음주(飮酒)가 뇌졸중(腦卒中)에 미치는 영향(影響)에 관(關)한 동서의학적(東西醫學的) 연구(硏究)

강화정,문병순,Kang, Hwa-Jeong,Moon, Byung-Soon 대한한방내과학회 1997 大韓韓方內科學會誌 Vol.18 No.2

As to the effects of drinking on the cerebrovascular system, the result of studies by Eastern-Western medicine indicate the following conclusions: 1. Oriental medical studies show drinking causes 'Dam-em', 'Dam-tak', and 'Seub-yul' and is, thus related to hypertension and hyperlipidemia. 2. Oriental medical studies also show that hypertension and hyperlipidemia, which includes apoplexy, a dizziness, headaches and 'Gan-yang', are caused by 'Dam-em', 'Dam-tak' and 'Heul-uh'. In most cases of obesity. which is piled 'Seub-dam' in the spleen and stomach, is caused by alcohol consumption. 3. Large amounts of alcohol consumption is a dangerous factor in many kinds of cerebrovascular attacks but under the middle grade of drinking it is not harmful. And it is a predominant theory that a small quantity of alcohol consumption is good for preventing cerebrovascular attacks. 4. Taking a brain computed tomography after alcohol has been introduced into the system reveals strange symptoms like ventricle dilatation, cerebral atrophy, and pathologic histological degeneration. 5. Alcohol is related to hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity which are dangerous factors in cerebrovascular attacks. This is especially true with hypertension and obesity. 6. Western medicine says, because of the close relations between hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and the grade of obesity, drinking increases the chances of cerebrovascular attacks. Our findings show that reducing alcohol intake, an environmental factor, will help prevent cerebrovascular attacks.

중풍(中風)의 치료(治療)에 있어 청열법(淸熱法)에 대(對)한 문헌적(文獻的) 고찰(考察)

강화정,문병순,Kang, Hwa-Jeong,Moon, Byung-Soon 한국한의학연구원 1996 한국 한의학연구소 논문집 Vol.2 No.1

The literatual study on the therapy for clearing away heat with apoplexy therapy, the result were obstained as follows. 1. In apoplexy therapy, therapy for clearing away heat is used excessive heart - fire by overacting of the five emotions, liver fire, deficiency of kidney - fluid, wind - heat. 2. The fire of aetiology of apoplexy is used therapy for clearing away eat, in aspect of viscera and bowels, divied into heart - fire, liver - fire, deficiency fie of kidney yin, wetness - phlegm of spleen heat. The treatment is clear away heart - fire, clear away liver - fire, clear away spleen - heat and sthenic water. 3. Symptom of excessiveness symptom - complex is used therapy for clearing away heat that are fever, flushed face, halitosis, heart burn, easy anger, apoplestic stroke, unconsciouness, trismus, paralysis, constipation, red tongue with yellow coat, taut - smooth pulse or full - rapid pulse and symptom of insufficiency symptom - complex that are dizziness, tinitus, blurring of vision, deficiency sleeping, dreaminess, lassitude of the loins and legs, hemiplegia, red tongue with white coat or thin - yellow coat taut - thready - rapid pulse. 4. Therapy for norish vital essence - clearing away heat is availed in excessive fire caused by deficiency of yin of the liver and kidney, therapy for break through phlegm - clearing away heat in stagnant heat therapy for waking up a patient from unconsciousness - clearing away heat in yang type sthenia - syndrom of coma of apoplexy involving viscera and bowels. 5. Commonly used recipes of therapy for clearing away heat are Yang gyolksan(凉膈散), Bang pongtongseongsan(防風通聖散), Sotongseongsan(小通聖散), Jibodan(至寶丹), Supungsungisan(搜風順氣散), Woowhangchengshimwhan(牛黃淸心丸), Chengungsekgong(川芎石膏湯), Samwhatang(三化湯) etc in excessiveness symptom- complex, and are Yukmijiwhangweon(六味地黃元), Jiwhangtang(地黃湯), Palmiji whangtang(八味地黃湯), Samultanggagam(四物湯加減) etc in insufficiency symptom - complex.

