崔氏家 家奴출신 政治人의 役割과 戊午政變의 性格

강재광 한국사연구회 2004 한국사연구 Vol.127 No.-

對蒙戰爭期 高宗의 出陸外交와그 歷史的 性格

강재광 한국중세사학회 2015 한국중세사연구 Vol.0 No.43

Mongol imposed stubbornly attendance at the Royal Court of Goryeo monarch(高麗國王親朝), as one of Mongol Six Duty(蒙古六事), after the escape to Kanghwa Island of the Goryeo dynasty. To Mongol Emperor, attendance at the Royal Court of Goryeo monarch was a excellent plan to bring Kangdo Court(江都朝廷) to his knees. Kangdo Court built small palace into Seungchunbu(昇天府) for the purpose of replacing attendance at the Royal Court. Seungchunbu palace(昇天闕) was used to the counter for diplomatic negotiation with Mongol envoy. In Mongol’s 4th large scale invasion(1253) Mongol Emperor, Hunjong(憲宗) gave a strict order that Kangdo Court should return to the old capital, Gyegyung(開京) besides attendance at the Royal Court of the monarch. The military ruler of Kanghwa Island denied this order and selected resistance. Yegu(也古), commander-in-chief of Mongol army was defeated into the battle in Chungju mountain fortress(忠州山城). He suggest Seungchunbu landing of king Gojong(高宗) of Goryeo dynasty, as decisive condition of withdrawal of Mongol troops. After all, king Gojong moved forward Seungchunbu palace for the peace negotiations. This is the first Seungchunbu landing of the king of Goryeo dynasty. As the result, Mongol invader withdrew their army. In Mongol’s 5th large scale invasion(1254~1259) Jariltai(車羅大), supreme commander imposed Kangdo Court to returning to Gyegyung(開京還都) as well as attendance at the Royal Court of the monarch. In addition to this, Jariltai asked for Seungchunbu landing of Goryeo military ruler. But Byulchogun(別抄軍) of Kangdo Court and the public resolutely struggled to Mongol army over 5 years. Mongol realized the hardship of military solution against Goryeo dynasty. Therefore, Mongol called off the demand as to attendance at the Royal Court of Goryeo monarch. In exchange, Mongol imposed attendance at the Royal Court of Goryeo crown prince. Also Mongol Emperor admitted to augment stay period about returning to Gyegyung. Result from this, Seungchunbu landing of king Gojong changed to formal diplomacy gradually.

