 수 있다. 상표·표지의 침해 요건 중의 하나인 혼동의 판단 기준으로 상표법상 혼동은 상표와 상품의 동일·유사성 판단을 기초로 일반적인 혼동가능성을 기준으로 하는 반면에, 부정경쟁방지법상의 혼동은 구체적인 거래실정 등을 감안한 ``구체적 혼동’의 발생여부를 기준으로 하고 있어, 상표법상의 혼동에 비하여 혼동발생의 요건이 충족되기가 상대적으로 어렵고, 결국 한국에서는 실제 거래실정을 감안하여 트레이드드레스의 혼동이 부정되었다. 희석화 방지 조항은 미국의 경우 상표의 등록 여부에 관계없이 적용되는 반면에, 우리나라의 경우 부정경쟁방지법상 주지의 표지에는 희석화 방지 조항의 적용이 있으나, 등록상표의 경우에는 희석화 방지조항의 적용이 없다는 점에서 차이가 있고, 또한 희석화 방지조항의 적용의 전제가 되는 ‘저명성’ 요건의 충족 여부의 차이에 의하여 한국과 미국에서 트레이드드레스의 침해여부 판단결과의 차이가 초래된 것이다. In the present legal disputes between Apple Co. and Samsung Electronics Co. et al. in the United States and Korea, the main issues are: interpretation of FRAND commitment for the standard-essential patents, exhaustion of the process patents, determination of the infringement of design patents, legal requirements for the protection of trade dresses. Exhaustion of the standard patents of Samsung was differently ruled in the jurisdictions of Korea and the U.S. The incompatible decisions, however, seemed to be based on the differences in the fact-finding or interpretation of the scope of the license given by Samsung to the chip maker Intel, since the jurisprudence about the exhaustion of the process patents is well-established. Both jurisdictions concur in that the injunction itself does not comprise patent misuse just because of the fore-declared FRAND commitment. The significant differences between the two jurisdictions can be found in the determination of the design and trade dress infringement. In Korea, well-known components and not well-known components of designs weigh differently when determining the design infringement, whereas over all appearances are significantly compared in the U.S. Trade dresses can be protected within the system of the intellectual property law in Korea as well as in the U.S. For the trade dresses with acknowledged distinctiveness, they can be protected as registered and/or unregistered trademarks in the U.S. while they can be protected either as registered trademarks under the Trademark Law or unregistered well-known signs under the Unfair-Competition Law in Korea. Doctrine of functionality which is well established and consistently applied to restrict the scope of trademark is hard to be found to the cases on the trade dress in Korea. Confusion of trademarks generally has been interpreted to mean point-of-sale confusion, while post-sale confusion has not been expressly acknowledged in Korea. Confusion of well-known signs are determined with all the actual trade related aspects comprehensively appraised, which makes the likelihood of confusion for the well-known signs harder to be acknowledged than for the registered trademarks in Korea. In the U.S., anti-dilution provisions are applied without discrimination to the registered trademarks as well as unregistered trademarks; in Korea, however, the provisions are applied only to the unregistered well-known signs. This renders registered trademarks immune to the application of anti-dilution provisions.

인터넷상에서 광고의 차단.삽입과 그 법적문제

김관식(Kwan-Shik Kim) 한국비교사법학회 2010 比較私法 Vol.17 No.3

The convenience and versatility of the hyper-text makes web-pages written by Hyper Text Markup Language indispensable part of the internet services and the internet web-pages became inundated by a variety of types of unsolicited advertisements. The advent of the ad-blocking software is an inevitable reaction to fulfill the needs of the users of the Internet to cope with the advertisements. The use of the ad-blocking software, however, may bring about some legal issues in the aspect of intellectual property and tort law. This paper addresses the legal issues in terms of intellectual property aspects such as copyright, trademark and unfair-competition. The issues are also discussed in terms of the tort law including misappropriation, interference with prospective contract, trespass to chattels in the American legal doctrine. The case study gives a speculative perspective on the proper equilibrium between the intellectual property law and tort law.

