심바스타틴이 인체망막색소상피세포에서 생산된 혈관내피성장인자에 미치는 효과

김경진,김경실,김나래,진희승,Kyoung Jin Kim,Kyong Sil Kim,Na Rae Kim,Hee Seung Chin 대한안과학회 2012 대한안과학회지 Vol.53 No.6

Purpose: To examine the effect of simvastatin on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in cultured human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells under oxidative stress. Methods: RPE cell viability was measured using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay after 24 hours of incubation with various concentrations of simvastatin or H2O2. Cultured human RPE cells were pretreated with various concentrations of simvastatin and then incubated with 100 μm H2O2. After 24 hours of incubation, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to evaluate the expression of VEGF. Results: Simvastatin showed no toxicity up to 10 μm, but cell viability gradually decreased with increased concentration of simvastatin. Human RPE cells showed increased VEGF expression when exposed only to H2O2. When RPE cells were preincubated with simvastatin and later exposed to H2O2, VEGF expression was relatively lower. Conclusions: Simvastatin downregulated the expression of VEGF in human RPE cells under oxidative stress. Simvastatin may have some clinical benefits in preventing retinal diseases associated with VEGF. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 2012;53(6):849-855

DNA 형태 적응을 거쳐 P2sir-관련 도움파지 비효율성을 극복하는 박테리오파지 P4 sid⁺ 유도체 정성 연구

김경진,Kim, Kyoung-Jin 한국미생물학회 2016 미생물학회지 Vol.52 No.1

P2-크기 머리에 packaging 될 특정 DAN 크기(28-29 kb long)와 박테리오파지 P4 유전자 sid의 변이가 "P2 sir-관련 도움파지 비효율성"을 극복할 수 있는 요소로 압축되었다. 유전자 sid의 변이 여부가 필수적인지를 확인하기 위해, 정상적인 sid 유전자를 가지며 $P2_{sir3}$-크기의 큰 머리에 packaging 될 DNA 크기가 28.5 kb되는 P4 delRI::kmr을 사용하여 실험하였다. P4 delRI::kmr이 P2 sir3 용원소에 대해 낮은 EOP를 보이므로, 이를 증가시키기 위해 P2 sir3 용원소를 숙주세포로 하여 파지 stock을 제조하였다. 이 과정에서 P4 delRI::kmr이 P2 sir3 용원소에 대해 적응하는 것을 관찰하고, CsCl 부양 균등밀도 편차실험과 분리된 DNA의 전기영동을 통해 그것이 packaging 될 머리 크기에 따른 DNA 형태 변화에 의한 적응이라는 것을 알아냈다. P2 sir3 용원소에 적응된 P4 delRI::kmr과 적응되지 않은 P4 delRI::kmr stock의 burst size 결정 실험은, sid 유전자 변이에 상관없이 packaging 될 DNA 크기에 의해 "P2 sir-관련 도움파지 비효율성"이 극복된다는 것을 보여주었다. A certain size of DNA (28-29 kb long) to be packaged into P2-size head and the mutation in sid gene of bacteriophage P4 are the major factors to overcome "P2 sir-associated helper inefficiency". To clarify whether the presence of sid mutation is essential to overcome "P2 sir-associated helper inefficiency" or not, we tested the P4 derivative, P4 delRI::kmr, which is $sid^+$ and whose genome size supposed to be 28.5 kb long in the case of being packaged into $P2_{sir3}$-sized large head. As P4 delRI::kmr showed the low EOP with P2 sir3 lysogen, P4 delRI::kmr phage stock was prepared in P2 sir3 lysogen host to increase the EOP with P2 sir3 lysogen. Through this process, P4 delRI::kmr had been adapted for P2 sir3 lysogen. With a CsCl buoyant equilibrium density gradient experiment and gel electrophoresis of the isolated DNA, it was evident that the adaptation of P4 delRI::kmr for P2 sir3 lysogen was caused by the conformational change of DNA to be packaged into large head. The burst size determination experiments with P4 delRI::kmr phage stock adapted for P2 sir3 lysogen and normal P4 delRI::kmr phage stock showed that not the sid mutation but the size of DNA to be packaged (28-29 kb long) was essential to overcome "P2 sir-associated helper inefficiency".