武人政權 後期 對蒙關係 변천과 高麗王朝 正體性 변화의 性格 -國王, 武人執政의 力學關係 변화를 中心으로-

강재광 한국중세사학회 2016 한국중세사연구 Vol.0 No.46

The latter Part of Goryeo Military Rule(1258~1270) was turbulent era that had changed to the transition of Diplomacy Relation on Mongol. In 1259, Between Goryeo and Mongol, peace negotiations was concluded on condition of Taejachinjo(太子親朝). But Goryeo had to fulfil six duty(六事) against Mongol. In the early stage of Kim Jun’s political power(金俊政權), Kangdo Court(江都朝廷) implemented majority of six duty against Mongol and maintained the system of peace negotiations with Mongol. Military ruler, Kim Jun(金俊) admitted to authority over human resources and judical power of the King, Gojong(高宗) and Wonjong(元宗). One step more advanced, Kim Jun assisted to the attendance at the Mongol Royal Court of Wonjong in 1264. Consequently, Cooperative relations between military ruler and King was constructed. At this period, the royal regime was operated restrictively in the background of the increase of royal authority. The latter half of Kim Jun’s political power, Mongol Emperor, Kubilai(忽必烈) exerted to diplomatic and military pressure against Goryeo dynasty for the purpose of conquering Japan. Kubilai imposed Kangdo Court to returning to old capital, Gaegyung(開京) immediately. Also, he compelled Goryeo dynasty to Jogun(助軍) and sensus(籍民). At that time, Kim Jun decided to fight against Mongol. Military ruler, Kim Jun aimed to replace to King, Wonjong who was supported by Mongol emperor. And then, he intended to transfer of the capital[江都] to a island of strategic importance. Of course, Wonjong refused to Kim Jun’s plan. Hereby, the conflict of King and military ruler was amplified. Kim Jun approved to traditional system of the royal regime, but he wanted to enthrone the monarch that should allowed to resistance against Mongol. Finally, Wonjong who has cooperated to Mongol, succeeded in removing military ruler, Kim Jun, making use of palace eunuches(宦官). The period of Im Yeon’s political power(林衍政權), Im Yeon(林衍) dethroned Wonjong who intended to get rid of him. New military ruler, And he raised Angyunggong(安慶公) to the throne. Im Yeon dominated political power consequently. But the dethronement of Wonjong incited Mongol emperor, Kubilai to interference in domestic affairs of Kando Court. Eventually, Kubilai restored former King, Wonjong through diplomatic and military pressure. After this time, the identity of Goryeo monarch got into attribution toward Mongol emperor’s authority increasingly. In the end of 1269, Mongol emperor gave a strict order to Wonjong, Angyunggong and Im Yeon, imposing of the attendance at the Mongol Royal Court. Naturally, military ruler Im Yeon ignored the order of Kubilai. Before long, Im Yeon died suddenly by an abscess on his back. At last, Im Yeon’s son, Im Yoomu(林惟茂) succeeded to political power. The King, Wonjong who fulfilled the attendance at the Mongol Royal Court with civilians and military officers of Kangdo Court, met to Mongol emperor, Kubilai. At that time, Wonjong promised Mongol emperor to collapse Goryeo military power. And he said definitely Kubilai to return to old capital, Gaegyung instantly. Finally, the monarch of Goryeo dynasty, Wonjong entered to Goryeo territory taking Mongol army along. By Wonjong’s order, many vassal of Kangdo removed Im Yoomu, the last military ruler. And they carried out returning to Gaegyung. At this, Goryeo military rule was destroyed and the system of royal regime was restored completely. However, the ruling class of Goryeo dynasty had to accept political domination of Mongol. Furthermore, Goryeo that was under the control of Mongol empire, was magnified as important outpost for expedition on Japan.

對蒙戰爭期 處仁城勝捷의 성격과 역사적 의미-廣州道 방어 및 部曲民‧僧徒의 항전과 연관하여-