뇌졸중환자(腦卒中患者)에 있어서 치료경과(治療經過)에 따른 뇌혈류(腦血流) 변화(變化) - Brain SPECT 결과(結果)를 중심(中心)으로 -

강화정,홍석,김종석,송호천,범희승,전상윤,Kang, Hwa-Jeong,Hong, Seok,Kim, Jong-Seok,Song, Ho-Chon,Bum, Hee-Seung,Jeon, Sang-Yun 대한한방내과학회 2000 大韓韓方內科學會誌 Vol.21 No.1

Object : SPECT which can visualize the distribution of CBF was operated to find the basic evidence by objective and scientific inspection on the fact that how the oriental medical treatment for stroke patients can effect CBF. Method : This study made 18 cases an object of research. These patients came to the Dongshin Univ. Oriental Medical Hospical within 5 days from the first attack, were diagnosed as stroke from Brain CT and MAl and were in the hospital for over 4 weeks at least. They were taken acupunture treatment, negative technique and herbal medication. And this study operated SPECT at the instance of admission and at the 4th week after admission 2 times and compared the change of CBF. Results : I operated SPECT on 18 CVA patients and got a result on the change of blood supplies in brain as follows; In the 2nd SPECT compared with 1st, out of the 1st and 2nd SPECT, there are 10 cases(55.6%) of increase and 8 cases (44.4%) of decrease. According to L/Cb11 evauation standard, the 1 st and the 2nd changes of blood supplies in SPECT shows decrese from $0.830{\pm}0.071$ to $0.801{\pm}0.067$. On the other hand, according to L/C standard shows a minute increase from $0.894{\pm}0.079$ to $0.895{\pm}0.091$. But there is nothing meaningful. I treated patients' group with risk factors and the other patients' group without risk factors and observed the changes of blood supplies respectively. And therefore Patients' group without risk factors shows an meaningful increase of blood supplies from $0.835{\pm}0.076$ to $0.796{\pm}0.069$ L/Cbll and also an increase from $0.921{\pm}0.029$ to $0.939{\pm}0.029$ by L/C. But this result by L/C is not significant. Conclusion : As mentioned above, I treated CVA patients through oriental medical therapies using SPECT and researched the changes of blood supplies in their brains. But I could' t get any meaningful result. However, I think only after solving some problems in this treatment and quantifing the changes of blood supplies, this results can be the standard of scientific examination about oriental medical treatments.