임도개설(林道開設)에 따른 부유토사량(浮遊土砂量) 변화(變化)(I) -대조유역법(對照流域法)을 중심(中心)으로-

김경진,전근우,Kim, Kyoung-Jin,Chun, Kun-Woo 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 1994 Journal of Forest Science Vol.10 No.-

본(本) 연구(硏究)는 강원대학교(江原大學校) 임과대학(林科大學) 부속연습림(附屬演習林)의 임도개설유역(林道開設流域)을 중심으로 우기(雨期)의 계류수(溪流水)에 함유되어 있는 부유토사량(浮遊土砂量)을 측정하므로써 임도개설(林道開設)에 따른 토사유출(土砂流出) 변화(變化)를 파악하고자 진행하였다. 이를 위해 임도개설유역(林道開設流域)의 강우량(降雨量)과 유출량(流出量), 유출량(流出量)과 부유토사량(浮遊土砂量)의 관계를 규명하였으며, 아울러 임도개설유역(林道開設流域)과 미개설유역(未開設流域)의 강우량(降雨量)에 따른 부유토사량(浮遊土砂量)의 변화에 대하여 비교, 분석하였다. 1. 임도개설유역(林道開設流域)에 있어서 우기(雨期)의 강우량(降雨量)과 유출량(流出量)의 관계는 Table 3 및 Fig. 3와 같이 수문곡선(水文曲線)의 Peakpoint는 강우강도(降雨强度) 및 전강우량(前降雨量) 등에 따라 형성시간(形成時間)과 높이가 상이하였다. 즉 6월(月)12일(日)의 강우(降雨)(a)(20mm이상이 4시간 지속)에서는 3시간 경과 후에 $1514m^3/hour$, 8월(月) 8일(日)의 강우(降雨)(b)(최대(最大) 시우량(時雨量) 40mm)경우는 동일(同一) 시간대(時間帶)에서 $1246m^3/hour$, 그리고 8월(月) 20일(日)의 강우(降雨)(c)(최대(最大) 시우량(時雨量) 17.2mm)의 경우는 2시간 경과 후에 $1245m^3/hour$의 Peak point가 형성되었다. 2. 임도개설유역(林道開設流域)에서 유출량(流出量)과 부유토사량(浮遊土砂量)의 관계는 유출량(流出量)에 비례하여 부유토사량(浮遊土砂量)도 증가하였다(Table 4 및 Fig. 4). 즉 강우(降雨)(a)는 최대유출량(最大流出量)이 $1514m^3/hour$일 때 부유토사량(浮遊土砂量) 1261mg/l가 1시간 후에 나타났고, 강우(降雨)(b) 및 (c)는 각각 최대유출량(最大流出量) $1246m^3/hour$과 $1245m^3/hour$일 때 최대부유토사량(最大浮遊土砂量) 4952mg/l와 472mg/l가 동일시간대(同一時間帶)에서 나타났다. 3. 강우중(降雨中)의 부유토사량(浮遊土砂量)의 농도(濃度)는 강우강도(降雨强度)에 강하게 영향받고 있으며, 특히 강우강도(降雨强度)가 강할수록 곡선회귀(曲線回歸)의 형태(形態)로 증가하였다. 임도개설유역(林道開設流域)에서의 부유토사농도(浮遊土砂濃度)의 Peak point는 강우(降雨)(a)의 경우 1261mg/l와 125mg/l, 강우(降雨)(b)는 4952mg/l와 44mg/l, 그리고 강우(降雨)(c)는 472mg/l와 4mg/l로서 유역간(流域間)에 현격한 차이가 나타났다. This study was carried out to clarify the sediment export by measuring suspended solids included in streamflow during the rainy season. The study area is located in Experimental Forests, Kangwon National University, where the forest road is under construction. For this purpose, the forest watershed with construction of forest road was compared with normal forest watershed in amount of rainfall and discharge, suspended solids and discharge, and the amount of rainfall and suspended solids. The results were shown as followings. 1. The relationship of discharge and the amount of rainfall was shown as Table 3 and Fig. 3. The delay time of peak point observed in hydrograph was changed by rainfall intensity and amount of previous rainfall. That is, when there was a rain on 12. Jun(more than 20mm/hour for hours), the peak point began three hours after the rainfall intensity over 20mm/hour, and showed $1514m^3/hour$ in automatic water level recorder. In case of the 8th of Aug.(maximum rainfall intensity: 40mm/hour), the peak point of discharge was $1246m^3/hour$ in the same time with maximum rainfall intensity. And on the 20th of Aug.(the maximum rainfall intensity: 17.2mm/hour), the peak point of discharge was $1245m^3/hour$ two hours after the maximum rainfall intensity. 2. On watershed under forest road construction, the relationship between discharge and suspended solids is that suspended solids was proportionately increased by raising discharge. That is, on the 12th of Jun, the maximum of discharge per hour was $1514m^3/hour$ and 1261mg/l of suspended solids was observed an hour after peak point of discharge. And in case of 8th and 20th Aug., each of peak points is $1246m^3/hour$ and $1245m^3/hour$ by measuring time. The maximums of suspended solids measured within two watersheds were examined in value of 4952mg/l and 472mg/l at the same time. 3. During the rainy season, the concentration of suspended solids was influenced by rainfall intensity and indicated especially curve-regressional increase in case of strong rainfall intensity. In each of watersheds, the maximums of suspended solids were 1261mg/l and 125mg/l, 4952mg/l and 44mg/l, and 472mg/l and 4mg/l by the order of rain(a), (b), and (c). Two watersheds showed a remarkable difference.

