나박김치의 제조 표준화 및 발효온도별 젖산균의 생육과 CO₂ 생성

공창숙,서정옥,박순선,이숙희,박건영,Kong, Chang-Suk,Seo, Jung-Ok,Bak, Soon-Sun,Rhee, Sook-Hee,Park, Kun-Young 한국식품영양과학회 2005 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.34 No.5

각종조리서 및 문헌의 자료를 이용하여 나박김치의 재료 배합비 및 제조 방법을 표준화하였다. 표준화한 방법으로 제조한 나박김치의 저장온도별$(5,\;10,\;20^{\circ}C)$ 발효특성과 $CO_2$ 생성특성에 대하여 검토하였다. 나박김치의 재료 배합비는 물 100 mL$(54.9\%)$에 대해 절인 배추 $45.0{\pm}26.7\;g(24.7\%)$, 무 $26.9{\pm}10.3\;g(14.8\%)$, 파 $1.9{\pm}0.6g(1.0\%)$, 홍고추 $1.0{\pm}0.2g(0.5\%)$, 마늘 $1.2{\pm}0.5g(0.7\%)$, 생강 $0.9{\pm}0.4g(0.5\%)$, 고춧가루 $0.7{\pm}0.4g(0.4\%)$로 나타났다. 나박김치의 표준 제조방법으로는 무와 배추는 깨끗이 씻어서 준비하고 각각 $2.5\times2.5\times0.5cm$의 크기로 썰어서 20분간 소금을 뿌려서 절인다. 파와 홍고추는 2.5 cm 길이로 채 썰어서 준비한다. 마늘과 생강은 다져서 준비하고, 고춧가루는 물에서 우려내어 멸균한 2겹의 gauze로 짜서 나박김치 국물을 만든다. 절인 무와 배추는 수돗물로 씻어 물기를 뺀 후 준비된 재료 및 양념과 함께 버무린 다음 국물을 부어서 나박김치를 제조한다 나박김치의 산도는 $5^{\circ}C$에서는 8일째에 $0.21\%,\;10^{\circ}C$에서는 3일째에 $0.20\%,\;20^{\circ}C$에서는 1일째 에 $0.31\%$로 되었다. pH와 산도의 관계에서는 김치의 적숙기에 해당하는 pH $4.2\~4.5$ 사이에서 나박김치의 산도는 $0.20\~0.25\%$ 사이에 있었다. 다른 종류의 김치에서와 같이 나박김치는 높은 Leuconostoc sp. 함량을 나타내었으며, 특히 낮은 발효온도$(5^{\circ}C)$에서는 발효 말기에 Leuconostoc sp.균의 생성이 많아졌다. 그러나 $5^{\circ}C$에서 나박김치의 Lactobacillus sp.균은 다른 발효온도에 비해 낮은 함량을 나타내었다. $CO_2$함량은 발효의 진행과 함께 초기부터 증가하였다가 급속히 감소하였다. 나박김치의 pH와 $CO_2$ 함량의 관계에서, $5^{\circ}C,\;10^{\circ}C$ 및 $20^{\circ}C$의 발효온도에서 각각 pH $4.0\~4.4$, 3.8, 3.4에서 가장 높은 $CO_2$ 함량을 나타내었다. $5^{\circ}C$에서 발효시킨 나박김치가 적숙기 pH에서 가장 높은 $CO_2$함량을 나타내어 $5^{\circ}C$의 저온에서 나박김치를 발효할 경우 맛 증진과 가식기간을 연장시킬 수 있다. Ingredient ratio for making nabak kimchi and the manufacturing method were standardized from the available literatures. Fermentation properties and $CO_2$ production of the nabak kimchi were investigated during the fermentation at $5^{\circ}C,\;10^{\circ}C,\;and\;20^{\circ}C$. Standardized ingredients ratio of nabak kimchi that added 100 mL of water was as follows: 45.0 g baechu cabbage, 26.9 g radish, 1.9 g green onion, 1.0 g red pepper, 1.2 g crushed garlic, 0.9 g crushed ginger, 0.7 g red pepper powder. The standardized manufacturing method of nabak kimchi was as follows: washing ingredients, cutting radish and baechu cabbage $(2.5\times2.5\times0.5\;cm)$, salting for 20 min, washing and draining, pretreatment of ingredients, dissolving red pepper powder in water, blending, mixing, and adding the water to the mixed ingredients. Fermentations at $5^{\circ}C$ for 8 days, at $10^{\circ}C$ for 3 days, and at $20^{\circ}C$ for 1 day led to the acidity levels of $0.21\%,\;0.20\%,\;and\;0.31\%$, respectively. From the relationships between optimally ripened pH and acidity, nabak kimchi showed lower acidity of $0.20\~0.25\%$ with pH $4.2\~4.5.$ Like other kinds of kimchi, the Levels of Leuconostoc sp. were high specially at later stage of fermentation at low temperature $(5^{\circ}C)$. However, the levels of Lactobacillus sp. were low at $5^{\circ}C$. Nabak kimchi produced high levels of $CO_2$ in the initial fermentation period and followed by rapid decrease of $CO_2$ production with the fermentation. From the relationships between pH and $CO_2$ content, the highest $CO_2$ contents were found pH $4.0\~4.4$, 3.8 and 3.4 at $5^{\circ}C,\;10^{\circ}C$, and $20^{\circ}C$, respectively. This fact indicated that fermentation at $5^{\circ}C$ has the highest $CO_2$ content at optimally ripened pH of 4.3 and the fermentation at lower temperature such as $5^{\circ}C$ could extend the eatable time of nabak kimchi.

