농업수자원으로서의 흡수성 Biofilter 처리수 재이용

권순국 ( Kwun Soon Kuk ),김현욱 ( Kim Hyun Uk ),권용웅 ( Kwon Yong Woong ),조영현 ( Cho Young Hyun ),박상원 ( Park Sang Won ),임경래 ( Lim Kyoung Lae ) 한국농공학회 2003 韓國農工學會誌 : 전원과 자원 Vol.45 No.5

Absorbent Biofilter Systems (ABS), composed of an anaerobic septic tank, a pump chamber and an absorbent biofilter tank, have been found to economically provide rural on-site wastewater treatment. This study was conducted to assess the potential of ABS effluent as an alternative water resource for agricultural and environmental use, with respect to the removal of pathogenic microorganism and their fertilization effect. A pilot scale ABS was used to compare its removal efficiency of pathogens from effluent water. Overall, more than 95 percent of Salmonella and E. coli were removed. This result demonstrates that a significant reduction in the pathogenic microorganism of effluents can occur in ABS, which implies the feasibility for the use of ABS effluent in agriculture and environment, with the provision of a further simple disinfection step, in order to satisfy the WHO guidelines for the microbiological quality in agriculture. In addition, because of the abundant nutritional content of ABS effluent, the substitution effect of fertilizer (N, P and K) in paddy irrigation, i.e. 2/3 for nitrogen, l/3 for phosphorus and 1/5 for potassium would be expected. Based on the experimental data, the ABS effluent could be used as a new alternative water resource for paddy irrigation, as well as for environmental purposes, such as supplying water to ecological parks in rural villages.

동화지구 절계 수문량 재추정

권순국,이재형,정재성,전일권,김민환,이경도,Kwon, Soon-Kuk,Lee, Jae-Hyoung,Jung, Jae-Sung,Chon, Il-Kweon,Kim, Min-Hwan,Lee, Kyung-Do 한국농공학회 2004 한국농공학회논문집 Vol.46 No.6

The fundamental study of hydrologic redesign of Donghwa area located in a sccond tributary of Seomjin river was performed. The amounts of hydrologic design were estimated using the available cumulated hydrology data provided by Korea Agricultural and Rural Infrastructure Corporation (KARICO). The management status of The water resources in Donghwa area was also widely surveyed. The probability rainfalls, probable maximum precipitation (PMP) and probability floods were estimated and subsequently their changes analyzed. The amount of 200 year frequency rainfall with l day duration was 351.1 mm, 2.5 % increased from the original design value, and The PMP was 780.2 mm. The concentration time was reestimated as 2.5 hours from existing 2.4 hours. Soil Conservation Service(SCS) method was used to estimate effective rainfall- The runoff curve number was changed from 90 to 78, therefore the maximum potential retention was 71.6 mm, 154 % increased from the original value. The Hood estimates using SCS unit hydrograph showed 8 % increase from original value 623 $m^3$/s to 674 $m^3$/s and The probable maximum Hood was 1,637 $m^3$/s. Although the Row rate at the dam site was increased, the Hood risk at the downstream river was decreased by the Hood control of the Donghwa dam.

점토질 롬 밭과 논의 비점오염원 부하량 평가

최중대,권순국,권기석,Choi, Joong-Dae,Kwun, Soon-Kuk,Kwon, Gi-Seok 한국농공학회 2004 한국농공학회논문집 Vol.46 No.2

NPS pollutant loads from sandy clayey and clayey loam runoff plots were measured. Runoff plots were 2$\times$10 m in size and 8~10% in slope and paddy area was 4,620 $m^2$. Soybean, corn, tobacco and control (natural weed) were cultured. Precipitation during the growing season of June to October, 2002 was 869.5 mm. Runoff and water quality were measured more than 10 times during the measurements depending on the growing stage. Pollutants loads were estimated by using respective concentration and runoff volume. Runoff occurred when daily rainfall exceeded about 30 mm. The largest runoff was observed from the paddy but pollutant loads were larger from upland crops than those from paddy. SS loads from paddy and upland were 1.4 ton/ha/yr and 3.1~4.3 ton/ha/yr, respectively. COD loads 30 kg/ha/yr and 66~90 kg/ha/yr, T-N loads 13 kg/ha/yr and 14~23 kg/ha/yr, T-P loads 1 kg/ha/yr와 4 kg/ha/yr, nitrate nitrogen loads 1 kg/ha/yr and 4~8 kg/ha/yr, and phosphate phosphorus loads 0 kg/ha/yr and 4~6 kg/ha/yr, respectively. It was concluded that NPS pollutant loads from upland crop culture have greater impact on the quality of the receiving water body than those from paddy culture.