대면적 마그네트론 스퍼터링 증착장비의 수냉시스템 방열성능 해석

김경진,Kim, Kyoung-Jin 한국반도체디스플레이기술학회 2010 반도체디스플레이기술학회지 Vol.9 No.2

In a large area magnetron sputtering system, which is under the influence of high heat load from the plasma, it is necessary to use the effective water cooling in order to maintain the proper deposition performance and the economic use of target materials. A series of three-dimensional numerical simulations are carried out on the simplified model of the large area magnetron sputtering system with the cooling plate that includes the U-shaped water channel. The analysis is focused on the effects of water channel geometry, cooling water flowrate, thermal conductivity of target material, and the degree of target erosion on the cooling performance of cooling plate, which is represented by the temperature distribution of target material.

다양한 양상으로 나타난 플라스모디움 바이박스 말라리아로 인한 망막출혈 3예

김경진,강행구,이강훈,양석재,문연성,Kyoung Jin Kim,Haeng Ku Kang,Kang Hoon Lee,Seok Jae Yang,Yeon Sung Moon 대한안과학회 2011 대한안과학회지 Vol.52 No.7

Purpose: To report three various cases of retinal hemorrhages caused by Plasmodium vivax malaria. Case summary: Two 55-year-old male patients and a 52-year-old male patient with cyclic high fever were admitted to the department of internal medicine. Three of the patients were diagnosed with malaria caused by P. vivax based on a peripheral blood smear. The patients were treated with hydroxychloroquine and premaquine but complained of decreased visual acuity. The patients were examined with funduscopy, fluorescein angiography, and optical coherence tomography. The first case showed 2 areas of retinal hemorrhages on the macular in the right eye and 1 area of retinal hemorrhage in the left eye. The second case showed many cotton-wool spots along with a number of small retinal hemorrhages and tortuous blood vessels in both eyes. The third case showed 1 area of retinal hemorrhage in the right eye and many cotton-wool spots in both eyes. Conclusions: P. vivax malaria rarely causes retinal hemorrhage. Manifestations of retinal hemorrhage and degree of visual acuity loss may vary among patients. P. vivax malaria should be considered when patients with unexplained high fever present with retinal hemorrhage, even without a history of overseas travel. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 2011;52(7):863-870

In Vitro Construction and Characterization of the Bacteriophage P4 Derivative, P4 sid71 cosP2, Containing the Bacteriophage P2 cos Region