사회복지시설(기관)의 민간위탁제도 특성 및 개선방안에 관한 연구

공창숙 한국벤처창업학회 2011 벤처창업연구 Vol.6 No.3

Since the introduction of local autonomy system, various specific theories and practical approaches for private commission system have been common concerns and interests of the fields practicing social welfare. In the discussion about private consignment system of social welfare facility and organization, both of private section and government have shown different opinions from various aspects such as related regulation, consignment procedure, proper period and consignment condition. According to the discussion about the consignment system of social welfare facility, the purpose of this study is as follows. The first purpose is to suggest the current status of private consignment of social welfare facility and the characteristic and issue of consignment procedure by considering domestic & overseas literatures about the characteristic of private consignment system. The second purpose is to find out the general characteristics and current statuses of consignment process and system of social welfare facilities (organizations) located in Gyeonggi-do area. The third purpose is to draw the current status and general problem of field consignment system and suggest the practical alternative plan and improvement method of private consignment system of social welfare facility in the future. The result of researching private consignment process by head and manager of social welfare facility (organization), private consignment agreement and its conclusion process and current consignment system improvement method revealed that the number of reconsigned (over 1~3 times) facilities was more than that of initially consigned facilities and senior welfare facility and general social welfare center were most frequent in private consignment organization. In addition, as an improvement method of current private consignment process, the consideration on each organization and standard was required for new consignment and reconsignment and the problem of fairness and objectiveness was indicated when deliberation committee was organized in private consignment process. Besides them, it was found that consignment period shall be adjusted on the basis of facility type and business characteristic and the problems such as worker's succession, worker's transfer and service disconnection were suggested when consignment organization was changed. For conclusion and suggestion, the study suggested the establishment of common standard about private consignment, alternative plan of private consignment process issue and improvement method of consignment period issue. 지방자치제 도입이후 민간위탁제도에 대한 구체적이고 다양한 이론과 실천적 접근은 사회복지 실천현장의 공통적인 고민과 관심사이다. 사회복지시설 및 기관에 대한 민간위탁제도에 관한 논의는 관련규정, 위·수탁절차, 기간의 적합성, 위탁조건 등 다양한 측면에서 민. 관 양측모두 오랜 기간동안 입장과 견해 차이를 보이고 있다. 이러한 사회복지시설의 위·수탁제도에 대한 논의를 필요에 따라 연구의 목적으로 첫째, 민간위탁제도의 특성에 관한 국. 내외 문헌적 고찰을 통해 사회복지시설의 민간위탁 현황과 위탁과정에서의 그 특성과 쟁점을 제시하고, 둘째, 경기도지역 사회복지시설(기관) 위·수탁과정 및 제도에 관한 전반의 특성과 현황을 알아보고, 셋째, 현장 위·수탁제도의 현황과 전반의 문제점을 도출하여 향후 사회복지시설의 민간 위․수탁제도의 실질적인 대안과 개선방안을 제시하고자 하였다. 민간위탁 사회복지시설(기관) 장 및 관리자에 대한 민간위탁과정, 민간위탁 협약 내용 및 협약체결과정, 현행 위·수탁제도 개선방안에 대한 조사결과 최초위탁시설에 비해 재위탁(1회~3회)시설이 많고, 노인복지시설과 종합사회복지관이 민간위탁기관 유형에 가장 많은 분포를 나타냈다. 또한 현행 민간위탁과정의 개선방안으로는 신규위탁과 재위탁의 경우 각 각 기관과 기준에 대한 고려가 요구되며 민간위탁과정에서 심의위원회 구성 시 공정성과 객관성의 문제가 지적 되었다. 그밖에 시설유형과 사업특성에 기초한 위탁기간의 조정이 필요함이 결과로 나타났으며 수탁기관 변경 시 직원고용승계와 종사자의 이직 및 서비스의 단절성 문제가 제기되었다. 결론 및 제언으로 민간위탁에 대한 공통기준의 마련과 민간위탁과정에서의 쟁점에 대한 대안, 위탁기간과 관련된 쟁점에 대한 개선방안을 각각 제시하였다.