강재광 한국중세사학회 2018 한국중세사연구 Vol.0 No.53

Cheoinbugok(處仁部曲) was belonged to “B route”(southern inland route) of Gwangjudo(廣州道) in Goryeo dynasty. A important military storage was located in Cheoinseong(處仁城) of Cheoinbugok. Cheoinseong was the strategic point that goes forward Jinwihyun(振威縣) from Suju(水州). Therefore, that castle was recognized to significant military and geographical foothold. Mongol army invaded again Goryeo dynasty in 1232, rebuking the escape to Ganghwa Island(江華島) of Gyekyung Court(開京朝廷). Sartai(撒禮塔) who was the supreme commander of Mongol army, gave up the direct landing attack toward Ganghwa Island. In exchange, he established to a plan of campaign that should capture a lots of important castles in Gwangjudo. Sartai succeeded in destroying Hanyangsanseong(漢陽山城) on October in 1232. But, he was defeated to Gwangjusanseong battle(廣州山城戰鬪) by Gwangju Juhyunmin(州縣民). After this battle, Sartai moved south toward Suju(水州), leading a few units under his control. He attacked rapidly Cheoinseong which had a military storage on December in 1232. In Cheoinseong battle, Cheoinbugokmin(處仁部曲民) had achieved a triumph that defeated main force units of Sartai. The combat leader of Cheoinseong battle was Kim Yoonhu(金允侯) who was a Buddhist monk of Baekhyunwon(白峴院) temple. As a leader of monk soldiers, Kim Yoonhu repulsed attacks of Mongol main force units, directing Bugokmin and monk soldiers. Owing to the victory of Cheoinseong battle, Mongol army could not head for southward any more. As the result of the victory, Kando Court(江都朝廷) was assured safety of “B route” of Gwangjudo(廣州道). Also, Choi Woo(崔瑀)’s political power could reinforce Haedoipbochaek(海島入保策) even more. One step more advanced, Kando Court did not need to fulfil 6 duties(六事) to Mongol Empire. These aspects could be magnified as historical meaning of the triumph of Cheoinseong battle. Cheoinbugok(處仁部曲) was belonged to “B route”(southern inland route) of Gwangjudo(廣州道) in Goryeo dynasty. A important military storage was located in Cheoinseong(處仁城) of Cheoinbugok. Cheoinseong was the strategic point that goes forward Jinwihyun(振威縣) from Suju(水州). Therefore, that castle was recognized to significant military and geographical foothold. Mongol army invaded again Goryeo dynasty in 1232, rebuking the escape to Ganghwa Island(江華島) of Gyekyung Court(開京朝廷). Sartai(撒禮塔) who was the supreme commander of Mongol army, gave up the direct landing attack toward Ganghwa Island. In exchange, he established to a plan of campaign that should capture a lots of important castles in Gwangjudo. Sartai succeeded in destroying Hanyangsanseong(漢陽山城) on October in 1232. But, he was defeated to Gwangjusanseong battle(廣州山城戰鬪) by Gwangju Juhyunmin(州縣民). After this battle, Sartai moved south toward Suju(水州), leading a few units under his control. He attacked rapidly Cheoinseong which had a military storage on December in 1232. In Cheoinseong battle, Cheoinbugokmin(處仁部曲民) had achieved a triumph that defeated main force units of Sartai. The combat leader of Cheoinseong battle was Kim Yoonhu(金允侯) who was a Buddhist monk of Baekhyunwon(白峴院) temple. As a leader of monk soldiers, Kim Yoonhu repulsed attacks of Mongol main force units, directing Bugokmin and monk soldiers. Owing to the victory of Cheoinseong battle, Mongol army could not head for southward any more. As the result of the victory, Kando Court(江都朝廷) was assured safety of “B route” of Gwangjudo(廣州道). Also, Choi Woo(崔瑀)’s political power could reinforce Haedoipbochaek(海島入保策) even more. One step more advanced, Kando Court did not need to fulfil 6 duties(六事) to Mongol Empire. These aspects could be magnified as historical meaning of the triumph of Cheoinseong battle.

