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전통 유과가공공정의 분석(II): 반데기성형, 건조, 수분조절 및 부재료의 첨가
강선희,류기형,Kang, Sun-Hee,Ryu, Gi-Hyung 한국식품과학회 2002 한국식품과학회지 Vol.34 No.5
전통적인 유과제조공정에서 반데기의 성형, 건조, 수분조절과 부재료의 첨가가 유과의 특성에 미치는 영향을 결정하였다. 반데기의 숙성에 따른 반데기의 페이스트 점도는 숙성기간 2일에 최대점도 300 RVU이였고 숙성기간이 길어질수록 최대점도가 감소하였다. 수침을 거친 반데기의 기공은 내부에 균일하게 분포되어 있었으나 숙성기간이 길어짐에 따른 크기와 분포의 변화는 없었다. 전통적인 유과제조 공정으로 제조한 반데기의 최적 수분함량 $14{\sim}17%$에서 튀겼을 때 팽화도와 조직감은 좋았다. 유과원료의 부재료로 대두즙과 소주를 첨가한 찹쌀반죽으로 제조한 반데기를 튀긴 유과의 팽화도와 조직감이 우수하였다. 소주는 유과의 팽화에 영향을 미치고 대두즙은 조직감을 부드럽게 하였다. 유과(유탕팽화 펠릿)의 내부에는 큰 기공이 분포하며 외부에는 작은 기공이 세밀하게 분포되어 있었다. Effects of pelleting, drying, conditioning, and additives on the characteristics of Yukwa (fried pellet) were determined. RVA maximum paste viscosity of Bandegi (waxy rice pellet) was the highest after 2 days of moisture conditioning process, and decreased 2 days later. Air bubbles in Bandegi were distributed uniformly but were not significantly affected by conditioning time. For higher expansion and softer texture of Yukwa, the optimum moisture content of dried and conditioned Bandegi was $14{\sim}17%$. The addition of soymilk and 25% alcohol (Soju) as additives was also effective for achieving higher expansion and soft texture of Yukwa, respectively. Larger air cells were distributed in the center and smaller ones on the edge of Yukwa.
전통 유과가공공정의 분석(I): 수침 및 꽈리치기 공정
강선희,류기형,Kang, Sun-Hee,Ryu, Gi-Hyung 한국식품과학회 2002 한국식품과학회지 Vol.34 No.4
유과가공공정의 개선 및 새로운 공정개발을 위하여 전통적인 유과가공공정의 올바른 분석이 중요하다. 전통적인 유과제조 공정에서 많은 시간을 필요로 하는 수침공정과 꽈리치기 공정을 분석하였다. 찹쌀의 수침은 증자만을 고려한다면 $15^{\circ}C$에서 3일 수침으로 충분하였지만 전통유과 특유의 부드러운 조직감은 6일 이상의 수침이 필요하였다. 수침한 찹쌀의 변화를 관찰한 결과 찹쌀 과피층에 존재하는 단백질이 감소하였고 수침한 찹쌀가루의 페이스트점도는 7일 수침한 찹쌀가루가 최대점도를 나타내고 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 수침에 의한 찹쌀 전분의 미세구조를 관찰한 결과 수침공정을 통해 전분표면이 손상되었다. 수침시간의 증가와 함께 유과의 팽화도는 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 꽈리치기에서 수침시간이 증가할수록 기공의 크기는 감소하였으며 균일한 기공의 분포를 나타내었고 반죽에너지 투입량은 감소하였다. 전통유과의 특징인 부드러운 조직감은 수침시간의 조절뿐만 아니라 반죽에너지 투입량의 조절에 의해 조절이 가능할 수 있었다. The analysis of traditional process for a Korean puffed rice snack (Yukwa) is needed to develop an advanced process for Yukwa-making. Steeping and punching (Koarichigi) processes, consume time and labor in Yukwa-making, were analyzed on this study. Steeping of waxy rice at $15^{\circ}C$ for 3 days was required to equilibrate moisture absorption in waxy rice kernel. However, steeping for more than 6 days was required soft texture and small air cell distribution of Yukwa. Protein content at pericarp on endosperm of waxy rice kernel was decreased and starch granule was damaged during steeping. RVA paste viscosity was the highest at 6 day steeping after than decreased. Expansion ratio of Yukwa was increased with the increase in steeping time. Air bubbles in dough after punching were uniformly distributed and kneading energy input was decreased with the increase in steeping time. Soft texture, unique texture of Yukwa could be controlled by controlling steeping time and kneading energy input during punching process.
로테프레드놀과 프레드니솔론 점안제가 테논낭 섬유아세포의 증식에 미치는 영향
강선희,김재우,Sun Hee Kang,Jae Woo Kim 대한안과학회 2013 대한안과학회지 Vol.54 No.9
Purpose: To compare the effect of loteprednol etabonate (LE) with prednisolone acetate (PDA) drops on the proliferation of human Tenon’s capsule fibroblasts (HTFBs). Methods: Primarily cultured HTFBs were treated with serially diluted PDA and LE for 3 days. Cellular survival was determined by a rapid colorimetric assay using MTT. RT-PCR was performed to determine the relative expression of TGF-β mRNA in response to LE and PDA. Results: PDA inhibited proliferation of HTCF in a dose-dependent manner and LE inhibited significantly the proliferation of HTCF at the higher concentration of 50 μg/ml (p < 0.05). Compared to LE, PDA inhibited proliferation of HTCF significantly at each diluted concentration (p < 0.05). Expressions of TGF-β were decreased as the concentration of both PDA and LE increased. PDA decreased expression of TGF-β more significantly compared to LE at each concentration (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Although LE has offered promising anti-inflammatory efficacy with decreased impact on intraocular pressure, LE may be less effective than PDA in inhibiting fibroblast proliferation and may be not comparable to PDA in preventing excessive scarring after glaucoma filtering surgery.