김경진,Kim, Kyoung-Jin The Microbiological Society of Korea 2013 미생물학회지 Vol.49 No.1

박테리오파지 P2 sir 변이체는 그것의 위성파지인 박테리오 파지 P4를 위해 비효율적인 도움파지로 알려졌다. 이러한 현상을 "P2 sir-관련 도움파지 비효율성"이라고 부르고 있으며, P2와 P4의 cos 지역에서의 DNA 염기배열 순서 차이가 이러한 현상을 나타나게 한다고 생각되었다. 이를 검증하기 위해, 여러 단계의 in vitro DNA 조작을 거쳐 P2의 cos 지역을 함유하는 유도체 P4인 P4 sid71 cosP2를 조성하였다. 일단계 생장 실험을 통해 그것의 후손 방출량을 결정하였다. 그 결과는, P4 sid71 cosP2에서 P4의 cos 지역을 P2의 cos 지역으로 대체한 것이 "P2 sir-관련 도움파지 비효율성"을 극복한 것으로 나타났다. P2 야생형과 P2 sir 돌연변이형을 도움파지로 삼아 준비한 P4 sid71 cosP2 파지 농축액들을 CsCl 부양 균등밀도 편차실험으로 분석하였다. 그 결과, 양 경우 모두 3개의 P4 유전체를 가진 파지 입자가 우세한 것으로 나타났다. Bacteriophage P2 sir mutants are inefficient helpers for their satellite bacteriophage P4. The term, "P2 sir-associated helper inefficiency" has been used to define this phenomenon and it has been suggested that the DNA sequence difference between the cos region of P2 and that of P4 is responsible. To test this hypothesis, P4 derivative phage, P4 sid71 cosP2, containing the cos region of P2 and sid71 allele was constructed through several in vitro DNA manipulation steps. Its burst size was determined using a one-step growth experiment. The results showed that the substitution of the cos region of P2 for the cos region of P4 in P4 sid71 cosP2 overcame "P2 sir-associated helper inefficiency". P4 sid71 cosP2 stock phages prepared with P2 wild type helper and P2 sir helper were analyzed using a CsCl buoyant equilibrium density gradient experiment. The results revealed that the phage particles containing three copies of the P4 genome were the predominant particles in both cases.

Construction and characterization of the bacteriophage P4 derivatives whose genome size suitable for packaging into a P2_sir3-sized head

김경진,Kim, Kyoung-Jin The Microbiological Society of Korea 2015 미생물학회지 Vol.51 No.1

"P2 sir-관련 도움파지 비효율성"이라는 용어는 P2 sir 변이체가 그들의 위성 박테리오파지인 P4에 대해 도움파지 역할을 충분히 못하는 것을 가리키는 용어이다. 이 연구의 목적은 이러한 P2 sir-관련 도움파지 비효율성을 극복하는 요인들을 조사하는 것이다. 우선 P2의 cos 영역을 함유하는 P4 sid71 cosP2가 P2 sir3의 도움파지 비효율성을 극복하는지를 조사하였다. 그 결과 P4 sid71 cosP2는 P2 sir3의 도움파지 비효율성을 극복하지 못하였다. P2의 cos 영역 대신에 $P2_{sir}$-sized head에 packaging되는 DNA 크기가 도움파지 비효율성을 극복하는 중요한 요인으로 나타났다. 이 연구에서는, DNA 조작을 통해 packaging 되는 DNA 크기가 P4 ost1과 P4 ost2 사이가 되는 세 종류의 P4 유도체를 조성하였다. 그 중 하나인 P4 sid71 delRI::apr의 CsCl 균등밀도차실험을 거쳐 packaging되는 DNA의 크기를 확인하였다. P4 유도체들의 후손방출량 실험에 따르면 그들은 모두 P2sir3-관련 도움파지 비효율성을 극복하였다. $P2_{sir3}$-sized head에 잘 packaging되는 P4 유도체의 크기는 28-29 kb로 나타났다. The term "P2 sir-associated helper inefficiency" has been used to define the inefficient helper capability of P2 sir mutants for their satellite bacteriophage P4. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors overcoming P2 sir-associated helper inefficiency. At first, we verified whether the P2 cos region containing P4 sid71 cosP2 could overcome P2 sir-associated helper inefficiency with P2 sir3. The result was that P4 sid71 cosP2 could not overcome P2 sir-associated helper inefficiency with P2 sir3. Instead of cos region of P2, the size of the DNA packaged into a $P2_{sir}$-sized head seems to be important for overcoming P2 sir-associated helper inefficiency. In the present work, three kinds of P4 derivatives with packaged DNA sizes between those of P4 ost1 and P4 ost2, were constructed through DNA manipulation. In one P4 derivative, P4 sid71 delRI::apr, the size of the packaged DNA was identified with a CsCl buoyant equilibrium density gradient experiment. According to the burst sizes of the P4 derivatives, they could overcome P2 sir3-associated helper inefficiency. The size of the P4 derivative DNA suitable for packaging into a $P2_{sir3}$-sized head was 28-29 kb.