金俊政權의 蒙古六事 이행 推移와 政權의 向背-高麗武人執權期 金俊政權 硏究(二)-

강재광 한국중세사학회 2014 한국중세사연구 Vol.0 No.39

The military ruler, Kim Jun(金俊) established peace negotiations with Mongol in 1259, on condition of Taejachinjo(太子親朝). In the beginning of military rule, Kim Jun could not capture government power, completely. So, He aimed to prevent invasion of Mongol Army, implementing the majority of Mongol Six Duty(蒙古六事). Kim Jun’s political power fulfilled to Taejachinjo, payment of annually tribute(歲貢), installation of relay stations(驛站), and dispatch of Darugachi(達魯花赤) out of Mongol Six Duty. But Kim Jun put off Jogun(助軍) and census(籍民), fundamental duty of Mongol Six Duty. This attitude of Goryeo military ruler resulted from following reasons. First, Mongol Emperor, Kubirai(忽必烈) imposed Jogun and census to Goryeo dynasty for the purpose of preventing resistance against Mongol. Second, Kubirai intended to bring down Kim Jun’s political power through the pressure on perfect performance towards Mongol Six Duty. The latter half of Kim Jun’s political power, Mongol Empire forced strongly to fulfill Jogun and census to Kangdo Court(江都 朝廷). Military ruler, Kim Jun was up for transferring the capital to strategic island which was located on the southern part. But his plan failed eventually, because of refusal of the king Wonjong(元宗) and peace claimers within Kangdo Court. After this, Kim Jun’s secret plan was reported to Mongol Emperor by Goryeo envoy. In 1268, Mongol Empire dispatched a large scale of envoy group by way of excuse for expedition to Japan. Mongol envoy pressured Kim Jun’s political power mostly, claiming personnel mobilization, provisions procurement, and battleship production. At that time, Wonjong succeeded in assassinating Kim Jun and his brother Kim Seungjun(金承俊), mobilizing a lot of eunuchs in Kangdo palace. Also, Wonjong won success to eliminate Kim Jun’s family and his faction, instigating Im Yeon(林衍) who was a adopted son of Kim Jun. As the result, Kim Jun’s political power collapsed and the resistance of Goryeo military rule against Mongol was weakened.

