Aspergillus oryzae와 단백질 분해효소 첨가에 따른 콩알메주 된장의 이화학적 특성 변화

길나영,최보영,박신영,조용식,김소영,Gil, Na-Young,Choi, Bo-Young,Park, Shin-Young,Cho, Yong-Sik,Kim, So-Young 한국식품저장유통학회 2017 한국식품저장유통학회지 Vol.24 No.5

The purpose of this study was to investigate the physiochemical properties of Doenjang was fermented by added with fungi and protease. The moisture content and pH of Doenjang added with protease (WP) were lower than those of control w/o protease while the contents of titratable acidity, reducing sugar, and amino-type nitrogen in WP were higher than control. The ${\alpha}$-amylase activities of Doenjang added with single and mixed Protease B were the highest at 4 weeks of fermentation period and protease activity of WP was about 4 times higher than that of control. The 4-9 kinds of free amino acids (proline, isoleucine, leucine, and phenylalanine etc.) in WP was increased in comparison with control. The DPPH radical scavenging activity and total polyphenol content were higher in WP than control. Total aerobic bacterial and fungal numbers were decreased depending on fermentation time regardless of addition of protease. In conclusion, the protease can be used as additives improving the quality and taste of fermented Doenjang. 본 연구는 A. oryzae를 접종하여 제조한 콩알메주 된장에 단백질 분해효소를 처리한 후 아미노태 질소, 유리아미노산 등 품질특성 변화를 조사하였다. 콩알메주 된장의 수분함량 및 pH는 단백질 분해효소 첨가 된장이 무첨가 된장보다 낮은 결과를 보였고, 염도와 색도는 단백질 분해효소에 따른 변화가 없었으며, 적정산도, 환원당 및 아미노태 질소는 단백질 분해효소 첨가 된장이 무첨가 된장보다 높은 결과를 보였다. ${\alpha}$-amylase 효소활성은 Aspergillus속 유래 단백질 분해효소 단독 및 혼합처리 된장의 경우 발효 4주차에 가장 높은 활성을 보인 반면, 단백질 분해효소 무첨가 된장은 거의 활성을 나타내지 않았고, protease 효소활성은 단백질 분해효소를 첨가한 된장의 경우 무첨가 된장보다 약 4배 높은 활성을 보였다. 무첨가 된장에 비해 단백질 분해효소처리 된장에서 Protease A 처리 시 arginine, lucine, tryptophan, phenylalanine 등 4종, Protease B 처리 시 histidine, serine, glycine, threonine, proline, isoleucine, lucine, phenylalanine 등 8종, Protease A+B 혼합처리 시 histidine, serine, glycine, threonine, proline, tryptophan, isoleucine, lucine, phenylalanine 등 9종의 유리아미노산이 증가하였다. DPPH 라디칼 소거 활성과 총 폴리페놀함량은 단백질 분해효소 첨가 된장의 경우 무첨가 된장보다 높은 값을 보였고, 총 균수와 곰팡이 수는 단백질 분해효소의 첨가 유무와 상관없이 발효가 진행됨에 따라 감소하였다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 A. oryzae 접종 콩알메주 된장의 제조 시 단백질 분해효소를 첨가하여 발효시킬 경우 효소에 의해 환원당, 아미노태 질소 함량과 항산화능이 증가하고, ${\alpha}$-amylase와 protease 등 효소활성이 높아 된장의 발효기간을 단축시키면서 맛과 품질 개선에 도움이 될 것으로 기대된다.

유화액 시스템에서 옥테닐 호박산 베타글루칸의 계면 특성

길나영,김산성,이의석,신정아,이기택,홍순택,Gil, Na-Young,Kim, San-Seong,Lee, Eui-Seok,Shin, Jung-Ah,Lee, Ki-Teak,Hong, Soon-Taek 한국응용과학기술학회 2014 한국응용과학기술학회지 Vol.31 No.4