학습자의 삶을 담은 지역·현대사 교육의 필요성과 가능성

강화정(Kang, Hwa-Jeong) 효원사학회 2018 역사와 세계 Vol.- No.53

기존의 지역사 연구는 크게 두 가지로 나뉜다. 국가사의 구체적 사례로서 지역사. 그리고 지역의 독자성과 완결성을 강조하는 지역사이다. 최근에는 국가, 지방, 공동체가 교차하는 시공간으로 지역사를 인식하며 지역민의 기억에 집중하는 연구가 늘어나고 있다. 전국역사교사모임에서 발간한 〈역사교육〉의 실천 사례를 통해 지역사 교육의 현황을 살펴보았다. 국가사와 구별되는 다양한 서사를 만드는 지역사 교육사례, 지역의 변화를 이끄는 실천과 연대의 활동이 더해진 지역사 실천 사례를 만날 수 있었다. 또, ‘현재’ 지역을 살아가며 느끼는 문제의식도 수업사례에 포함되어 있었다. 최근 들어 새로운 형태의 지역사 교육이 확산되고 있다. 혁신학교를 중심으로 마을의 역사 알기 수업이 진행되고 있다. 마을의 역사 알기 수업은 단순히 마을을 아는 것을 넘어 마을의 변화와 발전을 위한 참여를 강조한다. 마을의 역사 알기 수업은 국가 교육과정이 아닌 지역, 학교, 학년/학급 수준으로 교육과정이 학습자와 가까워져야 가능한 수업 형태이다. 마을 역사 알기 수업의 의미를 염두해 두고 부산광역시 P고 학생을 대상으로 한 지역의 현대사 수업을 구성해보았다. 충렬사가 논의의 초점이다. P고는 교명에 ‘충렬’을 포함할 뿐 아니라, 거의 모든 학생이 충렬사를 방문한 경험이 있다. 충렬사는 임진왜란 당시 순절한 호국선열의 위패를 모신 사당이다. 그러나 현재의 충렬사는 박정희의 유신 정권 아래 성역화 사업을 통해 꾸며진 기념공간이다. 유신 정권은 왜 충렬사를 새롭게 정비했는지, 충렬사의 기념물 속에서 그 증거를 찾을 수 있는지, 권력은 어떻게 역사를 이용하는지, ‘충렬’을 통해 국가가 요구하는 국민의 모습은 무엇인지 등을 탐색하는 수업을 구성해 본다. 초,중,고의 계열성도 함께 고민하였다. 학습자가 살아가는 지역 속에서 기념물을 현대사의 맥락에서 낯설게 바라보는 수업사례이다. The existing researches on the local history could be largely divided into two types such as the local history as concrete cases of national history and the local history emphasizing the identity and completion of regions. Recently, there are more and more researches focusing on the local residents" memories by perceiving the local history as the time and space in which the state, province, and community are mingled together. Through the practical cases of 〈History Education〉 published by the Association of Korean History Teacher, the current status of local history education was examined. There were such cases of local history education creating diverse narratives distinguished from national history, and practice of local history added by activities of practice and solidarity leading the change of regions. Also, the critical mind felt from living in the region of the "present time" was included in the case of class. Recently, the new type of local history education is spreading. Focusing on innovation schools, the town history class is provided. Learning about the town history is not only simply knowing the town, but also emphasizing the participation for the change and development of the town. The town history class is not the national curriculum, but the level of region, school, and grade/class, so that it could be done only when the curriculum gets closer to learners. Considering the meanings of town history class, the local modern history class was composed targeting the students of P High School in Busan. The Chungnyeolsa Shrine is the focus of discussion. The name of P High School includes "Chungnyeol", and almost every student has visited the Chungnyeolsa Shrine. The Chungnyeolsa Shrine is the shrine of ancestral tablets of patriotic martyrs during the Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592. However, the current Chungnyeolsa Shrine is a memorial space decorated for the sanctuary project under the Park Chung-hee"s Yushin regime. The class explores things like why the Yushin regime newly repaired the Chungnyeolsa Shrine, if the evidences could be found from the monuments of Chungnyeolsa Shrine, how the power uses the history, and what the state asks to people through "Chungnyeol". The sequences of elementary, middle, and high school were also considered. This is the case of class in which learners could unfamiliarly view the monuments in their region under the context of modern history.

유한혼합물 모형을 이용한 OECD 합계출산율 군집분석

강화정(Hwa Jeong Kang),황다연(Da Yeon Hwang),이선우(Seon Woo Lee),김지현(Ji Hyun Kim),전형준(Hyeong Jun Jeon),주용성(Yong Sung Joo) 한국데이터정보과학회 2020 한국데이터정보과학회지 Vol.31 No.5

본 연구에서는 저조한 한국 출산율에 영향을 끼치는 요인을 파악하고자 합계출산율에 대한 분석을 실시하였다. 분석에 사용한 자료는 1998년~2017년 사이에 수집된 OECD 회원국의 1 인당 GDP, 남·여 고용률 차이, 도시화율, 여성의 초혼연령, 이혼율, 주택가격지수, 혼인율, 합계출산율이다. 수집된 자료를 통해 유한혼합물 모형을 구축한 결과, OECD 회원국은 6개의 군집으로 분류되었으며 이 중 2개의 군집이 합계출산율이 증가하는 경향을 보였고, 한국은 감소하는 경향을 보이는 군집에 포함되었다. 또한 합계출산율이 증가하는 추세를 보이는 군집과 감소하는 군집의 비교를 통해 혼인율이 차이가 나는 것을 발견하였다. In this study, an analysis of the total fertility rate was conducted to identify factors affecting the poor fertility rate in Korea. The data used in the analysis are GDP per capita, differences in male and female employment rates, urbanization rates, women’s early age, divorce rate, housing price index, marriage rate, and total fertility rate, collected between 1998 and 2017. As a result of constructing the finite mixture model from the collected data, OECD member countries were classified into 6 clusters, of which 2 clusters tended to increase in total fertility rate, and Korea was included in clusters showing a tendency to decrease. In addition, it was found that the difference between the marriage rate was found by comparing the clusters showing a tendency to increase the total fertility rate and the clusters decreasing.