金俊政權의 條件附 對蒙講和 체결과 그 歷史的 性格

강재광 한국중세사학회 2011 한국중세사연구 Vol.0 No.30

Kim Jun’s political power(金俊政權) that started on November 1258, checked the 5th Mongol invader’s advance, performing aggressive battles against Mongol, and succeeded in restraining the claim that must surrender to the Mongol instantly. But Kim Jun had difficulty in accomplishing the war against Mongol continuously, because of exhaustion of the finance in 30 years war against Mongol. And Juhyunmin(州縣民)’s collective surrender to Mongol army made public opinion of the Court worse. Therefore Kim Jun dispatched the Goryeo envoy, general Park Hi-sil(朴希實) and Cho Mun-ju(趙文柱) who were the origin of 3 crack units(Sambyeolcho:三別抄) to Mongol, and concluded a conditional peace negotiations with Mongol Emperor, Heonjong(憲宗) Monke. So called ‘a conditional peace negotiations with Mongol(條件附 對蒙講和)’ was composed of two conditioned stipulations. The first, if Goryeo dynasty carry out attendance of the crown prince at the Royal Court of Mongol empire, Mongol army will withdraw in the Bukgye(北界). The second, if Goryeo dynasty finish repair work that reconstruct Kyegyung(開京), to be confined to 3 years, Kangdo(江都) Court must fulfill landing and returning to the capital(出陸還都). This conditional peace negotiations saved Kim Jun’s political power in the crisis of the war against Mongol. Also, under this negotiation, Kim Jun could delay landing and returning to the capital. Furthermore, he could utilize brinkmanship toward Mongol and work out a scheme that grasp political power for the long time. After conclusion of a conditional peace negotiations with Mongol, Kim Jun tried to enthrone Ankyungkong(安慶公) Wang Chang(王淐) to the king for the next term, instead of the crown prince Wang Jeon(王倎) who may stick to Mongol. But civilians of Jaechu(宰樞) prevented Kim Jun’s plan. They claimed to uphold the wish of Kojong(高宗) and decided to protect the crown prince. One step more advanced, they prohibited vigorously Kim Jun’s plan, because of fear over reinvasion of Mongol army. Finally, Kim Jun’s political power accepted to the opinion of Jaechu, and recognized the crown prince Wang Jeon as the king of Goryeo dynasty. Through this political reaction, Kim Jun could maintain his political power. Kim Jun’s political power(金俊政權) that started on November 1258, checked the 5th Mongol invader’s advance, performing aggressive battles against Mongol, and succeeded in restraining the claim that must surrender to the Mongol instantly. But Kim Jun had difficulty in accomplishing the war against Mongol continuously, because of exhaustion of the finance in 30 years war against Mongol. And Juhyunmin(州縣民)’s collective surrender to Mongol army made public opinion of the Court worse. Therefore Kim Jun dispatched the Goryeo envoy, general Park Hi-sil(朴希實) and Cho Mun-ju(趙文柱) who were the origin of 3 crack units(Sambyeolcho:三別抄) to Mongol, and concluded a conditional peace negotiations with Mongol Emperor, Heonjong(憲宗) Monke. So called ‘a conditional peace negotiations with Mongol(條件附 對蒙講和)’ was composed of two conditioned stipulations. The first, if Goryeo dynasty carry out attendance of the crown prince at the Royal Court of Mongol empire, Mongol army will withdraw in the Bukgye(北界). The second, if Goryeo dynasty finish repair work that reconstruct Kyegyung(開京), to be confined to 3 years, Kangdo(江都) Court must fulfill landing and returning to the capital(出陸還都). This conditional peace negotiations saved Kim Jun’s political power in the crisis of the war against Mongol. Also, under this negotiation, Kim Jun could delay landing and returning to the capital. Furthermore, he could utilize brinkmanship toward Mongol and work out a scheme that grasp political power for the long time. After conclusion of a conditional peace negotiations with Mongol, Kim Jun tried to enthrone Ankyungkong(安慶公) Wang Chang(王淐) to the king for the next term, instead of the crown prince Wang Jeon(王倎) who may stick to Mongol. But civilians of Jaechu(宰樞) prevented Kim Jun’s plan. They claimed to uphold the wish of Kojong(高宗) and decided to protect the crown prince. One step more advanced, they prohibited vigorously Kim Jun’s plan, because of fear over reinvasion of Mongol army. Finally, Kim Jun’s political power accepted to the opinion of Jaechu, and recognized the crown prince Wang Jeon as the king of Goryeo dynasty. Through this political reaction, Kim Jun could maintain his political power.

