세율이 최적보상계약에 미치는 영향

강인정 ( In Jung Kang ),서윤석 ( Yoon Suk Suh ) 한국회계학회 2015 會計學硏究 Vol.40 No.1

본 연구는 세율의 증가가 주인-대리인 모형의 균형에 미치는 영향을 분석하고 있다. linear-exponential-normal모형(이하 LEN 모형)을 이용하여 균형을 도출하였으며, 도출 결과 세율이 미치는 영향은 다음과 같다. 대리인에게 부과되는 세율이 증가할수록 최적노력수준은 감소하고 최적투자안의 위험도는 증가한다. 이 결과는 세율의 증가로 대리인의 노력에 대한 한계소득이 감소하기 때문에 최적노력수준은 낮아지고 정부와의 위험 분담 효과로 투자안의 추가적인 위험에 대해 감수할 유인이 발생하기 때문이라 설명할 수 있다. 또한 투자안의 위험도를 선택할 수 없는 경우의 성과급의 계수는 세율의 영향을 받지 않았으나, 투자안을 선택할 수 있는 경우에는 세율이 증가할수록 감소한다는 것이다. 이러한 결과는 투자안의 위험도 증가로 인해 성과측정치로서 정보성이 감소되었기 때문이라 설명할 수 있다. Corporate governance is a mechanism for restraining agency problems which may occur due to separation of ownership and management. In general, a system which can effectively monitor agent``s moral hazard is evaluated as an effective corporate governance system. One element of corporate governance is the compensation contract offered by the principal to the agent. The design of optimal compensation contract may be explained by the agency theory which begins in the principal-agent relationship. Agency theory assumes that agents are rational, so agents choose their actions which maximize their utility under a given contract even though those decisions go against principal``s interests. So when designing the contract, principal has to consider all variables which may affect agents`` utility. Contracts will include not only internal variables, but also external variables that agents cannot control. This study focuses on the tax rate as one of the external variables and analyzes tax effects on the optimal equilibrium. Recently, a major issue in the Korean society was the government``s decision to increase tax rates (especially on income) in order to raise resources for its welfare policy. The relevant tax policy, however, has not received much attention in the field of accounting. The main interest in the field of accounting has been issues related to corporate taxation where studies are limited to accounting method selection or earnings management. However, one important issue regarding taxation is that individual income tax rate affects agent``s utility, which can derive changes in the equilibrium. This study analyzes the tax rate effects on decision-making and optimal compensation contract using agency theory. Using a LEN model, the following conclusions were drawn. When the tax rate increases, (1) the equilibrium effort level decreases, (2) the optimal level of the riskiness of investments increase. The first conclusion is drawn as the agent``s marginal income from additional effort will decrease when tax rates increase while marginal cost does not. This causes the agent to reduce their effort level. The second conclusion is drawn as the government absorbs some of the risk when the tax rate goes up; therefore the agency has more freedom to take additional risks from the investment. An interesting result is that when there is only effort choice in the model, the coefficient of the outcome-based contract is not affected by the tax rate changes, whereas when the investment choice is introduced in the model, the coefficient of the outcome-based contract decreases as the tax rate goes up. This is due to the uncertainty regarding the outcome of the investment. When the agency chooses more risky investments, the outcome, as a performance measure, becomes less informative. Therefore the coefficient will decrease. The above results are drawn from this study focused on the income tax imposed on the agent. This is distinguishable from the principal, in which case corporate tax rate is a more relevant subject of discussion. However, changes in the corporate tax analysis do not affect the balance. The risk-neutral principal has a linear utility function. The equilibrium which maximizes principal``s utility is not affected by the corporate tax rate. The equilibriums before-tax are the same as after-tax. The results of this study also provide an implication in policy research. Although the government may find it convenient to increase the tax rate, this may have adverse effects in the society in the long-term. Increasing tax rates, as shown in the study, can reduce labor productivity levels and destabilize the market due to over-investment. Therefore, in order to achieve successful policy effects, tax policy should be devised with considerations to the long-term consequences.