The synthesis of octenyl succinyl ${\beta}$-gucan (OSA-${\beta}$-glucan) was carried out and its interfacial properties at the oil-water interface and in emulsion systems were investigated. An aqueous ethanol system as a reaction media was used to facilitate the synthesis process; 10% (w/w) ethanol found to be the best as it showed a maximum degree of substitution (DS: 0.0132). FT-IR showed a characteristic absorption spectrum at $1736cm^{-1}$, indicating the esterification of octenyl succinyl groups to ${\beta}$-glucan backbone. As for interfacial tension measurements, it was decreased with increasing concentration of OSA-${\beta}$-glucan in the aqueous phase and when NaCl was added to aqueous OSA-${\beta}$-glucan solution in the range of 0.01 M to 0.1 M and also when pH was raised (pH 3 ~ pH 9). In systems of emulsion stabilized with OSA-${\beta}$-glucan, fat globule size found to decrease with increasing concentration of OSA-${\beta}$-glucan, showing a critical value of about $0.32{\mu}m$ at 0.5 wt%. When the OSA-${\beta}$-glucan emulsions were stored, it was found that fat globule size was increased with storage time and particularly pronounced increase was observed in emulsion with 1% OSA-${\beta}$-glucan, possibly due to depletion flocculation. Results of creaming stability evaluated by light scattering technique showed that it was more stable in emulsions containing smaller fat globule size. Surface load of OSA-${\beta}$-glucan in emulsions increased with increasing concentration of OSA-${\beta}$-glucan, suggesting a multilayer adsorption.

석류 분말을 첨가한 양갱의 품질 특성

길나영,김혜리,박종민,김산성,이의석,홍순택,Gil, Na-Young,Kim, Hye-Ri,Park, Jong-Min,Kim, San-Seong,Lee, Eui-Seok,Hong, Soon-Taek 한국식품영양학회 2014 韓國食品營養學會誌 Vol.27 No.5

The purpose of this study was to investigate the quality characteristics of white bean based Yanggaeng containing various levels of pomegranate powder (0, 2, 4 and 8%, w/w). The pH values of Yanggaeng containing pomegranate powder were found to decrease when increasing the amount of pomegranate powder. However, moisture and sugar contents were increased (p<0.05). For color values, both L and b values were reduced by increasing the amount of pomegranate powder, while a values were increased significantly (p<0.05). In textural properties, the addition of pomegranate powder resulted in the increase of hardness, chewiness and gumminess, while cohesiveness and springiness decreased. Antioxidant activities, evaluated by DPPH radical scavenging capacity, and total phenolic substances content increased when increasing the amount of pomegranate powder. Results of descriptive analysis showed that by increasing the amount of pomegranate powder, some attributes such as the intensity of the flavor, sourness, hardness and chewiness increased (p<0.05), but there was no statistically significant difference in sweetness. In a preference test, Yanggaeng containing 4% pomegranate powder appeared to be the most preferred for all attributes tested including overall acceptability. It was concluded that Yanggaeng containing pomegranate can be prepared with good sensory properties and antioxidant activities, and the addition of 4% pomegranate powder was found to be ideal.

가죽나무 에탄올 추출물에 의한 면역증강 효과

길나영,김순희,최보영,문지영,여수환,김소영,Gil, Na-Young,Kim, Sun-Hee,Choi, Bo-Young,Mun, Ji-Young,Yeo, Soo-Hwan,Kim, So-Young 한국식품영양학회 2018 韓國食品營養學會誌 Vol.31 No.6

The aim of this study was to investigate the immune activity of Ailantias altissima as an active ingredient on the immune enhancement by mixing ethanol extract with lactic acid bacteria (LAB). The activity of $NF-{\kappa}B/AP1$ transcription factor increased by $NF-{\kappa}B$ activity when mixed with LAB samples rather than with the extract alone. Nitric oxide (NO) production was similar in ethanol extract alone group and LPS treatment group. Mixing Ailantias altissima extract and lactic acid bacteria led to low NO production. The cytokine productivity of $TNF-{\alpha}$ significantly increased in Ailantias altissima extract when treated with LPS, and increased even more when mixed with lactic acid bacteria. The $IL-1{\beta}$ cytokine production was high when the Ailantias altissima extract were treated alone, but no $IL-1{\beta}$ cytokine was produced in the mixtures with isolates. The combination of the ethanol extract of the Ailantias altissima and the lactic acid bacteria was found to be effective in the immune function. Consequently, the ingredient to combine Ailantias altissima extract and lactic acid bacteria can be effectively used for development of the health functional food on the prevention and treatment of hypoimmunities.