고려 무인정권기 神義軍 무관 朴希實의 정치ㆍ외교 활동 연구

강재광 전북사학회 2023 전북사학 Vol.- No.68

박희실의 고향은 충청도 연산군이다. 그의 조ㆍ부가 1220년 한순ㆍ다지의 반란이 평정된 후에 북계 의주로 사민되었을 것으로 추정된다. 이후 박희실은 주진군 장교인 의주별장에 보임되었다. 그는 1238~1239년의 대몽외교에서 고려 사신단을 몽골 수도 카라코룸으로 인도하는 역할을 수행하였다. 1250년대 전반에 박희실은 무인집정 최항의 정치ㆍ외교적 필요에 의해 신의군 도령 낭장에 보임되었다. 신의군 무관 박희실은 1258년 3월 신의군 군영에서 신의군 무관들, 김준 세력, 문신 유경을 불러 모아 정변을 맨 처음 제의하였다. 그가 거사 모의를 주도한 이유는 다음과 같다. 먼저, 그는 소인배에 의존했던 무인집정 최의와 그의 측근 세력을 제거하자고 역설하였다. 다음으로, 그는 대몽화의론 쪽으로 급선회한 최의의 대몽외교정책에 강한 불만을 가졌다. 이른바 1258년 무오정변에서 박희실이 행한 역할은 다음과 같다. ①신의군 군영에 자리하면서 김준 일파와 더불어 반최의연대 세력의 구심점이 되었다. ②신의군 도령 낭장 임연에게 신의군 병력을 제공하여 최의 편의 야별초 지유들을 제거함으로써 정변을 성공케 하였다. 무오정변의 성공으로 그는 위사공신 서열 제3위에 올랐으며 신의군 장군으로 승진하였다. 박희실은 1258년 12월 29일에 야별초 장군 조문주와 더불어 몽골에 특사로 파견되었다. 그는 1259년 3월에 몽골 황제 헌종의 행영을 직접 찾아가서 최의 제거, 복정우왕, 태자친조 등을 보고하였다. 이때 3년간의 왕경 복구공사 후 개경환도를 단행한다는 이른바 “단계별 출륙환도”를 헌종으로부터 약속받아 “조건부 대몽강화”를 성사시켰다. “단계별 출륙환도”는 애초부터 박희실이 구상하였던 것으로써 1259년 대몽강화외교의 가장 큰 성과로 평가되며 김준 정권의 외교적 숨통을 트여 주었다. 대몽외교의 성공으로 박희실은 상장군으로 승진했으며 당당히 위사공신 서열 제2위에 올랐다. 그는 무인집정 김준으로부터 공신에 걸맞은 대우를 받았으며, 더 이상 대몽외교에 활용되지 않았다. 김준 정권기 후반부에 그는 나이가 많은 탓에 자연사하였을 개연성이 높다. Hometown of Park Hee-sil(朴希實) is Yeonsangun(燕山郡) in Chungcheongdo(忠淸道). His father and grand father were assumed to move to Uiju(義州) in Bukkye(北界), after suppression of Hansun(韓恂)ㆍDaji(多智)’s revolt in 1220. At that time, Park Hee-sil was appointed to Uijubyuljang(義州別將), a military officer of Jujingun(州鎭軍). He carried out the role that guide Goryo envoys to Karakoroom, the capital of Mongol, at the diplomacy against Mongol in 1238~1239. He was appointed to Doryung Nangjang(都領郞將) of Sinuigun(神義軍) in the forepart of 1250’s, by military ruler Choi Hang(崔沆)’s political and diplomatic need. Park Hee-sil who was Doryung Nangjang of Sinuigun called military officers of Sinuigun, Kim Jun(金俊)’s strength, and civilian Ryu Gyung(柳璥) together into Sinuigun military camp on march in 1258. At this time, he suggested political upheaval in the first place. The reason that he had taken lead uprising plot like this. First of all, he emphasized on killing military ruler, Choi Ui(崔竩) who had depended on petty cliques and Choi Ui’s close circle. In the second place, he strongly had a chip on his shoulder on diplomatic policy against Mongol of Choi Ui who had turned quickly toward peace proposal. So-called Park Hee-sil’s role at Muojeongbyun(戊午政變) in 1258, like this. ①He had center of anti-Choi Ui alliance force with Kim Jun’s strength, positioning to Sinuigun military camp. ②He handed over Sinuigun soldiers that were under the command of him, to Im Yeon(林衍) who was a another Doryung Nangjang of Sinuigun. As the result, Im Yeon killed several Yabyulcho(夜別抄) Jiyu(指諭) that were Choi Ui’s side, and political uprising of anti-Choi Ui alliance force had succeeded finally. Owing to the succession of Muojeongbyun, he had risen to the third rank of Wuisagongsin(衛社功臣) and was advanced to general of Sinuigun troops. Park Hee-sil was dispatched to Mongol as special envoy with Jo Mun-ju(趙文柱) who was general of Yabyulcho troops at 29th day on December in 1258. He visited the military camp of Mongol emperor, Heonjong(憲宗: Mongke khan) on March in 1259. And he reported instantly to Mongol emperor about elimination of Choi Ui, restoration of the monarchy, attendance at Mongol Royal Court of Goryo prince. At this time, he had gained promise about phased Chullyukhwando(出陸還都) from Mongol emperor. The promise of Mongol emperor meaned the returning to the capital Gaegyung(開京還都) after repair work of the capital during 3 years. Phased Chullyukhwando is supposed to be planed by Park Hee-sil at first. The postponement of Chullyukhwando during 3 years was the most remarkable result of peace negotiations diplomacy against Mongol in 1259, and it helped to breathe easily again on the diplomacy against Mongol of Kim Jun’s political power. Due to succession of the diplomacy against Mongol, Park Hee-sil was advanced to Sangjanggun(上將軍) of Goryo military authorities, and he fairly had risen to the second rank of Wuisagongsin. He had received special treatment suitable for meritorious retainer by military ruler, Kim Jun. And he did not to be utilized on the diplomacy against Mongol any more. In the latter part of Kim Jun’s political power period, he was assumed to die a natural death because of his old age.