재활사례관리 개념적 특성 및 실천범주에 관한 연구 : 종합사회복지관과 장애인복지시설 사례관리 실천 중심으로

공창숙 한국직업재활학회 2023 職業再活硏究 Vol.33 No.2

재활사례관리는 장애인재활상담사(rehabilitation counselor) 국가자격제도 시행 이후 장애인 재활상담사의 실천기술 및 역량 중 중요한 역할과 기능으로 강조되고 있다. 재활사례관리 실천은 장애인복지시설 및 기관에서 사례관리자가 장애 유형과 개별(case) 욕구사정을 통해 장애로 인해 발생되는 만성적이고 복합적인 문제에 관여한다. 본 논문은 재활사례관리 개념적 특성 및 실천범주에 관한 연구로 재활사례관리 개념 및 특성에 관한 문헌조사와 장애인복지기관, 종합사회복지관에서 실시하는 장애인 사례관리 실천단계 및 과정에 대한내용분석을 실시하였다. 연구문제는 첫째, 재활사례관리 개념적 특성 및 실천범주는 어떠한가? 둘째, 기관별 장애인 사례관리 실천과정과 사정단계 내용 및 특성은 어떠한가?, 셋째, 기관별 장애인 사례관리 실행 및 점검단계의 현황과 특성은 어떠한가? 의 3가지로 설정하였다. 문헌조사 및 실천현장 내용 분석결과 첫째, 장애인 사례관리의 개념적 특성은 장애로 인해 발생되는 삶의 복합적이고 만성적인문제에 대해 욕구특성에 맞는 사정도구 및 심층면접, 자원사정을 통해 재활서비스를 점검하고 조정하는 장기적이며 지속적인 실천과정이며, 그 실천범주는 개인력, 사회력, 대인관계, 사회적응, 자립생활, 일상생활, 직업재활, 재활 서비스, 복지지원 등 삶의 전 영역에 관여하게 된다. 둘째, 장애인복지관과 직업재활시설 재활사례관리 실천 내용분석을 통해 제시된 과정 및 단계별 특성으로 초기단계에서는초기면접→사회진단→직업지원계획→개인별 서비스계획→직업평가서 작성 및 점검 등의 과정을 통해 장애로 인한 일상생활의 문제, 경제적인 자립, 직업재활, 사회적 관계 등에 초점을 맞추고 있음을 알수 있다. 셋째, 사정단계에서 종합사회복지관과 장애인복지시설에서 사용하는 사정도구는 생육사(Life history), 가계도, 생태도, 사회적 관계망, 자원사정, 사정기록지 등이 공통적으로 활용되고 있다. 장애인복지시설에서는 장애유형별 특성 및 자립생활, 직업평가 등이 진행되고 있으며 종합평가지, 평가도구(수용어휘력검사, MDS),행동관찰평가지, BVMGT, ADL, IADL 척도 등 장애로 인한 삶의 반경에서의 어려움과 기본권을 보장하기 위한 욕구사정과 서비스 계획 수립을 위한 사정도구를 사용하고 있음을 알 수 있다. 실천적 함의로 향후 장애 유형별 사정도구의 개발 및 사례관리자의 훈련과 교육, 수퍼비젼 시스템을 마련하여 전문역량을 강화해야 하고, 단편적인 연계 및 실적위주의 서비스 제공 방식에서 벗어나 개인적인 요인과 환경적인 요인을 복합적으로 고려한 통합적인 관점으로 재활사례관리 영역을확대하고 지역사회 자원의 조직화와 활용과정에 적용해 나가야함을 제시하였다. Rehabilitation case management is being emphasized as an important role and function among the practical skills and competencies of rehabilitation counselors for people with disabilities since the implementation of the national qualification system for rehabilitation counselors. Rehabilitation case management practice is involved in chronic and complex problems caused by disability through case manager's assessment of disability type and individual case needs in welfare facilities and institutions for the disabled. This paper is a study on the conceptual characteristics and practice categories of rehabilitation case management, and conducted a literature review on the concept and characteristics of rehabilitation case management and a content analysis of the stages and processes of case management for the disabled conducted by welfare institutions for the disabled and general social welfare centers. The research questions are set in three ways as follows. First, what are the conceptual characteristics and practice categories of rehabilitation case management? Second, what are the contents and characteristics of the case management practice process and assessment stage by institution? Third, what are the current status and characteristics of the implementation status and inspection of case management for people with disabilities by institution? In the results of literature review and practical content analysis, first, the conceptual characteristics of case management for the disabled is a long-term and continuous practice process that checks and adjusts rehabilitation services through assessment tools, in-depth interviews, and resource assessments fit for the characteristics of needs for the complex and chronic problems of life caused by disability, and the practice category is involved in all areas of life, including personal history, social history, interpersonal relationships, social adaptation, independent living, daily life, vocational rehabilitation, rehabilitation service, and welfare support. Second, through the analysis of rehabilitation case management practices of welfare centers and vocational rehabilitation facilities for the disabled, at the initial stage with the proposed process and step-by-step characteristics, it can be seen that the focus is on problems in daily life caused by disability, economic independence, vocational rehabilitation, and social relationships through the processes of initial interview →Social diagnosis → Job support plan → Individual service plan → writing and checking the job evaluation report. Third, in the assessment stage, general social welfare centers and welfare facilities for the disabled use life history, family tree, ecology map, social network, resource assessment, assessment record, etc. in common. In welfare facilities for the disabled, characteristics by type of disability, independent living, and job evaluation are being conducted, and it can be seen that assessment tools for needs assessment and service plan establishment such as comprehensive evaluation sheet, evaluation tools (receptive vocabulary test, MDS), behavior observation evaluation sheet, BVMGT, ADL, IADL scale, etc. are used to guarantee difficulties and basic rights in the radius of life due to disability. As practical implications, the suggestions of this study are that it is necessary to strengthen professional competence by developing assessment tools for each disability type, training and education of case managers, and preparing a supervision system, it is necessary to expand the scope of rehabilitation case management with an integrated perspective that considers personal and environmental factors in a complex way, getting away from the fragmentary connection and performance-oriented service provision method, and that it should be applied to the process of organizing and utilizing community resources.