폐결핵 환자에서 발생한 거대 사마귀양 피부결핵 및 피부궤양

강인정 ( In Jung Kang ),신민경 ( Min Kyung Shin ),곽민재 ( Min Jae Gwak ),김낙인 ( Nack In Kim ) 대한피부과학회 2014 대한피부과학회지 Vol.52 No.12

사마귀양 피부 결핵은 이전에 결핵에 감염된 적이 있거나 감작되어 중등도 이상의 면역을 가지고 있는 사람의 피부에 결핵균의 외부 접종으로 인해 주로 단발성으로 발생 하는 비교적 드문 국소형의 피부 결핵이다. 피부 결핵과 내부 장기의 결핵이 동반되어 발생하는 경우는 매우 드문 것으로 알려져 있다1. 국내 문헌상 사마귀양 피부 결핵은 전체 피부 결핵 환자 중 약 17.3%이었으며, 폐결핵과 동반 된 경우는 약 0.2%였다2. 49세 남자 환자가 내원 5년 전부터 발생한 둔부의 사마귀모양의 피부병변이 수개월 사이에 갑자기 크기가 빠르 게 증가하여 내원하였다. 환자는 약 한달 전부터 개인의 원에 방문하여 치루에 합병된 진균 감염을 의심하여 치루 수술과 국소 괴사조직 제거술, 경구, 국소 항진균제 치료를 시행 받았으나 호전이 없었다. 피부 병변은 양측 둔부경계 와 항문 위로 경계가 명확한 황갈색 딱지와 삼출물과 궤양이 동반된 20 cm 크기의 사마귀모양의 판이 관찰되었다 (Fig. 1). 환자는 최근 1년간 9 kg의 체중감소가 있었으며, 투베르쿨린 반응검사에서 강양성 소견을 보였다. 내원 당시 시행한 일반 혈액 검사에서 백혈구의 증가소견이 보였으며, 간기능 및 생화학 검사, 요검사는 정상 소견이었다. 병변부에서 시행한 조직검사에서 표피의 과각화증, 극세포증이 관 찰되며, 진피 상부 및 중앙부에서 건락괴사를 동반한 염증 세포의 침윤과 진피 중간층에 상피양 세포 및 랑그한스 거대세포로 구성된 결핵양 육아종이 관찰되었다(Fig. 2A). 또한, 조직의 AFB 염색에서 결핵균을 관찰할 수 있었다 (Fig. 2B). 이후 시행한 단순 흉부 방사선 촬영 및 흉부 전산화 단층촬영에서 오른쪽 폐의 다수의 석회화된 결절이 관찰 되었다. 임상 소견과 조직소견을 종합하여 폐결핵이 동반된 사마귀양 피부 결핵으로 진단하였다. 환자는 호흡 기 내과에서 항결핵 4제 표준요법으로 10개월간 치료하 였으며, 폐 병변과 피부 병변 모두 급속한 호전을 보였으며, 치료 종결 후 4년간 증상의 악화없이 경과관찰 중이다. 국내 문헌에는 다수의 사마귀양 피부 결핵 증례가 보고되었으나, 짧은 시간에 거대판상 형태로 진행된 경우는 드물다. 국내에서는 방광암 환자에서 발생한 거대사마귀 양 피부결핵 1예3가 보고된바 있으며 방광암과 동반된 면역학적 불균형이 임상경과에 영향을 미쳤을 것이라 제시하였다. 본 증례에서 보인 피부 병변의 빠른 악화는 폐결핵의 진행과 관련이 있을 것으로 추측해 볼 수 있다. 저자들은 거대한 사마귀양 피부 결핵 및 피부 궤양이 선행한 뒤, 활동성 폐결핵이 발견된 증례를 경험하였으며, 치료에 잘 듣지않으며, 빠르게 진행하는 사마귀양 피부 병변이 관찰될때에는 피부 결핵 및 내부 장기 결핵에 대해서 정확한 검사가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

연구개발비에 관한 회계처리방법이 기업가치에 미치는 영향

강인정(In Jung Kang),김진선(Jinsun Kim) 동국대학교 경영연구원 2008 경영과 사례연구 Vol.31 No.2

In 1999, Korea amended its accounting standards for R&D expenditures conservatively in accordance with the International Accounting Standards. This study examines the value-relevance of intangible expenditures such as R&D and advertizing expenditures based on the Ohlson s Model(1995). Value-relevance was inferred from the regression coefficients of standardized accounting variables of R&D and advertizing expenditures. The study examined a sample of 1,717 firm-year observations, which consists of listed firms on the Korea Stock Exchange for seven years from 2000 to 2006. Tests were conducted using regression models derived from Ohlson s Model. Empirical results indicate that R&D expenditures have significant value-relevance after the amendment of the R&D cost accounting rule in 1999. Results also indicate that advertising expenditures have significant value-relevance. Moreover, the value-relevance of capitalized R&D expenditures is higher than that of either fully or partially expended R&D expenditures. In contrast, the value-relevance of R&D and advertising expenditures is found to be onsistent for the entire sample but inconsistent, when an additional analysis is conducted for the subsamples of individual years.