1250~1270年代 神義軍의 對蒙抗戰과 政治活動

강재광 한국중세사학회 2007 한국중세사연구 Vol.0 No.23

1258~1259년 장군 朴希實·趙文柱의 對蒙外交와 對蒙講和

강재광 한국중세사학회 2012 한국중세사연구 Vol.0 No.34

The Military Ruler, Kim Jun(金俊) dispatched the 3 Crack Units(Sambyeolcho:三別抄) General Park Hi-sil(朴希實) and Cho Mun-ju(趙文柱) to Mongol Empire on November, 1258. Park Hi-sil and Cho Mun-ju were meritorious retainers of Muojeongbyun(戊午政變) that destroyed Choi’s Political Power. Also They were renowned military officials in connected with King Gojong(高宗), directly or indirectly. Park Hi-sil earned the promise of the withdrawal of Mongol Army in condition of Taejachinjo(太子親朝) immediately through peace negotiations with Mongol Emperor, Heonjong(憲宗). And He gained successful diplomatic result that delayed on 3 years, the period of the returning to the Capital Gaegyung(開京還都). Finally, a conditional diplomacy of Park Hi-sil and Cho Mun-ju became a foundation stone in the peace negotiations with Mongol. Mongol Emperor, Heonjong sent an imperial message to the temporary Capital of Goryeo, Kangwha Island through his special envoy. The official letter from Mongol Emperor was contained two core matters. First, the landing of Kangdo(江都) Court is no matter how it would be placed on Seogyung(西京) or Namgyung(南京). Second, if Kangdo Court carry out the landing for the returning to the Capital Gaegyung, the lord of Goryeo will get back his people that were prisoners of war and surrenderers occurred in the period of the war against Mongol. Therefore, imperial message of Mongol Emperor had a character of the declaration for conclusion on the peace negotiations with Goryeo. Kim Jun’s political power ended the war against Mongol owing to the diplomatic result of Park Hi-sil and Cho Mun-ju. But Kim Jun had to accept six duty for Mongol(蒙古六事) step by step. Kim Jun’s political power accomplished immediately Taejachinjo and tribute payment in 1259. And it implemented partially installation of post town(驛站) on November in the same year. Also, Kangdo Court allowed sent of darugachi(達魯花赤) from Mongol in 1260. At that time, sent of darugachi was no more than temporary dispatch for the purpose of superintending the returning to the Capital Gaegyung. However, census taking(戶口調査) and Jogun(助軍) out of six duty for Mongol did not come true in 1260. Through these facts, we could penetrate to gain concession of Mongol by diplomatic efforts in the early part of Kim Jun’s political power. The Military Ruler, Kim Jun(金俊) dispatched the 3 Crack Units(Sambyeolcho:三別抄) General Park Hi-sil(朴希實) and Cho Mun-ju(趙文柱) to Mongol Empire on November, 1258. Park Hi-sil and Cho Mun-ju were meritorious retainers of Muojeongbyun(戊午政變) that destroyed Choi’s Political Power. Also They were renowned military officials in connected with King Gojong(高宗), directly or indirectly. Park Hi-sil earned the promise of the withdrawal of Mongol Army in condition of Taejachinjo(太子親朝) immediately through peace negotiations with Mongol Emperor, Heonjong(憲宗). And He gained successful diplomatic result that delayed on 3 years, the period of the returning to the Capital Gaegyung(開京還都). Finally, a conditional diplomacy of Park Hi-sil and Cho Mun-ju became a foundation stone in the peace negotiations with Mongol. Mongol Emperor, Heonjong sent an imperial message to the temporary Capital of Goryeo, Kangwha Island through his special envoy. The official letter from Mongol Emperor was contained two core matters. First, the landing of Kangdo(江都) Court is no matter how it would be placed on Seogyung(西京) or Namgyung(南京). Second, if Kangdo Court carry out the landing for the returning to the Capital Gaegyung, the lord of Goryeo will get back his people that were prisoners of war and surrenderers occurred in the period of the war against Mongol. Therefore, imperial message of Mongol Emperor had a character of the declaration for conclusion on the peace negotiations with Goryeo. Kim Jun’s political power ended the war against Mongol owing to the diplomatic result of Park Hi-sil and Cho Mun-ju. But Kim Jun had to accept six duty for Mongol(蒙古六事) step by step. Kim Jun’s political power accomplished immediately Taejachinjo and tribute payment in 1259. And it implemented partially installation of post town(驛站) on November in the same year. Also, Kangdo Court allowed sent of darugachi(達魯花赤) from Mongol in 1260. At that time, sent of darugachi was no more than temporary dispatch for the purpose of superintending the returning to the Capital Gaegyung. However, census taking(戶口調査) and Jogun(助軍) out of six duty for Mongol did not come true in 1260. Through these facts, we could penetrate to gain concession of Mongol by diplomatic efforts in the early part of Kim Jun’s political power.