적기이앙(適期移秧)벼의 생육초기(生育初期) 수분결핍장애정도(水分缺乏障碍程度)와 생육(生育) 및 수량(收量)과의 관계(關係)

권용웅 ( Kwon Yong Woong ),남상용 ( Nam Sang Yong ),소창호 ( Soh Chang Ho ),권순국 ( Kwun Soon-kuk ) 한국농공학회 1987 韓國農工學會誌 : 전원과 자원 Vol.29 No.1

The present study was carried out to determine the period of intermittent irrigation maintaining only wet paddy soil condition not causing significant rice crop loss and to determine the crop loss in the rice plants transplanted in time, but more insufficiently irrigated to suffer in a greater water stress during early growth after transplanting. An indica×japonica variety Nampung and a japonica variety Chucheong was sown on April 27th and transplanted to 1/200 a large plastic pots on June 6th. The rice plants were subjected to varying degrees of water stress during June 9th to July 2nd. 1. The rice growth was reduced in height, tillering and dry matter production even with the water stress of -0.2bar in the soil moisture for 5 days. The growth inhibition was sensitive in the order of plant height<dry matter production < tillering. The growth reduction has shown an exponential decrease with increased water stress and was linearly proportional to the arbitrarily chosen water stress index, [log₁₀(-mean soil water potential) × number of days]. 2. The rice plants have shown very vigorous growth in height, tillering, and dry matter production after the end of water stress resulting in much less difference with the rice plants not stressed in the growth amounts by the heading stage. 3. The longest period of intermittent irrigation to wet the soil not delaying the heading of rice plants significantly was 15 days in both varieties. The period not causing significant yield reduction was 15 days for Nampung and 10 days for Chucheong. 4. Water stress conditions of intermittent irrigation only to wet the soil over 10days and 5 days followed by natural drying of the soil without irrigation over 10days reduced the rice yields linearly as water stress index(x) increased, showing y=101.9-17.6x (r=0.788^*) in Nampung and y=99.8-22.6x (r=0.881^**) in Chucheong where y is yield index(%) related to that of the irrigated rice plants.

한발(旱魃)로 인한 벼의 이앙지연(移秧遲延) 및 수분결핍장애(水分缺乏障碍)가 생육(生育) 및 수량(收量)에 미치는 영향(影響)

권용웅 ( Kwon Yong Woong ),소창호 ( Soh Chang Ho ),권순국 ( Kwun Soon Kuk ) 한국농공학회 1986 韓國農工學會誌 : 전원과 자원 Vol.28 No.3

Drought occurs most frequently and severely around transplanting season of the rice plants in Korea. Shortage of water due to drought for the paddy fields often delays transplanting, and less often the rice plants are subjected to water stress after delayed transplanting. The present study aimed at quantification of the rice crop loss due to delayed transplanting, different inten3ity of water stress, and the combined effect of delay in transplanting followed by water stress for better use of limited water for irrigation under drought. The rice variety Chucheong, a japonica, and Nampung, an indica × japonica, were grown, transplanted to 1/200 a plastic pots, and subjected to different timing of transplanting and degree of water stress under a rainfall autosersing, sliding clear plastic roof facility with completely randomized arrangement of 5 replications. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Twelve days or 22 days delay in transplanting without water stress reduced rice yield by 25% and 43% in the japonica variety, and by 15% and 60% in the indica × japonica variety. 2. The 10 days or 20 days water stress developed without irrigation after drainage in the rice plants transplanted at proper time lowered the water potential at the paddy soil 10cm deep to -4 bar, and -12 bar and caused rice yield reduction by 14%, and 45% in the japonica variety and by 8%, and 50% in the indica × japonica variety. 3. The 12 days delay in transplanting and 10 days or 20 days water stress reduced rice yield by 39% and 59% in the japonica variety, and by 38% and 52% in the indica × japonica variety. The 22 days delay in transplanting plus 10 days water stress caused yield reduction by 76%, i.e. meaningless yield, in both varieties. 4. The intermittent irrigation just to wet the soil body for 10 days after 10 days water stress without irrigation increased rece yield by 12 to 16% compared to the rice plants water stessed without irrigation continuously for 20 days in both varieties respectively. 5. The above results suggest strongly 1) to transplant the rice plants at proper .time even with some water stress rather than delay for sufficient water from later rainfall, and 2) to distribute insufficient irrigation water to broader area of transplanted rice with limited irrigation for better use of limited irrigation water. A greater sensitivity of japonica variety to a moderate water stress than the indica × japonica variety during initial rooting and tillering stage was noticed. To cope with frequent drought in rice culture, firstly the lasting time of transplanting without yield reduction should be clarified by region and variety, and secondly a scheme of rational distribution of limited water should be developed by region with better knowledge on the varietal distribution of limited water should be developed by region with better knowledge on the varietal responses to varying intensity of water stress.