Anti-Inflammatory Activity of the Solvent-Partitioned Fractions from Spergularia marina in LPS-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Cells

공창숙 한국식품영양과학회 2014 Preventive Nutrition and Food Science Vol.19 No.4

As a part of ongoing research to elucidate and characterize antioxidant and anti-inflammatory nutraceuticals, solvent-partitioned fractions from Spergularia marina were tested for their ability to scavenge radicals and suppress inflammation. The results of the 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate assay indicate that solvent-partitioned fractions from S. marina scavenged intracellular radicals in H2O2-stimulated mouse macrophages. The tested fractions decreased the generation of nitric oxide (NO) and the expression of inflammation mediators, namely, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and interleukin (IL)-6, by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mouse macrophages, indicating that S. marina decreases inflammation. Among all tested fractions [i.e., H2O, n-buthanol (n-BuOH), 85% aqueous methanol (aq. MeOH), and n-hexane], the 85% aq. MeOH fraction showed the strongest antioxidant and anti-inflammatory response. The 85% aq. MeOH fraction scavenged 80% of the free radicals produced by H2O2-induced control cells. In addition, NO production was 98% lower in 85% aq. MeOH fraction-treated cells compared to LPS-induced control cells. The mRNA expression of iNOS and IL-6 was also suppressed in 85% aq. MeOH fraction-treated cells. The results of the current study suggest that the phenolic compound components of S. marina are responsible for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

Dynamic Behavior of Droplet in Electrospinning under Equilibrium State

공창숙,이태현,김한성,Kong, C.S.,Lee, T.H.,Kim, Han-Seong The Korean Fiber Society 2007 한국섬유공학회지 Vol.44 No.5

The electro-spinning is a process in which a jet is ejected by the electrical force which is acting on the droplet and overcoming its surface tension. Unstable jet is ejected under the condition named as Fluctuation that is defined as jet instability. In this study, the dynamic behaviors of a pendant droplet at the exit of the nozzle were investigated to understand the key parameters in the jet instability. The system was developed to control the flow rate of a pendent droplet. Dynamic behaviors of a droplet in electrospinning with the various needle diameters, TCDs (tip-to-collect distance), voltages could be successfully classified into particular steps. Various behaviors of the droplet in electrospinning that may influence the jet instability were investigated.