뇌졸중으로 한방병원에 입원치료 하였던 환자들의 합병증에 대한 임상적 고찰

김관식(Kwan-Sick Kim),서관수(Kwan-Su Suo),김동웅(Dong-Woung Kim),신선호(Sun-Ho Shin),한명아(Myong-Ah Han),정용준(Yong-Jun Jung),장통영(Tong-Young Chang),양재훈(Jae-Hun Yang) 대한한의학회 2000 대한한의학회지 Vol.21 No.4

발명의 동일성 판단 기준

김관식(Kim, Kwan-Shik) 세창출판사 2012 창작과 권리 Vol.- No.69

Determination of the identity of the inventions acts as prerequisite for the determination of the novelty of the invention, first-to-file requirement, and so-called extended first-to-file requirement under the Korean Patent Law. The determination can also be regarded as a prerequisite for the inventive-step requirement in the sense that the inventive step requirement is generally reviewed only after the invention deemed to be novel. These points make the criteria for the determination of identity of inventions one of the most important standards throughout the jurisprudence of the patent law. This paper critically reviews the criteria introduced by the decisions delivered by the Supreme Court of Korea and the Korean Patent Court for the determination of the identity of the inventions under the first-to-file and the extended first-to-file requirements. According to the precedents, two inventions can be deemed to be substantially identical notwithstanding the differences in the constituents of the inventions so long as the differences are appraised to be simple modifications which could be adopted by the ordinary skilled man in the art so that there may not be much differences in the purposes and the results of the inventions. Determining the fulfillment of the extended first-to-file requirement, two inventions can be deemed to be equal when the differences are evaluated to be minor modifications in the sense that there can not be any new effects. Some precedents by the Korean Patent Court have used a standard seemed to be similar to that for the determination of the inventive-step. Recent decision by the Supreme Court, however, makes it clear that it is not the case. Two kinds of criteria are apparently different from each other, but the difference should not be interpreted to be intentionally introduced because historically the criteria were applied unto both requirements without any discrimination throughout the patent practices, and the otherwise interpretation would result in the prevention of the earlier examination of filed patent applications before the fixation of the earlier claims of the applications in the sense that the revision of the claims are not permitted. The recent precedent by the Supreme Court is highly appreciated in the sense that it effectively restricted the scope of the substantial identity which has been growing indefinitely without well-grounded legal basis. But the fact that the fate of the junior application is determined by the accidental length of the patent examination of the senior application is still to be resolved. Some revisions of the Patent Law are proposed to eliminate the demerits.

유전자 관련 발명의 성립성

김관식(Kwan Shik Kim) 중앙법학회 2011 中央法學 Vol.13 No.4

Heredity is one of the most essential features of creatures and it is well known that heredity is mediated by genes especially by DNA from parents to offspring. Due to the revolutionary progress in the biotechnology such as recombinant DNA, DNA-related inventions have been frequently submitted for patents. Subject-matter patentability of DNA-related inventions is generally approved mainly based on the utility and artificiality of the inventions. But the subject-matter patentability can not be guaranteed by the utility and artificiality of the inventions. Being useful and artificial, the subject-matter patentability should be denied when the inventions can be deemed as law of nature or abstract idea as contrasted by application of idea in order to restrict the exclusive right of the invention and prevent harmful consequences by the resulting monopoly. With given DNA, resulting amino acids are determined by the codons of the DNA and the amino acids in turn determine the proteins, essential part of most living organisms. DNA-related inventions with known function such as isolated DNA, cDNA, therefore, can be deemed as a law of nature; whereas subject-matter patentability of recombinant DNA which is made of a fragment DNA with a known function and plasmid acting as a vector, can not be denied due to the plurality of the possible combining methods. The subject-matter patentability of gene-related inventions such as isolated DNA, cDNA, therefore, can not be approved.