대식세포에서 나문재 분말을 함유한 된장의 항염증 효과

길나영,최보영,여수환,김소영,Gil, Na-Young,Choi, Bo-Young,Yeo, Soo-Hwan,Kim, So-Young 한국식품영양학회 2019 韓國食品營養學會誌 Vol.32 No.6

Suaeda asparagoides (Miq.) is a salt marsh plant, long been prescribed in traditional medicine for the treatment of hypertension and liver toxification in Asian countries. The powder of S. asparagoides was added at the ratio of 0, 5, and 10%, respectively, of grain-type Meju to manufacture Doenjang in brine according to the salt concentration (8 and 12%). After 24 weeks of fermentation, the Doenjang samples were determined to have an anti-inflammatory effect on RAW 264.7 cells. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory effect of Doenjang added S. asparagoides powder extracted using 80% EtOH, was performed to study the inhibition of pro-inflammatory factors such as NF-κB (nuclar factor κB), NO (nitric oxide), TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor alpha), IL-6 (interleukin-6), iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase), and COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells. The results showed that the Doenjang extracts reduced the production of NO, IL-6, COX-2, and iNOS increased in the LPS-stimulated RAW cell without cytotoxicity. In the case of the NF-κB and TNF-α there was no significant difference between the control and samples. In conclusion, these results suggest that Doenjang added with the S. asparagoides powder acts as functional fermented food with anti-inflammation effect.

시판 장류의 알코올 함유량 및 품질특성 조사

길나영,김소영,최혜선,박신영,김재현 한국식품저장유통학회 2016 한국식품저장유통학회지 Vol.23 No.3

The purpose of this study was to investigate alcohol content of commercial Korean fermented sources and to analyze the quality parameters such as titratable acidity, pH, salinity, reducing sugar, alcohol and yeast cell count. Eighty-seven samples of Doenjang, 68 samples of Kanjang and 57 samples of Kochujang were collected and divided into conventional and improved products depending on manufacturing method. As a result, the titratable acidities of conventional Doenjang, Kanjang and Kochujang were 1.72, 1.23 and 1.25%, and those of the improved products were 1.87, 1.80, and 1.00%, respectively. The pH values of conventional Doenjang and Kochujang were lower than those of the corresponding improved products and the pH of conventional Kanjang was higher than improved products. The salinities of the conventional products were higher than the improved products, and an the reducing sugar and alcohol content of the conventional products were lower than the improved products. The detection rate of alcohol (above 1%) in conventional Doenjang, Kanjang, and Kochujang were 6, 10 and 39%, respectively while the corresponding improved products showed much higher rates of 100, 76 and 100%, respectively. There was no significant difference in the yeast cell count between the alcohol-containing products and the alcohol-free products. Accordingly, further study is necessary to develop a manufacturing method using non-degradable sugar and salt control to reduce the production of alcohol in Korean source.

Screening of immunoactive ingredients in frequently consumed food in Korea

길나영,이상명,문지영,여수환,김소영 충북대학교 동물의학연구소 2018 Journal of Biomedical and Translational Research Vol.19 No.4

The objectives of this study were to find out the plant to enhance immune activity among 42 kinds of foods frequently consumed by the Korean elderly consisting of 5 food groups and 5 wild plants. Each sample was assessed the immunoactive effect by measuring NF-kB/AP1 gene expression, nitric oxide and cytokine production in RAW-Blue™ cell. Soybean sprouts of 47 plants showed the highest NF-κB/AP1 gene expression at the level of 1.13 ± 0.03 (O.D. 650 nm) and Soritae, sweet potato, banana, apple, garlic, crown daisy, cabbage and Ailanthus altissima also had high activity of NF-kB/AP1 gene in RAW-Blue™ cell stimulated by LPS. NO production of Ailanthus altissima was significantly higher than that of other plants and 16 plants of glutinous sorghum, black rice, Seoritae, Heuktae, sweet potato, banana, apple, garlic, mungbean sprouts, spinach, crown daisy, young pumpkin, cabbage, soybean sprouts, Actinidia arguta and Aster scaber were the next best activity. The above results selected 17 out of 47 plant samples. Moreover, soybean sprouts was significantly shown to increase TNF-α (1,509.55 ± 1.38 pg/mL) and IL-1β (54.56 ± 1.08 pg/mL) cytokines in comparison with RAW-Blue cell stimulated by LPS. According to the results of in vitro evaluation, the ethanol extract of soybean sprout increased the production of immune-enhancing cytokines by proliferation of macrophages. In addition, NF-kB transcription factor activity and NO production ability were excellent, and it was selected as a material having excellent immunological activity.