1253년 충주성전투 승첩과 방호별감(防護別監) 김윤후(金允侯)의 역할

강재광 한국사연구회 2023 한국사연구 Vol.- No.202

1253년 야고(也古)를 총사령관으로 하는 몽골 제5차 침입군이 고려를 대대적으로 침공하였다. 제5차 침입군은 대몽전쟁기 중에서 가장 강력한 몽골 군단이었다. 몽골군 본진은 서해도의 양산성, 교주도의 동주산성·춘주성, 양광도의 양근성·천룡산성 등을 함락시키고 고려 중부 내륙 최대 거점인 충주를 포위하였다. 고려는 몽골군의 경상도 방면 진출을 막기 위해 충주에서 그들과 일대 혈전을 벌이게 되었다. 1253년에 낭장 김윤후(金允侯)는 충주산성 방호별감(防護別監)으로 파견되었다. 그의 직함으로 볼 때, 그가 파견된 곳은 충주읍성이 아니라 충주산성이 분명하다. 그런데, 1253년 당시 『고려사』에서 대몽전투의 현장은 주성(州城) 혹은 충주성으로 나온다. 충주성은 충주에서 거리가 가깝고 방어에 유리할 뿐만 아니라 조령으로 넘어가는 길목에 있었던 대림산성일 가능성이 높았다. 방호별감 김윤후는 충주성에서 몽골군 본진 제1군에 맞서 70여 일 동안 항전하였다. 몽골군 총사령관 야고가 함께 종군하였던 탑찰아(塔察兒)의 군영을 습격하는 불상사를 일으켜 몽골 황제에 의해 몽골로 소환되자 전열이 흐트러진 그들의 침공을 가까스로 막아낼 수 있었다. 1256년 몽골 제6차 침입 때 몽골군에 의해 충주성이 함락되고 곧바로 충주산성이 공격당한 사례로 보아, 1256년의 충주성은 충주읍성이 분명한데, 1253년에도 김윤후에 의한 충주산성전투와 별개로 충주읍성전투가 전개되었다고 여겨진다. 이 때문에 『고려사』에서 ‘주성’은 용례에 따라 읍성 혹은 산성이 서로 혼용되었음을 알 수 있다. 충주성전투에서 김윤후는 청야입보에 의거한 수성전을 기본 전술로 유지하면서도 출성전·매복전·야간기습전 등 변칙 전술을 가미하여 몽골군을 격퇴시켰다. 그는 충주성이 함락될 위기상황에 직면하여 다음과 같은 리더십을 발휘하였다. (1)힘껏 싸울 수 있다면 귀천에 상관없이 관작을 내리겠다고 충주민에게 공언하였다. (2)관노 문서를 소각하여 관노들에게 신분해방에 대한 믿음을 보였다. (3)몽골군에게 빼앗은 소와 말을 군사와 백성들에게 나눠줘 그들의 항전의지를 최대로 끌어올렸다. 이러한 훌륭한 리더십을 발휘한 결과, 충주성 입보민은 결사항전하여 몽골군 본진을 물리쳤다. 충주성전투 승리로 인하여 군공을 세운 자는 모두 관작을 받았고 충주는 국원경(國原京)으로 승격되었다. Yeku(也古) who was the supreme commander of the fifth invading army of mongol, attacked extensively Goryo dynasty in 1253. The fifth invading army of mongol was the most intensive mongol corps out of the period of the war against mongol. Military headquarters of mongol army captured Yangsanseong(椋山城) in Seohaedo(西海道), Dongjusanseong(東州山城) and Chunjuseong(春 州城) in Gyojudo(交州道), Yanggeunseong(楊根城) and Cheonryongsanseong( 天龍山城) in Yanggwangdo(楊廣道). Eventually they sieged Chungju(忠州) that was the largest strategic foothold of the middle part of Goryo dynasty. Goryo had to see bloody battle against mongol army, for the purpose of preventing inroad toward Gyungsangdo(慶尙道) direction of mongol army. Nangjang(郎將), Kim Yoonhu(金允侯) was dispatched to Chungju as Chungjusanseong(忠州山城) Banghobyulgam(防護別監) in 1253. Throughout his official designation, the spot that he was detached, was Chungjusanseong abundantly clearly. By the way, actual place of the battle against mongol in 1253, was written to Juseong(州城) or Chungjuseong(忠州城) in Goryosa(高麗史). Chungjuseong was a possibility to be Daerimsanseong(大林山城) that was closed to Chungju, and was advantageous to defense, and was located to strategic point crossing to Joryung(鳥嶺). Banghobyulgam Kim Yoonhu fighted in Chungjuseong during seventy days almost against main force units of mongol army. During this battle, Yeku who was the supreme commander of mongol army had a injury because of attacking camp of Tagachar(塔察兒), his mongol rival. Finally, Yeku was summoned to mongol by order of mongol emperor. And then, Kim Yoonhu had managed to stop attacking of mongol army that battle line was in disorder. After Chungjuseong battle in 1253, mongol army captured Chungjuseong and they instantly attacked Chungjusanseong in the period of the sixth invade to Goryo in 1256. Throughout this case, it is assumed to be deployed Chungjueupseong(忠州邑城) battle separately, regardless of Chungjusanseong battle by Kim Yoonhu in 1253. On this account, it is cleared that ‘Juseong’ was used with Eupseong(邑城) or Sanseong(山城) according to examples in Goryosa. At Chungjuseong battle in 1253, Kim Yoonhu maintained the battle for keeping fortress based on Cheongyaipbo(淸野入保) as elementary tactics. In addition to this, he is considered to defeat mongol army, carrying out sudden battle outside fortress as irregular tactics. When Kim Yoonhu was confronted with crisis situation that Chungjuseong was just close to the collapse by enemy’s strong attacking, he showed leadership like this. (1)He declared to give the office and peerage to Chungju people regardless of noble and mean, if they could fight hardly against mongol enemy. (2)He provided the trust to Gwanno(官奴: slaves in government employ) toward status liberation, burning out Gwanno ledger himself. (3)He handed out cows and horses that had taken from mongol enemy, to soldiers and Ipbomin(入保民). Therefore, he raised their fighting will to the fullest extent. The result of these outstanding leadership, Chungjuseong Ipbomin defeated military headquarters of mongol army, fighting back desperately. Owing to the victory of Chungjuseong battle, meritorious persons prized for the office and peerage all together, and Chungju was elevated to Gukwonkyung(國原京).