핵의학(SPECT)을 이용한 뇌혈류변화에 대한 침구효과 검증방법의 새로운 모델에 관한 연구

안수기,강화정,송호천,범희승,Ahn, Soog-Gi,Kang, Hwa-Jeong,Song, Ho-Chun,Bom, Hee-Seung 대한침구의학회 2000 대한침구의학회지 Vol.17 No.2

Objective : The mechanism of acupuncture to increase cerebral blood flow is still uncertain. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the neural basis of acupuncture by comparing the cerebral regions activated by the stimulation of two different methods of acupunctures at the same acupoint which was suggested by oriental medicine to increase rCBF. Materials and Methods : Thirty-nine healthy volunteers(26 males, 13 females, age $31{\pm}11$ years) were studies by rest/acupuncture Tc-99m ECD brain SPECT using a subtraction method. SPECTs using two methods(needle retention and heated needle with 90% alcohol) at two acupoints (right LI. 4 and ST. 36) were peformed at an interval of three days. For the needle retention method, acupuncture needle was inserted to a depth of about 2 cm into each acupoint 8 minutes after the lst acquisition and continued to retain, and the second injection of Tc-99m ECD was done 15 minutes after the insertion of needle. For the heated acupuncture method, heated needle was inserted in a twinkle within several msec 20 second after the second injection of Tc-99m ECD. The differences of between rest and acupuncture activation state were statistically analyzed using a statistical parametric mapping software. Result : Acupunctures of both methods reveal similar patterns of increase in rCBF. Acupuncture at ST.36 increase rGBF in left anterior temporal, right inferior frontal lobes, and left cerebellum. Acupuncture at LI. 4 increase rCBF in the left frontal cortex, right temporal pole, both inferior frontal cortices and right cerebellum. Conclusion : The effects of two different acupunctures to the same acupoints on rCBF were similar. Therefore, this result suggests Chat the mechanism of acupuncture in the increase of cerebral blood flow have a neural basis.

치매 환자(患者) 84례(例)에 대한 유형별(類型別) 임상고찰(臨床考察)

전상윤,강화정,김윤완,홍석,Jeon, Sang-Yun,Kang, Hwa-Jeong,Kim, Yun-Wan,Hong, Seok 대한한방내과학회 2000 大韓韓方內科學會誌 Vol.21 No.2

Objective : In western medicine, many medication therapies and non-medication therapies have been treated for dementia. But these methods did no more than symptomatic therapies, not basic treatment, which just can better subordinate symptoms. In fact, care or control became the very point of treatment of dementia. So, to try to find oriental medical treatments for Dementia, a clinical analysis was carried out for 84 patients who were diagnosed as Dementia through MMSE-K and treated in Dong-shin Oriental Medicine Kwangju Hospital and Karitaas Sanatorium from 10. Jan. 1998 to 20. May. 2000. Methods : Regardless of patterns of Dementia, the basic treatment(本治) is to supplement encephalon deficiency(腦髓不足). And the external treatment(標治) must be accompanied by through diagnosis according to symptoms(辨證). All patients were given Yukmi-jihwanghwan gami and acupuncture treatment. Results : Dementia of cerebral vascular type shows a high distribution(51 patients, 60.7%). Women also are distributed more widely(62명, 73.8%). In Age distribition, 70-79 years-32 patients(38.1%), over 80 years-21 patients(25%), 60-69 years-17 patients(20.2%), 50-59 years-13 patients(15.5%) and under 49 years-1 patient(1.2%). From this, Dementia occurs well over 60 years and the rate of occurrence of Dementia is high as people grow older. In past history of people with Dementia, hypertension is associated much(50 patients, 64.1%). Distribution of mental state by MMSE-K examination declined in orientaion, mathmatical faculty, memory faculty and composition faculty. In therapeutic effect by treatment duration, 14 patients(93.3%) out of 15 in sanatorium show a significant effect. And 52 patients(75.4%) out of 69 in the hospital show the same result. Especially, 11 patients with Alzheimer type in sanatorium showed an good effect when treated over 4 months. 40 patients(83.3%) with cerebral vascular type out of 48 in the hospital showed the stage of betterment. Conclusions : The basic treatment(本治) for Dementia is to supplement encephalon deficiency(腦髓不足). For promoting encephalon through supplementing kindney(補腎健腦), All patients were given Yukmi-jihwanghwan gami. And the external treatment(標治) through diagnosis according to symptoms(辨證) were be accompanied by. The result is quite effective. We consider there must be more research based on this study.