곰팡이 독소 오염 경감을 위한 옥수수 재배법

김양선,강인정,신동범,노재환,정진교,허성기,심형권,Kim, Yangseon,Kang, In Jeong,Shin, Dong Bum,Roh, Jae Hwan,Jung, Jingyo,Heu, Sunggi,Shim, Hyeong Kwon 한국식물병리학회 2017 식물병연구 Vol.23 No.3

살충제와 살균제 처리가 옥수수의 독소 오염을 경감시키는데 어떤 역할을 하는지 그 효과를 관찰하였다. 데옥시니발레논(DON)과 제랄레논(ZEN)은 약제처리시 높은 경감효과를 보였으나, 아플라톡신(AFT), 오크라톡신(OTA), 푸모니신(FUM)과 티-2(T-2 toxin)은 약제처리에 의한 효과가 없었다. 약제처리는 Fusarium verticillioides, F. graminearum, 그리고 F. equiseti 같은 병원성 곰팡이의 생장을 억제하는 것으로 나타났다. 옥수수 수확 시기에 따른 곰팡이 독소의 검출량을 비교하였는데, 수확시기가 늦어질수록 DON과 ZEN의 검출량이 증가하였고, Fusarium 속의 병원균 또한 높은 함량으로 검출되었다. 옥수수 종자의 주요 영양성분은 수확 시기에 따라 영향을 받지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과는 옥수수의 곰팡이 오염을 줄이기 위해, 살균제와 살충제의 약제처리가 필요하며 수확시기를 늦추지 않는 것이 중요하다는 것을 밝혀냈다. The effects of insecticide and fungicide treatment were investigated to reduce mycotoxin contamination of corn (Zea mays L.) seeds. Deoxynivalenol and zearalenone contents were reduced in the treated seeds, but aflatoxin, ochratoxin A, fumonisin, and T-2 toxin were not effective by chemical treatments. The chemical treatment did not affect the growth of saprophyte, but inhibited the pathogenic fungi such as Fusarium verticillioides, F. graminearum and F. equiseti. Myotoxin contents at different harvesting time were compared. As the harvest time was delayed, both levels of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone and frequency of Fusarium spp. increased. However, the major nutrient contents of corn seeds were not affected by harvesting period. These results show that chemical treatments are necessary to reduce the fungal contamination of corn and harvest without delay is important as well.

국내 재배 트리티케일에 발생한 붉은곰팡이병의 다양성 및 독소화학형 분석

양정욱(Jung-Wook Yang),김주연(Joo-Yeon Kim),이미랑(Mi-Rang Lee),강인정(In-Jeong Kang),정현정(Jung- Hyun Jeong),박명렬(Myoung Ryoul Park),구자환(Ja-Hwan Ku),김욱한(Wook-Han Kim) 한국식물병리학회 2021 식물병연구 Vol.27 No.4

This study aimed to assess the disease incidence and distribution of toxigenic in Korean triticale. The patho- gen of triticale that cause Fusarium head blight were isolated from five different triticale cultivars that culti- vated in Suwon Korea at 2021 year. The 72 candidate were classified as a Fusarium asiaticum by morphology analysis and by ITS1, TEF-1α gene sequence analysis. And the results of pathogenicity with 72 isolates on seed- ling triticale, 71 isolates were showed disease symptom. Also, seven out of 71 Fusarium isolates were inoculat- ed on the wheat, to test the pathogenicity on the different host. The results showed more low pathogenicity on the wheat than triticale. The results of analysis of toxin type with 72 isolates, 64.6% isolates were produced nivalenol type toxin and other 4.6% and 30.8% isolates were produce 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol and 15-acetyl- deoxynivalenol, respectively. To select fungicide for control, the 72 Fusarium isolates were cultivated on the media that containing four kinds fungicide. The captan, hexaconazole, and difenoconazole·propiconazole treated Fusarium isolates were not showed resistance response against each fungicide. However, six isolates out of 72 isolates, showed resistance response to fludioxonil. This study is first report that F. asiaticum causes Fusarium head blight disease of triticale in Korea.

