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곽원석 ( Kwak Won-seok ) 숭실대학교 인문과학연구소 2001 인문학연구 Vol.31 No.-
The anxiety and crisis that prevailed in our society resulted from our political and social situation. At that time this was a common phenomenon all over the world and there was no exception in cultural environment. In this era, Lee Sang stepped into the Korean literature showing his peculiar writing styles and skills in 1930s. There were two extremes for him in Korean Liturature. One went on to admire him. On the other hand, the other were extremely critical for him. What they so much discussed his literature world reflected that his role was tremendous as well as that his works evoked many problems. There was room for reflecting in that we entirely dealt with his works in the view of his writing skills. It may be difficult that we analyze his whole world only focusing on one of his works, the NalGae. Therefore this book nothing but paves a way of analyzing his world. On the viewpoint of excluding myself, I tried to analyze his idelogy and to show his book, “the NalGae’, in the political point. Metaphorically expressed as the indifferentiation of the value in the bool “monotonous rutine(싱거워진 일상)” and “woman(여성)” are surely these order to solve his idelogy clesely connected to his unstable consciousness. However I feel sorry in that I didn't go further to analyze his idelogy concretely and left it my ultimate task.
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곽원석 ( Kwak Won-seok ) 숭실대학교 인문과학연구소 2002 인문학연구 Vol.32 No.-
This thesis is to examine the lexical characteristics of his vocabulary and the ways the vocabulary used by Sang-sup Yeom is re-created and chosen in his novels. Since Sang-sup Yeom is free to use the unique Seoul dialect, his works are characterized by the originality of his vocabulary which is in distinction from other novelists. The Seoul dialect helps us to describe facts in a more realistic way as they are. In addition, His originality as a novelist can be seen from his functional and creative use of the Seoul vocabulary. The life of Seoulites can be better described by his unique Seoul vocabulary which is a kind of Seoul dialect. Thus I would argue that Yeom is the author who considers the relationship between language and society important. This paper is also to examine Chinese characters, proper words, slangs, idioms, onometopoeic and mimetic words, words of foreign origin, foreign language that Yeom uses in his novels. If it is possible to understand esthetic fields through languages, the literary achievement of a writer is closely related with his or her ability to use vocabulary. This leads us to study Yeom’s unique linguistic habits and his view of the world. But it is the area which needs to be clone with tlie help of socio-linguistics in the future study. Vocabulary is one of the most important elements of novel, especially when we discuss the literary style of a novelist. Only with the creative use of vocabulary, can the theme of a novel and the original writing strategy of a novelist be empowered, Thus, this paper has made efforts to confirm that Yeom’s individuality and character are embodied by the vocabulary he uses in his novels. In addition, the relationship between the process of recognizing Yeom’s vocabulary and its various meanings has become the topic of a great concern.
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미국수정헌법 제11조와 미국수정헌법 제14조 제5항과의 관계에 관한 미연방대법원 판결 평석 : Garrett 사건과 Lane 사건을 중심으로
곽원석(Kwak, Won Seok) 전남대학교 법학연구소 2019 법학논총 Vol.39 No.3
수정헌법 제11조는 다른 주의 시민이나 외국인이 주를 상대로 미연방법원에 보통법상 또는 형평법상의 소송을 제기할 수 없도록 하는 이른바 주권면제를 정하고 있고, 수정헌법 제14조 제5항은 미연방의회가 수정헌법 제14조의 규정을 적절한 입법에 의하여 시행할 권한을 가진다고 규정하고 있다. 그런데 미연방의회가 수정헌법 제14조 제5항에 근거하여 제정한 미국장애인법은 제1편에서 고용에서의 주에 의한 부당한 장애인 차별을 금지하고, 제2편에서 주법원 등과 같은 공공시설에서 차별적으로 장애인들의 접근을 제한하는 것을 금지하고 있으며, 차별을 당한 장애인이 이에 위반하는 주에 대하여 미연방법원에 금전배상청구의 소를 제기할 수 있도록 하고 있어 수정헌법 제11조와 수정헌법 제14조 제5항의 관계에 관한 헌법적 문제를 발생시킨다. 미연방대법원은 Garrett 사건 판결에서 미연방의회가 수정헌법 제14조 제5항에 근거하여 차별적 피해를 구제하기 위하여 수정헌법 제11조의 적용을 배제하려는 입법을 하기 위해서는 ① 입법자의 명확하고 확고한 의사가 있어야 하고, ② 피해와 구제 사이의 적절성과 비례성이 있어야한다고 하면서, 미국장애인법 제1편은 고용에서의 주에 의한 장애인 차별에 관한 입법자료가 부족한 상황에서 불합리하게 제정되어 수정헌법 제11조에 위반된다고 판시하였다. 반면에 미연방대법원은 Lane 사건 판결에서는 장애인의 법원접근권을 수정헌법 제14조의 적법절차조항에서 도출되는 근본적인 권리로 인정하면서, 법원에서의 접근과 관련하여 차별받은 장애인이 연방법원에 소를 제기하도록 하는 것은 수정헌법 제11조에 위반되지 않는다는 상반된 판결을 내렸다. 미연방대법원의 Garrett 사건 판결과 Lane 사건 판결은 비록 그 결론은 다르지만, 미연방대법원이 입법연혁 및 장애인 차별의 역사적 상황 등을 고려하여 미연방의회의 입법적 권한이 합리적으로 행사되었는지 여부를 독자적 논거와 기준으로 살펴보고 헌법적 판단을 하였다. The Eleventh Amendment stipulates that the Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any Foreign State, which is so called ‘Sovereign Immunity’. Section 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment stipulates that the Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. In Americans with Disabilities Act(‘ADA’), enacted by Congress under Section 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment, Title I prevents States from discriminating persons with disabilities in employment and Title II does not allow States to discriminately prohibit people with disabilities from accessing public facilities such as the State Court. Both Title I and Title II allow people with disabilities to file a suit for monetary damage against State in the Federal Court, which creates constitutional issue about the relations between the Eleventh Amendment and the Fourteenth Amendment. In Garrett case, the U.S. Supreme Court held that Title I of ADA was unconstitutional since it was enacted with inappropriate legislative materials regarding discrimination against people with disabilities by State in employment and therefore violated the Eleventh Amendment, requiring satisfaction of two conditions - ① Congress unequivocal intent and ② congruence and proportionality between its damage and remedy. In Lane case, the U.S. Supreme Court, however, regarded the right to access the court of people with disabilities as fundamental right drawn in Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and held Title II of ADA was constitutional because it was enacted with reasonable power of Congress and did not violate the Eleventh Amendment. In both Garrett case and Lane case, the U.S. Supreme Court made constitutional decisions with its own argument and review on the reasonability of Congressional power, after considering ADA s legislative history and historical circumstance of discrimination against people with disabilities.
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태원석,김수현,곽윤근,Tae, Won-Seok,Kim, Soo-Hyun,Kwak, Yoon-Keun 한국군사과학기술학회 2009 한국군사과학기술학회지 Vol.12 No.5
In the future, most military activities will be replaced by robots. Because of many dangerous factors in battlefield, reconnaissance should be performed by robot. Reconnaissance robot should be small for not being detected, be light and simple structure for personal portability and overcome unexpected rough terrain for mission completion. In case of small and light robot, it can't get enough friction force for movement. Therefore small reconnaissance robot need jumping function for movement. In this paper we proposed a biologically inspired jumping mechanism. And we adjusted moment and jumping angle by using four bar linkage, especially varying coupler length.
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