내경(內經)에 나타난 뇌(腦)의 개념(槪念) 및 생리적(生理的) 기능(機能)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究)

김기록,홍석,강화정,Kim, Ki-Rok,Hong, Seok,Kang, Hwa-Jeong 대한한방내과학회 1999 大韓韓方內科學會誌 Vol.20 No.1

This study has been carried out to investigate Brain in Nei-jing. The results of this study were as follows. 1. Kidney energy becomes the marrow by warm caring function of Meong-mun(命門) and the marrow becomes brain by ascending and gathering between a hole Back-hoi(百會) and a hole pung-ji(風池) 2. Brain is a sea of the marrow that five vital organs are eraporated togather. 3. In Nei-jing(內經), there is a explanation the connectin between brain and mind, thanking by drawing in a concept of head. 4. Brain regulrates physical excercise. 5. There is a direct connection between brain and biosis. 6. Brain achieves function of sense, relating with the five sensory organs. 7. Brain controls a change of emotion. 8. Brain has immunological function.

방풍통성산(防風通聖散)이 백서(白鼠)의 뇌혈류량역학(腦血流力學)에 미치는 기전(機轉) 연구(硏究)

전홍열,전상윤,홍석,강화정,김종석,김경선,Jeon, Hong-Youl,Jeon, Sang-Yun,Hong, Suk,Kang, Hwa-Jeong,Kim, Jong-Suk,Kim, Kyung-Sun 대한한방내과학회 2002 大韓韓方內科學會誌 Vol.23 No.1

Objective : Bangpungtongseongsan(BTS) has been used in oriental medicine for many centuries as a prescription for a heat syndrome of apoplexy. The effects of BTS on the vascular system are not well known. This study is designed to identify the effects of BTS on the regional cerebral blood flow(rCBF), arterial blood pressure and action mechanism in mice. Methods : We measured the change of rCBF and BP by BTS. Secondly, we investigated changes of rCBF and BP for 30 minutes interval after venous inject 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, 10.0mg/kg each density BTS infusion into mice, which were premanaged with methylene blue(10mg/kg, i.v), indomethacin(3mg/kg, i.v.), propranolo(3mg/kg, i.v.) for 30minutes. Results : rCBF increased significantly by BTS in a dose-dependent and BP was not affected by BTS in mice. Pretreatment with methylene blue significantly inhibited rCBF increased by BTS and aceelrated BP not affected by BTS. Pretreatment with indomethacin significantly inhibited rCBF increased by BTS and inhibited BP not affected by BTS. Conclusion : These results show that BTS causes the increasement of rCBF and non-change of BP. The action mechanism is related to prostaglandid activated by cyclooxygenase.

육미지황탕이 흰쥐의 뇌손상 회복에 미치는 영향

김방울,김경선,전홍열,강화정,김정상,홍석,김용진,Kim, Bang-Oul,Kim, Kyoung-Sun,Jeon, Hong-Yeol,Kang, Hwa-Jeong,Kim, Jeong-Sang,Hong, Seok,Kim, Yong-Jin 대한한방내과학회 2002 大韓韓方內科學會誌 Vol.23 No.2

Objectives : This study was designed to investigate the effects of Yukmijihwang-tang on contusion of the mice induced with medicine. Methods : I observed the effects of light and electron microscopes. and examined hematological changes and VEGF-immunohistochemistry. Results : Hematology: Leukocytes were increased significantly in a control group of mice compared with the experimental group. Light microscope : A few neurons were condensed in the 7-day experimental group, but condensed remarkedly in the 3-day control group. Most glial cells were observed in the 3-day experimental group. Edema and dilatation of vessels occurred significantly in the 3-day control group, and these results occurred weakly in the 7-day experimental group. VEGF-immunohistochemistry : VEGF-immunohistochemical reactivity for the glial cells was the highest in the 3-day experimental group, and immunoreactivity for the vessels and neurons highly increased in the 7-day experimental group. Electron microscope : In the 3-day control group, protoplasmic astrocytes concerned with angiogenesis contained weakly developed rough endoplasmic reticulum. and a few of glial filaments were observed. In the 7-day experimental group, the bundles of glial filaments were found in the cytoplasmic process of astrocytes. Conclusion : medication using Yukmijihwang-tang of mice contused by medical stress is highly effective in inflamatory response, curing cell damage and angiogenesis.