페르시아어 ra 연구 : 격 표지와 주제화 표지로서의 역할을 중심으로

곽새라 ( Sae Ra Kwak ) 한국외국어대학교 중동연구소 2010 중동연구 Vol.29 No.2

This paper is to show how Persian "ra" functions in sentences both in grammatical Level and pragmatical level. In Persian traditional grammar, and even in the recent grammar books, "ra" has been introduced as a direct object marker, later as a definite direct object marker. However, several linguistic data show that this element can go with Persian indefinite marker "ye(k)" and "-i", which is the counter example of a definite direct object marker. We witness that Persian "ra" follows nouns or pronouns which are specific. All nouns which are definite are specific. Moreover, for indefinite nouns, if the nouns are only familiar to speakers, not to hearers, the nouns are specific. In sum, ra" can occur following specific direct objects. Another function of "ra" is its pragmatical function, which is topicalization marker. Topicalization is the strategy which expresses given information. Again, this topicalization also implies specificity. However, I argue that even though both functions imply one coommon characteristic, we cannot see "ra" in both cases as a functional marker, which is a specific marker. The facts that "ra" cannot follow subject position and this element is not a necessary condition for topicalization proves the argument. To sum up, Persian "ra" has two functions - one as a specific object marker, and the other as a topicalization marker, and thess two functions cannot be considered as one marker, such as specificity marker.

페르시아어 처소전치사의 이중적 해석과 구조연구

곽새라 ( Sae Ra Kwak ) 한국외국어대학교 언어연구소 2011 언어와 언어학 Vol.0 No.53

The aim of this paper is to investigate the twofold meaning of Persian locative prepositions and suggest the structures for each meaning-locative meaning and path meaning. We suggest that locative PP with primary meaning is generated as adjunct of VP, whereas locative PP with path meaning as complement of VP. Even though sentences with locative PP can have ambiguous meaning because of the order of spell-out, we can identify the path meaning by positing the PP with path meaning after verb. Adjunct locative PP cannot move into that position since it will violate the Proper Binding Condition. However, complement PP can right-adjoined to verb as other complements normally do in Persian.

페르시아어 부정문의 구조

곽새라 ( Sae Ra Kwak ) 한국중동학회 2010 韓國 中東 學會 論叢 Vol.30 No.2

이 논문은 페르시아어의 부정문을 이루는 구성성분들을 분류하고, 다양한 페르시아어 부정문 구조를 분석하는 것을 그 목표로 한다. 부정문을 이루는 요소들에는 부정표지 외에도 부정극어(NPI)와 부정일치어(NCI)가 존재하는데, 대부분의 언어는 부정극어나 부정일치어 중 한 가지 요소만 갖는다. 그러나 본고에서는 Giannakidou(2000)과 Watanabe (2004)에 근거하여 페르시아어가 두 가지 요소 모두를 가지고 있는 언어임을 증명하고자 한다. 또한, Haegeman(1995)의 Neg-criterion과 Chomsky의 최소주의 이론을 토대로 부정요소들이 어떻게 부정문에서 허가되는지를 설명한다. 부정문은 통사구조 내의 NegP 핵에 해석성 [neg] 자질을 갖게 되는데, 이 자질은 부정요소가 가지고 있는 비해석성 혹은 해석성 [neg] 자질과 점검관계를 이루며 부정요소를 허가하게 된다. 이중부정문의 부정요소가 가지고 있는 자질은 비해석성 자질로서 NegP의 해석성자질과 점검 후 삭제되어 허가되며, 부정일치구문의 NCI는 해석성 자질로서 NegP의 자질과 Neg-absorption을 거쳐 적절한 해석을 이끌어내게 된다. 이에 더하여, 본고에서는 비현실적 문맥에서의 부정문이 가지는 특이 현상과 구조를 분석해 본다.

페르시아어 명사구 어순의 유형론적 고찰

곽새라 ( Sae Ra Kwak ) 한국외국어대학교 언어연구소 2013 언어와 언어학 Vol.0 No.58

This paper is to scrutinize Persian NP internal order and its structure. In many typological studies, it is suggested that a language with object(dependent)> verb(head) order has the same order of dependent>head in other phrases. Persian is one of the exceptions. Persian has different word orders in NP depending on parameters. In this paper, we accept Cinque(2005)``s universal principle which assumes that all dependents precede the head noun and the diversity of word order is derived from the movement of the noun. By following this principle, Persian can have consistent word order. Moreover, Persian ezafe will be a good piece of evidence to support Cinque``s analysis.