장류용 주요 콩품종 및 Bacillus subtilis HJ18-9 균주에 따른 청국장의 품질특성 변화

길나영,송 진,엄정선,박신영,최혜선 한국식품저장유통학회 2016 한국식품저장유통학회지 Vol.23 No.6

The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in the amino acid content and physicochemical properties of Cheonggukjang prepared by using various soybean cultivars (Daewon, Deapung, Seadanbeak, and Taekwang) and a functional microorganism (Bacillus subtilis HJ18-9). These soybeans were conventional Cheonggukjang (control) and Cheonggukjang fermented with Bacillus subtilis HJ18-9 (treated). The moisture contents of steamed, control, and treated soybean were 62.45~67.12%, 63.28~67.14%, and 64.50~66.87%; amino-type nitrogen contents were 6.53~24.25 mg%, 27.63~122.09 mg%, and 37.29~133.48 mg%; and ammonia-type nitrogen contents were 26.92~47.95 mg%, 45.45~156.36 mg%, and 28.02~121.13 mg%, respectively. The umami taste associated with several amino acids (aspartic acid and glutamic acid) in Cheonggukjang was lower than that for steamed soybeans, while the bitter taste from amino acids (methionine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, and phenylalanine) was higher than that for steamed soybeans. The result of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis showed that the molecular weight of steamed soybeans was less than 100 kDa, while control and treated groups showed low molecular weights below 34 kDa, confirming their protein hydrolysis to small molecular weight. These results are information for developing functional fermented soybean paste and diversification using soybean cultivars.

Acetobacter pasteurianus A11-2와 도라지를 이용하여 제조한 발효식초의 품질 특성

길나영,황인국,권희민,여수환,김소영 한국식품영양학회 2020 韓國食品營養學會誌 Vol.33 No.6

In this study, we developed vinegar depending on the quantity consumed and type of peeled and unpeeled roots of Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) using Acetobacter pasteurianus A11-2, analyzed vinegar samples using colorimeter and HPLC for 15 days to assess the characteristics on quality, and evaluated their antioxidant activity using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picry1 hydrazy1 (DPPH) and 2.2’-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activities. The major result in PG vinegar was the high acidity of 6.39~6.74% and alcohol was totally converted on the 15th day of fermentation. When we fermented vinegar from peeled roots of 8% PG with a starter culture, we observed high contents of acetic acid, platycodin D, and total polyphenol and high antioxidant activity. Moreover, the vinegar fermented using 8% peeled roots of PG had the high intensity on umami and sour taste and low salty, bitter, and astringent tastes. Consequently, we could develop the PG vinegar with quality and functional characteristics from 8% peeled roots and A. pasteurianus A11-2.

유화액 시스템에서 옥테닐 호박산 베타글루칸의 계면 특성

길나영,김산성,이의석,신정아,이기택,홍순택 한국유화학회 2014 한국응용과학기술학회지 Vol.31 No.4

The synthesis of octenyl succinyl β-gucan (OSA-β-glucan) was carried out and its interfacial properties at the oil-water interface and in emulsion systems were investigated. An aqueous ethanol system as a reaction media was used to facilitate the synthesis process; 10% (w/w) ethanol found to be the best as it showed a maximum degree of substitution (DS: 0.0132). FT-IR showed a characteristic absorption spectrum at 1736cm-1, indicating the esterification of octenyl succinyl groups to β-glucan backbone. As for interfacial tension measurements, it was decreased with increasing concentration of OSA-β-glucan in the aqueous phase and when NaCl was added to aqueous OSA-β-glucan solution in the range of 0.01 M to 0.1 M and also when pH was raised (pH 3 ~ pH 9). In systems of emulsion stabilized with OSA-β-glucan, fat globule size found to decrease with increasing concentration of OSA-β-glucan, showing a critical value of about 0.32μm at 0.5 wt%. When the OSA-β-glucan emulsions were stored, it was found that fat globule size was increased with storage time and particularly pronounced increase was observed in emulsion with 1% OSA-β-glucan, possibly due to depletion flocculation. Results of creaming stability evaluated by light scattering technique showed that it was more stable in emulsions containing smaller fat globule size. Surface load of OSA-β-glucan in emulsions increased with increasing concentration of OSA-β-glucan, suggesting a multilayer adsorption.