한방피부미용학 개요

채윤병,이승일,강인정,이은미,Chae, Yun-Byung,Lee, Seung-Il,Kang, In-Jung,Lee, Eun-Mi 대한한방피부미용학회 2005 대한한방피부미용학회지 Vol.1 No.1

Oriental cosmetics is based on oriental medical theory. In oriental medicine, skin reflects the condition of internal organ(臟腑) and qi-hyul(氣血). The oriental dermatology and aesthetics aim at the development of health and beauty using herbal medicine, acupuncture, chuna(推拿), qigong(氣功), and diet. And the oriental dermatology and aesthetics are related the branch of oriental medicine, such as oriental gynecology and oriental internal medicine.

국내 여객시설 LOS 적용 분석에 관한 연구

김진욱(Kim, Jin-Wook),강인정(kang, In-Jung),유용흠(You, Yong-Heum) 대한건축학회 2016 대한건축학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.36 No.2

북한에서 육성된 벼 품종의 병 저항성 검정

정현정(Hyunjung Chung),강인정(In Jeong Kang),양정욱(Jung-Wook Yang),노재환(Jae-Hwan Roh),심형권(Hyeong-Kwon Shim),허성기(Sunggi Heu) 한국식물병리학회 2019 식물병연구 Vol.25 No.3

Almost 30% of arable lands of North Korea are covered with paddy rice. In rice cultivation of North Korea, rice blast disease is the most important fungal disease and bacterial leaf blight is the most important bacterial disease. Seven North Korean rice cultivars had been tested for the disease resistance against rice blast pathogen, Magnaporthe oryzae and bacterial leaf blight pathogen, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. The responses of seven cultivars against 17 different M. oryzae races from South Korea had been quite different. Among seven cultivars, Giljoo1ho was very resistant to all 18 different M. oryzae isolates from South Korea, nevertheless KI or KJ. Pyungdo5ho was very susceptible, it showed susceptible responses to 8 out of 10 KI races and 7 out of 8 KJ races of M. oryzae isolated in South Korea. However, the response to bacterial leaf blight was different from the response to rice blast pathogen. Gijoo1ho, Wonsan69ho, Onpo1ho, and Pyungdo15ho were susceptible to KXO42 (K1) and KXO90 (K2), respectively. Pyungdo5ho was resistant to KXO85 (K1) and KXO19 (K3), and Pyungyang21ho was resistant to K1 races. Based on these results, Giljoo1ho can be a good resource for the breeding of resistant rice cultivar against M. oryzae isolates from South Korea.

실습팀프로젝트의 원가관리회계 학습효과 - `핫도그 사업` 실습을 중심으로-

구정호 ( Jeong-ho Koo ),강인정 ( In Jung Kang ),곽지영 ( Ji Yung Kwak ),박연희 ( Yeon Hee Park ),백태영 ( Tae-young Paik ),송승아 ( Seung Ah Song ) 한국회계학회 2016 회계저널 Vol.25 No.6