오수처리수 관개 벼재배를 통한 농업용수 수질기준의 검토

윤춘경 ( Yoon Chun Gyeong ),권순국 ( Kwun Soon Kuk ),정일민 ( Chung Il Min ),권태영 ( Kwon Tae Young ) 한국농공학회 1999 韓國農工學會誌 : 전원과 자원 Vol.41 No.2

Agricultural water quality standards were reviewed through rice culture using treated sewage irrigation. The sewage from school building of Konkuk University was treated by a constructed wetland system, and the effluent of the system was irrigated for rice culture after nutrient concentration adjusted by dilution. Average concentration of COD, SS, T-N and T-P in irrigated water was 22.3mg/ ℓ, 6.5mg/ ℓ, 25.8mg/ ℓ, and 2.2mg/ ℓ, respectively. Treatment include irrigation of adjusted effluent with conventional fertilization (TWCF), adjusted effluent with no fertilization (TWNF). and effluent of the wetland system as it was with no fertilization (SWNF). These treatment plots were compared with control plot irrigated by tap water with conventional fertilization (CONTROL). Other environments for rice culture were identical for all the plots. Among them, TWCF showed the best growth rate and the highest yield, and constituents in the harvested rice showed not much difference among them. Which implies that irrigation with relatively high nutrient concentration compared to the current water quality standards may cause no adverse effect on rice culture and could be even beneficial. Although T-N for this study was 25 times greater than the current standards, rice culture was not adversely affected by irrigation water quality and even better results were observed than the CONTROL. It could be mistakenly that clean irrigation water produces better agricultural product, however, it is not necessarily true. Irrigation water with moderate nutrient concentration can enhance the plant growth, and better result might be expected. Therefore, peer review and modification if necessary are needed to the current agricultural water quality standards, especially for the nutrient components.

벼의 생육기별(生育期別) 수분결핍장애(水分缺乏障碍)가 생육(生育) 및 수량(收量)에 미치는 영향(影響)

남상용 ( Nam Sang Yong ),권용웅 ( Kwon Yong Woong ),권순국 ( Kwun Soon Kuk ) 한국농공학회 1986 韓國農工學會誌 : 전원과 자원 Vol.28 No.2