꽈배기모자반 추출물이 3T3-L1 지방세포 분화에 미치는 영향

공창숙,이정임,권명숙,서영완 한국해양과학기술원 2015 Ocean and Polar Research Vol.37 No.4

In this study, the potential capacity of the crude extract and its solvent fractions from S. siliquanstrum against adipocyte differentiation were evaluated in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The anti-adipogenic effect of S. siliquanstrum was evidenced by the fact that its crude extract decreases the lipid accumulation of differentiating cells and the expression levels of crucial adipogenesis markers, peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor (PPAR)γ and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP)α. All solvent fractions except the water fraction showed an observable decrease in lipid accumulation and PPARγ and C/EBPα expressions. In conclusion, these results suggest that S. siliquanstrum possesses obesity inhibiting components, which may possibly be used as a valuable anti-obesity agent for reducing the risk of obesity.

지역아동센터 종사자 인력관리 및 프로그램 운영평가 : 경기도 지역을 중심으로

공창숙 한영신학대학교 2010 韓榮論叢 Vol.14 No.-

방과후 아동보육시설 종사자 근무실태와 직무인식도에 관한 연구

공창숙,박정윤,김양희 한국영유아보육학회 2007 한국영유아보육학 Vol.0 No.48

최근 저출산으로 인한 국가적 차원에서의 대안으로 여성의 취업률 확충과 보육서비스의 확대가 정책적 대안으로 제시되고 있다. 학령기 아동을 주 대상으로 민간에서 출발한 공부방이 제도화되는 과정에서 방과후 보육시설들의 서비스 대상, 프로그램, 지도교사, 지원체계 등에 대한 통일된 지침이나 규정이 없어 일관성이 부재하다(이옥, 2005)는 문제점이 지적되고 있다. 방과 후 아동보육시설의 현안 중 종사자의 업무환경과 처우는 매우 열악한 실정이어서 저임금과 불안정한 근무환경은 낮은 직무 만족과 잦은 이직 또는 전직과 임시직, 계약직등 불안정적 고용환경으로 이어지는 실정이다. 최근 학령기 아동을 위한 방과후 아동보육 서비스를 실행함에 있어 전문 인력에 의해 구조화 된 일과관리, 양질의 프로그램 제공을 통한 지역아동보호 및 방임아동보호, 가정보호기능 수행 등 본연의 기능 및 고유역할에 대한 논의가 강조되고 있다. 본 연구의 연구문제에 따른 연구결과에 기초하여 향후 방과후 아동보육 시설 종사자에 대한 적절한 처우와 업무환경 조성방향을 제시하고, 관련분야의 연구와 논의과정을 통해 방과후 아동보육시설 종사자의 전문성과 고유성을 함의하여 질적인 성장과 발전을 위한 현실적 방안을 모색해 나아가야할 것이다. Because of ageing society caused by low childbirth and expanded average life span, the worries about decrease of production population, its effect on national economic power and social and economic ripple effect are increasing in Korea. As the method to solve it, expansion of woman's employment ratio and child care service have been suggested as the political alternative plan. Now, as the specialized field, the unique role and direction of after-school child care service should be newly illuminated on the basis of necessity and recognition of local child protection, supplement of parents' role and creation of high quality child care environment, including specific request of poor and weak class. Treatment and work condition of the person engaged in after-school child care facility, however, show a lot of problems. The paper will examine the realistic problems concerned to manpower system of the person engaged in after-school child care facility, suggest the role and alternative plan based on their uniqueness and specialty, prepare operation and management standard of after-school child care business and search qualitative development and discussion through survey and study about their condition and current status, work recognition, degree of work satisfaction and change of work condition and work satisfaction depending on work recognition.

Dynamic Behavior of a Growing Drop at the Exit of a Fine Capillary

공창숙,김지영,김한성,Kong, Chang-Suk,Kim, Ji-Young,Kim, Han-Seong The Korean Fiber Society 2006 한국섬유공학회지 Vol.43 No.4

Growing drop technique has been developed for measuring the dynamic behavior of drop at the exit of a fine capillary where a drop grows. In this study, the system was designed to simulate the electrospinning process without applying a high voltage to understand the dynamic behavior of PVA solution before ejecting a fluid jet. The system associated with Image analysis technique and numerical analysis method has been developed. Important parameters of the drop formation were extracted by programming image analysis techniques such as fill boundary method and chain cord algorithm. To obtain statistically meaningful data, numerical analysis techniques were programmed. The diameter, volume, contact angle and velocity of fluid head of PVA solution at the exit of a fine capillary have been measured and calculated with various hydrostatic pressures. The integrated system of image analysis and numerical analysis methods has been successfully used to investigate the effect of the hydrostatic force on drop formation.

아동복지시설 사례관리 운영체계 특성 및 개선방안에 관한 연구

공창숙 한영신학대학교 2012 韓榮論叢 Vol.16 No.-