본 연구의 목적은 실습을 기반으로 한 교수법이 원가관리회계 학습효과에 미치는 영향을 분석하는 것이다. 구체적으로 본 연구에서는 학부의 원가관리회계 수업에서 핫도그제조·판매 실습을 진행하였으며, 수업에 참여한 학생을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하여 프로젝트에 대한 사전인식과 창의적인 사고활동의 실시가 실습기반의 교수법에 효과가 있는지를 검증하였다. 또한 이러한 실습기반의 교수법이 궁극적으로 원가관리회계 학습에 효과적인지를 살펴보았다. 본 연구에서 사용된 표본은 총 233개로 수집된 설문자료를 이용하여 요인분석을 실시하였으며, 구조방정식 모형을 이용한 최종 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 실습 프로젝트 사전인식이 긍정적일수록 실습 프로젝트 교수법의 효과가 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 창의적 사고활동을 수행하는 것이 실습 프로젝트 교수법의 효과를 높이는데 긍정적인 영향을 미친다는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 프로젝트 교수법의 효과가 높을수록 원가관리회계 학습효과가 높아진다는 결과를 발견하였다. 본 연구 결과는 회계학의 학습효과를 높이기 위한 교수법으로 실습을 기반으로 한 방법이 효과를 가진다는 것을 보여주고 있다. 또한 이러한 효과를 높이기 위해서는 학생들에게 실습의 필요성과 프로젝트에서의 본인의 역할에 대해 충분히 이해시키는 등의 동기부여를 하여 실습수업에 대한 긍정적인 사전인식을 갖게 하는 것과 프로젝트가 진행되는 중 학생 스스로 적극적인 자세로 창의적인 사고활동을 하도록 유도하는 것이 선행되어야 함을 의미한다. 본 연구는 협동학습에 근거한 실습기반의 교수법이 원가관리회계 학습에 유용함을 제시하였다는 점에서 의의가 있을 뿐 아니라 국내 회계교육 분야에서 시도되지 않았던 제조부문의 실습과 회계이론을 융합할 수 있는 계기를 마련했다는 점에서 의미가 있다. The purpose of this study is analyzing the effect of the practice-based learning method on managerial accounting learning. Recently many lecturers have been paying attention to the effects of practice-based learning methods that can be experienced through activities rather than traditional lecture-centered education. Bonwell and Eison(1991) define the active learning method as a team-based cooperative learning using video material, computerized exercises, case studies, and games during lectures. Several papers have demonstrated the effectiveness of the active learning. The study on active cooperative learning method in accounting has been reported based on case studies and experiments since early 1980`s. Some previous studies (Lightner 1981; Ravenscroft et al. 1995; Hwang et al. 2008) suggested that cooperative learning, a kind of active learning is more effective than the traditional learning method. However, Lancaster and Strand (2001) and Nazli and Can (2010) have shown that there is no difference in the learning effect between traditional methods and cooperative methods. One reason for mixed research results in accounting education might be that innovative teaching methods such as cooperative learning are applied to accounting less frequently and students who are accustomed to traditional teaching methods make less efforts in preparing for classes and team activities. Students may also perceive active learning negatively. In traditional teaching methods, students only have to acquire passively the knowledge that the instructors deliver and understand the exercise problems that the instructors go over in classes. However, in active learning, students may feel bad of the burden of active learning since they are required to take active roles of practical exercise, interpreting/analyzing results, and creative thinking. In order for active learning to be effective, both the instructor and the learner must have sufficient preparation for the activity, and the instructor must control the limited time efficiently and make the learners recognize sufficiently the subjects of the activities. If active learning methods are properly applied, it will be useful for enhancing creativity, analytical ability, and applicability as well as enhancing students` learning effectiveness. This study is based on the practical team project of hotdog business in cost and managerial accounting courses. The undergraduate students actually manufactured and sold hotdogs on campus. This paper analyzes what factors are important for the learning effect of the practical team activities by conducting the surveys with students in the class. The data for this study were collected from questionnaire surveys of university students who took the cost (or management) accounting course in the fall semester of 2014. The sample group consists of students in the six classes of five universities. The surveys were conducted three times during the semester in which the project was conducted. The total of 246 students responded to the first survey before the project started, 228 to the second survey right after the project was over and 239 to the third surveys at the end of the semester. The number of samples used in the paper is 223. The empirical analysis used the exploratory factor analysis to define the factors and confirmed the validity through the confirmatory factor analysis. The empirical results of the structural equation model are as follows. First, the more positive the prior understanding of the project is, the more effective learning based on practical team projects is. Second, the creative thinking activities enhance the effect of learning based on practical team projects. Third, the more effective the practical team learning is, the stronger the effect on learning of managerial accounting is. The result of this study shows that active cooperative learning is beneficial in raising the learning effect for accounting. It also means that two pre-conditions are needed for bigger learning effects. Students ought to have positive initial understanding of the practical cooperative activities, comprehending well the necessity of practical team project and the individual role in the project. Students ought to be induced to think creatively with passion, too. This study is meaningful in that learning based on practical team project is not only effective for learning managerial accounting but also useful for combining practical exercise and conceptual understanding of cost/management accounting, which has never been tried in the accounting education in Korea.

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서윤석(Yoon Suk Suh),강인정(In Jung Kang) 한국경영학회 2009 經營學硏究 Vol.38 No.4

The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the relationship between income smoothing and informativeness of reported earnings and provide a theoretical basis for an empirical research. Based on the assumption that agent observes firm’s earnings before management and additional private information, we analyze how the quality of information affects the relationship between income smoothing and informativeness of reported earnings. Our conclusion can be summarized as follows. First, agent’s optimal earnings management leads to income smoothing. Second, the degree of income smoothing diminishes as the quality of earnings before management increases while increasing the quality of additional private information observed by an agent leads to the higher degree of income smoothing. Third, when the quality of earnings before management is the same, the degree of income smoothing has the negative effect on the quality of reported earnings. On the other hand, when the quality of private information is the same, the degree of income smoothing has the positive effect on the quality of reported earnings.