Knowledge of the degree of yield reduction due to water stress at different crop growth stages in rice production is important for rational scheduling of irrigation during periods of insufficient water supply. Previous studies to determine the degree of yield reduction duo to water stress suffered from interruptions by rain during experiment. Also the findings did not relate the degree of water stress to the soil water potential and water deficit status of rice plants. In this study, two years experiments were conducted using the high yielding rice varieties, an Indica × Japonica (Nampoong) and a Japonica variety(Choochung). These were grown in 1/200° plastic pots placed under a rainfall autosensing, sliding clear plastic roof facility to control rainfall interruptions. The results obtained were as follows. 1. The two varieties differed in the growth stage most sensitive to water stress as well as the degree of yield reductions. When rice plants were stressed to the leaf rolling score 4 and soil water potential of about - 20 bar at major crop growth stages which included heading, booting, non-effective tillering, panicle initiation and early tillering stages, the yield reductions in the Indica × Japonica variety were 58%, 34%, 27%, 22%, and 21%, respectively, whereas in the Japonica vairety they were 23%, 36%, 1%, 13% and 22%, respectively. This result show that the recommended drainage during non-effective tillering is valid only for the Japonica variety. Sufficient irrigation at booting, heading and early tillering stages are necessary for both varieties. 2. The two varieties showed visible wilting symptoms when the soil water potential dropped to about - 3.0 bar. The Japonica variety showed more leaf rolling than the Indica × Japonica. However, it had a higher retention of leaf water content and greater stomatal diffusive resistance. When the soil water potential dropped, the Japonica variety showed leaf rolling score (LRS) 1 at ф soil-5. 0 bar and LRS 2 at Ф soil -6.0 bar while the Indica × Japonica showed LRS 1 at Ф soil - 5.5 bar and LRS 2at Ф Soil - 9.0 bar. The stomatal diffusive resistance was maximum at the second top leaf blade in both varieties at intermediate water stress of Ф soil - 4.5 bar. 3. The number of days that was required for the soil water potential to drop to-3.0 bar and to - 20.0 bar after drainage of irrigation water from the 20cm deep silty clay loam soil in the pots were 6 and 13 days, respectively for booting stage, and 7 and 11 days, respectively for heading stage, 9 and 12 days, respectively for panicle initiation stage, and 12 and 19 days, respectively for early tillering stage. 4. Water stress during the early tillering stage recorded the longest delay in beading time, the largest reduction in panicle numbers and a substantial yield decrease of 20%. This calls for better water management to ensure the availability of water at this stage, particularly during drought periods. In addition, a reexamination of the conventional inter-drainage practice during the non-effective tillering stage is necessary for the high yielding Indica × Japonica varieties.

이단 병합 소화조에서 발생하는 악취유발 화합물에 관한 연구

김현욱 ( Hyun Ook Kim ),이인규 ( In Gyu Lee ),권순국 ( Soon Kuk Kwon ) 한국환경분석학회 2010 환경분석과 독성보건 Vol.13 No.1

In this study, odorous gases from acid-generating reactor and methane-generating reactor of a bench-scale two-phase anaerobic co-digester system for food waste and swine slurry were analyzed, and contribution of each gas to overall odor sensation was evaluated by calculating the odor index. For the feed, sulfur compounds including dimethyldisulfide and propyl mercaptan were found major contributors. On the other hand, indol, skatol, and cresol were found major odor-causing compounds for digested material. Since these three compounds have extremely low odor thresholds, the overall odor index for the effluent of the digesting system was higher than that of the influent, indicating digested material could be more odorous.

뇌졸중으로 인한 편마비 장애인의 내측 비복근 구조 특성

이대연(Lee Dae Yeon),이해동(Lee Hae Dong),이중현(Lee Jung Hyun),권순국(Kwon Soon Kuk),이영신(Lee Young Shin),김창국(Kim Chang Kook) 대한기계학회 2008 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회 Vol.2008 No.5

Spasticity, a neurological disorder secondary to a brain lesion, has a significant effect on skeletal muscle function. Architectural properties of the medial gastrocnemius muscles(MG) in post-stroke patients (n=11) were investigated using ultrasound imaging technique. While the medical gastrocnemius muscle was at rest and twitch-contracting, longitudinal ultrasound images of the MG in paretic and non-paretic sides were acquired at systematically varying ankle joint angles. We found that paretic sides showed shorter muscle fiber length, thinner thickness and smaller pennation angle compared with those of non-paretic side. These findings indicates that neural impairment due to brain damage causes the alteration of muscle architecture resulting in muscle function degradation.

신장성 수축 운동이 근력 발현 최적 길이에 미치는 영향

이해동(Lee Hae Dong),김승재(Kim Seung Jae),Kawakami Yasuo,이대연(Lee Dae Yeon),이중현(Lee Jung Hyun),권순국(Kwon Soon Kuk),이영신(Lee Young Shin) 대한기계학회 2008 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회 Vol.2008 No.5

The purpose of this study was to investigate shift in optimum length following unaccustomed eccentric exercise for human tibialis anterior in-vivo. It was observed that the optimum ankle joint angle changed by 3° following 120-repetition eccentric platarflexion contractions with subject's (n = 11) maximum effort. This observation supports the idea that the increased compliance of the muscle due to micro muscle damage is responsible for the observed shift of the optimum joint angle.