신경섬유종증에서 드물게 나타나는 안과 소견: 증례보고 및 고찰

김경진,박상준,이강훈,강성모,Kyoung Jin Kim,Sang Jun Park,Kang Hun Lee,Sung Mo Kang 대한안과학회 2012 대한안과학회지 Vol.53 No.8

Purpose: To report and review several cases of uncommon ocular manifestations in neurofibromatosis patients. Case summary: A 19-year-old woman diagnosed with type 2 neurofibromatosis visited our hospital with amblyopia of the right eye and mild visual disturbance of the left eye. Best corrected visual acuity was 20/250 in the right eye, 20/25 in the left eye and relative afferent pupillary defect in the right eye was observed. Fundus examination of both eyes showed papilledema. Magnetic resonance imaging showed schwannoma from the optic nerve to the optic chiasm. A 28-year-old woman diagnosed with type 2 neurofibromatosis visited our hospital with amblyopia of the right eye. Best corrected visual acuity was finger count in the right eye, 20/20 in the left eye and relative afferent pupillary defect in the right eye was observed. Fundus examination of the right eye showed a slightly elevated lesion at the macula, as well as dragged optic disc and retinal vessels to the macula. An 8-year-old girl diagnosed with type 1 neurofibromatosis visited our hospital with enophthalmos and strabismus of the left eye. On exophthalmometry, enophthalmos in the left eye was found; measurements were 15.0 mm in the right eye and 13.0 mm in the left eye. Three-dimensional computed tomography revealed sphenoidal hypoplasia and a left lateral orbital wall defect. Conclusions: The authors of the present study report on neurofibromatosis patients who had an uncommon ocular manifestation. Neurofibromatosis can represent various ocular manifestations but reports of compressive optic neuropathy, dragged disc syndrome and sphenoidal hypoplasia are rare. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 2012;53(8):1200-1207

Hugo $H\"{a}ring$의 '신건축(Neues Bauen)' 사상과 그 이론 발전의 상징론적 측면에 대한 고찰

김경진,임석재,Kim, Kyoung-Jin,Yim, Seock-Jae 한국건축역사학회 2003 건축역사연구 Vol.12 No.2

Hugo $H\"{a}ring$(1882-1952) belonged to that special generation of architects born in the 1880s which became responsible for the establishment of Modern Movement in the 1920s as W. Gropius, Mies van der Rohe and Le Corbusier, etc. Although he have been overlooked by many historian, He was a key figure of the Modern architecture and as the main theorist for Organic stream in German architecture. He is well-known for his theory of 'Neues Bauen(New Building)', the organic functionalism that is epitomized as the design process from the inside outwards, starting with the life-processes of dwelling. So he argued that the builder must become aware of the life process his building is to serve, and he should not impose a form but try to find the form. These concepts are expressed well in his key-words, the 'Organwerk(organ-work)' and 'Leistungsform(form as achievement)'s. $H\"{a}ring's$ theory can be found in the short early essay, 'Wege zur Form(approaches to form)' of 1925. But His concept of 'function' is based on the speciality and individual identity that concerned him from the start, not purely pragmatic aspects. After 1940s his theory moved increasingly in this direction. He defined this as the transition from 'Organwerk' to 'Gesetaltwerk', from mere anatomy to essence, being, personality, life. It suggest that Hugo Haring's idea of Gestalt is a dimension of mystical or symbolic meaning. This paper Is about the way in which this theoretical transition can be parallel with contemporary philosophers as E. Cassirer's philosophy of symbolic forms and M. Heldegger's phenomenology. And the key example of this viewpoint is <Gut Garkau>(1921-1926) near Lubuk in Germany, with its 'cowshed' of pear shaped plan devised around the requirements and rituals of farm. This study presents the symbolic conception of Hugo $H\"{a}ring's$ theory can propose the ability of a symbolic intuition as a view that re-integrate technical thinking with knowledge of other kinds beyond the immediate material.