로하니 이란 대통령 UN총회 연설문(2015년 및 2018년)에 대한 비판적담화분석

곽새라(Kwak, Sae-Ra) 명지대학교 중동문제연구소 2021 중동문제연구 Vol.20 No.3

본 논문은 이란과 P5+1이 핵 협상을 타결한 2015년과 미국의 트럼프 행정부가 일방적으로 핵 협상에서 탈퇴한 2018년의 상반된 국제사회의 상황 속에서 발언된 이란의 로하니 대통령의 UN총회 연설문을 비판적담화분석 기제를 사용하여 분석하는 것을 그 목적으로한다. 비판적담화분석이 사회와 담화의 변증법적 관계를 보여주는기제인만큼, 본고에서는 당시 사회적 분위기를 언론 보도를 통해 분석하였고, 이러한 상황이 연설문에 반영된 양상을 검토하였다. 이를위해 연설문의 내용적 측면과 언어의 형식적인 측면도 분석하였다. 그 결과, 로하니 대통령은 각각의 연설에서 강조하고자 하는 주제를드러내는 어휘들을 높은 빈도로 사용하였다. 한편, 문법적 측면에서도 문법의 간결성 및 단순성, 인칭대명사와 서법을 나타내는 표현들과 그 표현들이 함의하고 있는 의미들이 각 연도의 연설문에서 서로다르게 실현되었다. 로하니 대통령은 2018년의 연설에서 간결하고단순한 구조의 문장을 통한 단언과 요청, 미국을 배제한 의미로서의인칭대명사 활용, 부정형태의 의무서법 및 당위의 표현들 등을 사용함으로써 2015년의 연설보다 이란 정부의 핵 협상을 지키고자 하는의지와 절박성을 표출하였다. The purpose of this paper is to analyze Iranian President Rohani s speeches at the UN General Assembly in 2015 and 2018 by using critical discourse analysis. Since critical discourse analysis is a mechanism that shows the dialectical relationship between society and discourse, this paper analyzed the social and international atmosphere of the two different years through media reports and saw how the atmosphere is reflected in the speech. To this end, the speeches are analyzed semantically and syntactically. As a result, President Rohani used words that reveal the topic to be emphasized in each speech with high frequency. Moreover, in terms of grammar, simplicity of sentences, personal pronouns, the grammatical mood, and the meanings of those elements were realized differently in the speeches of each year.

페르시아어 에저페(ezafe)의 분포와 통사구조

곽새라(Kwak, Sae-ra) 한국중동학회 2010 韓國 中東 學會 論叢 Vol.31 No.1

The aim of this paper is to show the distribution of ezafe and to examine the structure of ezafe construction in Persian. Persian ezafe is an unstressed /-e/ vowel U-ye/ before vowel) whose role is to connect two lexical items in NPs, APs and some PPs. In other words, ezate can be used in every phrasal category except VP and in PI prepositional phrase. This phenomenon can be explained based on the hypothesis that the [+N] feature of lexical items triggers ezafe. When lexical head takes its complement which bears [+ N] successively, ezafe also can be used recursively. Regarding the structure of ezafe construction, this paper accepted the basic concept of MahootianC1993l with some revision. To make up for Mahootian(1993)'s shortcomings, I proposed that the internal structure of EzP is head-first and also suggested some restrictions on the structure. With this revision, we can easily explain the NP structure which cannot take ezate vowel, and suggest consistent word order in every fuctional and lexical projections in Persian.

페르시아어 이동 동사 구문 연구 -한국어 이동 동사 구문과 대조하여-

곽새라 ( Sae Ra Kwak ) 한국외국어대학교 중동연구소 2004 중동연구 Vol.22 No.2

페르시아어 의문사 이동과 제약조건 연구

곽새라 ( Sae Ra Kwak ) 한국외국어대학교 중동연구소 2012 중동연구 Vol.30 No.3

The aim of this paper is to classify the interrogatives in Persian and to scrutinize the phenomenon of wh-movement in this language. Even though Persian has relatively free word order, it appears that there exist some constraints to block the wh-movement. Or, sometimes, the movement is obligatory. This paper suggests that the movement of wh-element and its constraints result from the internal structure of Persian language and feature checking matter. The lower structure in Persian is lexical phase where lexical items are inserted and generated and the upper structure is operator/discourse phase which has pragmatic force. TopP and FocP in operator/discourse phase attract features which can satisfy their features. Thus, in order for wh-elements to raise to the upper structure, the elements should bear appropriate features. Moreover, we suggest that wh-element, chera, which requires obligatory movement, contains uninterpreted strong feature. So, to check its feature, the element should move overtly. Furthermore, barriers such as vP and CP are also conditions which block the wh-movement.

페르시아어 -ha 와 한국어 "-들"의 대조연구

곽새라 ( Sae Ra Kwak ) 한국외국어대학교 언어연구소 2013 언어와 언어학 Vol.0 No.60

This paper analyses Persian plural marker -ha and Korean -tul by using contrastive approaches in order to give Korean learners of Persian right guidelines to learn the Persian plural marker. Both markers are considered as dependent inflectional suffixes which come after nouns or pronouns. Moreover, the plurality of nominals does not require the plurality of any modifiers and verbs. Only when a subject is an animated noun in Persian, the noun should have number agreement with its verb. Unmarked plural forms, or bare noun forms can deliver plural meaning in both languages. However, while -tul has sum and distributive reading, -ha has sum and specific reading.

페르시아어 전치사 분류에 대한 고찰

곽새라 ( Sae Ra Kwak ) 한국외국어대학교 중동연구소 2011 중동연구 Vol.30 No.1

The purpose of this study is to investigate why Persian prepositions do not have a consistent and exclusive list. We introduce the former classifications and try to find the problem with the criteria that the classifications had. To solve the problems and suggest a new and exclusive list of prepositions, this study focuses on the definition of prepositions and the syntactic behavior of them. Since some words or phrases which formerly classified as prepositions have lexical functions, not grammatical functions, and have the same features as nouns have, we exclude these lexical items from the list of the Persian prepositions. Only purely grammatical items are included into the list. In this way, we can prevent prepositions from being over-generated, and follow the universal rule for prepositions, which denotes that prepositions are grammatical category and closed class.