상황(狀況)과 이상(理想)의 조화: 신약에 나타난 억제된 여성 인권에 대한 변론

김경진 ( Kyoung Jin Kim ) 한국복음주의신학회 2011 성경과신학 Vol.59 No.-

누가는 다른 복음서 기자들보다 월등히 여성들에 대하여 긍정적으로 묘사하였다. 그럼에도 불구하고 하나님 나라를 위해 포기할 목록에 ``아내``를 포함시킴으로써(눅 18:29) 이러한 긍정적 이미지를 상쇄시켰다는 주장이 제기되기도 하였다. 또한 주님이 택하신 사도 중에 여성이 없었던 까닭에 여전히 남녀평등의 문제는 결정적으로 그 주장이 약해질 수밖에 없는 것으로 보인다. 이런 현상은 바울 서신에서도 발견된다. 유니아, 브리스길라, 그리고 뵈뵈와 같은 여성 지도자들을 동역자로 인정한 사도 바울은 주 안에서 남녀 사이에 더 이상의 차별은 없다고 선언하였다(갈 3:28; 고전 11:11). 그러나 이와는 달리 바울 서신에는 여전히 여성을 부정적으로 묘사하고 있는 부분이 등장한다. 즉 바울 서신에 나타난 가정규범에서 사도 바울이 오히려 돌봄을 받아야 할 대상인 사회적 약자인, 아내, 자녀, 종에게 순종과 복종을 권면하였던 것이다. 결과적으로 한편에서는 매우 긍정적으로 묘사되고 있는 여성의 이미지가 다른 쪽에서는 여전히 부정적으로 묘사되고 있는 갈등을 우리는 목격하게 된다. 이러한 갈등의 요인은 무엇인가? 과연 우리는 이 문제에 있어서 일관성이 있는 입장을 도출할 수 있는가? 복음서에서 예수님이 보여주시고 가르치신 내용은 당대의 유대 사회적 관습과 규례에 맞지 않는 급진적이고 혁명적인 모습으로써 분명 주님이 가져오신 하나님의 나라에 걸맞게 여성의 인권이 향상되어 등장한다. 그러한 전승을 듣고 알았던 사도 바울 역시 그의 서신에서 남녀평등을 담대하게 선포하였다. 이것은 모두 영원한 진리인 기독교가 표방하고 있는 이상(理想)이요 추구하고 있는 방향 혹은 목표이었다. 그러나 1세기 당시 교회가 속해 있는 사회 및 공동체는 전혀 그렇지 아니했다. 교회 밖 세속 사회에서는 여전히 가부장적 시스템에 의하여 남성, 아버지, 주인 중심으로 모든 것이 움직이고 있었기 때문이다. 1세기 당시 아직 소수이고 약자였던 그리스도의 교회가 이러한 세속 사회의 정서와 분위기를 역행한다는 것은 매우 힘든 일이었을 것이다. 일례로, 주님이나 사도 바울이 당대 그리스-로마 사회의 근간이었던 노예제도를 철폐하라고 요구하였다면, 과연 그 적대적 분위기 속에서 기독교는 생존할 수 있었을까? 따라서 기독교의 이상이 온 인류가 나아가야 할 바른 방향이요 목표이지만, 세속 사회가 그것을 받아들일 때까지는 많은 시간과 노력이 필요할 수밖에 없었을 것이다. 그리하여 주님과 복음서 기자(누가)나 사도 바울은, 하나님의 뜻이 더 널리 알려지고 받아들이게 될 때를 기대하고 기다리며, 그때까지는 세속 사회의 적대감이나 반감을 일방적으로 무시하지 말라는 권면을 전달한 것으로 이해된다. 이상을 추구하되 교회가 속한 상황과 조화를 이루며 때를 준비하며 기다리라는 뜻으로도 풀이할 수 있을 것이다. This article starts with a problem that why Luke includes wife in his list of renunciation (Lk 18:29), even though he is portrayed as a champion of woman`s human rights in Luke-Acts. On the contrary Mark and Matthew do not include wife in their lists of renunciation. That there was no female member in the circle of apostle also makes the gender equality highly difficult to be accepted. Pauline epistles do not vary in this matter. While Paul declares that there is no discrimination between man and woman in the Lord (Gal. 3:28; 1 Cor. 11:11), there are many passages where woman is described poorly and negatively. For instances, in the Haustafeln Paul exhorts the social minorities such as wife, children, and slaves in the household to obey to those in power and authority such as husband, parents, and landlords. Here arises a problem: woman is treated in a good manner on the one hand, but also described badly and negatively on the other hand. What is the reason for this conflict? Is there any consistency we can find for solving this problem? In the Gospels what Jesus taught and behaved were at odds with the social customs of contemporary Jewish society, which shows in turn that female human rights was heightened in the Kingdom of God Jesus brought about in this world. It is highly probable that having been informed of this trait, Paul also announced gender equality between man and woman as shown above. That is the very ideal and aim and direction which Christianity should display and attempt to attain at all times. However the circumstances to which christian church belonged in the first century were not in this direction. It was because the secular society outside of church was mostly managed by patriarchalism in which man, father, and landlord dominated in every situation. In this context it was hardly possible that christian church might be against such powerful secularism as male dominant system. So there comes a solution that Christians should not behave against or ignore the secular antagonism and hostility, waiting for the time that the will of God would be widely known and accepted. In short, we have to strive after the ideal, but need to behave ourselves in a wise manner not neglecting the secular society`s antagonism.