비정규근로자에 대한 차별적 처우의 판단기준 -비교대상기준의 선정원리를 중심으로-
강선희 ( Sun Hee Kang ) 안암법학회 2012 안암 법학 Vol.0 No.37
It has been over 4 years since non-discrimination policy towards irregular employees and discrimination correction system came into effect (2007.7). Particularly, it has been only 2 years since the coverage of act gradually expanded to every business of more than five employees by character(public sector) and scale of business according to additional clauses. The effect of Irregular Employee Act(``Irregular Employee Act`` is used as a collective term to refer to Act on the Protection etc., of Fixed-term and Part-time Employees, Act on the Protection etc., of Dispatched Workers) on correction of discrimination and wage disparity is rather unclear at current state. However, irregular employees were offered no more than 54.8% of wage regular employees got in January 2010, which shows further widened gap compared to 62.6% in August 2005. Among discrimination correction cases that National Labor Relations Commission has ruled, 43 cases were dismissed from July 2007 to end of December of 2010. Lack of comparable employees was the major cause of such dismissal(16 cases). In this context, this paper examined the standing and the role of comparable employees in judgerment of discrimination with an emphasis on selection criterion for comparable subjects. This paper also critically looks into rulings of courts and National Labor Relations Commission seeking alternative interpretation and suggests legislative improvement in case interpretation reaches limitation. Especially, non-discrimination provisions on dispatched workers seem to be ineffective in correction of discrimination due to the question of setting a subject of comparison. In regard to dispatched workers, possible amendments were suggested with reference to EU directives and legislations of other countries.
강선희(Sun-Hee Kang),부유경(Yoo-Kyung Boo),안병기(Byung-Ki Ahn) 한국산학기술학회 2017 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.18 No.11
본 연구는 심혈관 질환을 공통적으로 동반하는 폐기능 장애와 대사증후군 관계에 대한 연구이다. 이들 질환이 상호관련성이 있다는 가정 하에 폐기능 장애와 대사증후군간의 상호 관련성 여부를 확인하여 올바른 질환 관리를 위한 초석을 마련하고자 하였다. 자료는 국민건강 영양조사 자료중 2008년부터 2013년까지 6년간 자료를 통합한 53,829건에서, 폐기능 검사를 시행한 만 40세 이상으로 모든 혼란 변수를 통제한 정제된 자료 8,137명(남자, 3,951명, 여자 4,186명)의 자료를 사용하였다. 폐기능 장애는 GOLD(Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease)기준에 따라 폐쇄성, 제한성으로 구분하였고, 대사증후군은 개정된 NCEP-ATPⅢ(National Cholesterol Education Program-Expert Panel-Adult Treatment Panel Ⅲ)기준을 사용하였다. 연관성 분석은 로지스틱 회귀분석을, 유병률은 교차 분석을 시행하였다. 연구 결과, 연관성 분석에서 폐쇄성 폐질환은 대사증후군과 직접적인 관련성을 보이지 않았으며 제한성 폐질환은 대사증후군과 직접적인 관련성을 보였다. 유병률 분석에서는 폐쇄성 폐질환과 제한성 폐질환 모두 대조군보다 높은 대사증후군 유병률을 보였다. 그러나 제한성 폐질환의 대사증후군 유병률이 폐쇄성 폐질환의 대사증후군 유병률보다 더 높았다. 결론적으로 폐쇄성이 아니라 제한성 폐질환이 대사증후군과 유의한 연관성을 보였고 대사증후군 유병률도 더 높았다. This study was conducted to identify relationships between lung function disorders and Metabolic Syndrome(MetS) that have common comorbidities such as Cardio Vascular Diseases(CVD). According to the hypothesis that there may be a significant relationship between them, analyses were conducted to identify the proper management point for those diseases. Overall, 53,829 data were taken from KNHANES 2008-2013. Included data were PFT(Pulmonary Function Test) done and age over 40. All the 14 confounders applied, only 8,137 cases (M:3,951, F:4,186) were left. Low pulmonary function was divided into two categories, obstructive and restrictive patterns, based on the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease(GOLD) criteria, while MetS was defined based on the revised NCEP-ATPIII criteria. The relationships between those diseases were analyzed using logistic regression analysis. In addition, for the prevalence rate, cross-tab analysis were conducted. There were no significant relationships observed between obstructive lung disease and MetS, but a restrictive pattern had a meaningful relationship with MetS. Specifically, MetS showed a higher prevalence rate for both obstructive and restrictive pattern patients than the control group. Restrictive pattern patients showed a higher prevalence rate to MetS than obstructive patients. Overall, restrictive lung patterns showed a meaningful association with MetS, but not with obstructive patterns. Additionally, the prevalence rate of MetS among restrictive patients was higher than among obstructive patients.
고강도 웨이트 트레이닝이 노인여성의 신체조성과 체력기능수행에 미치는 영향
강선희(Kang, Sun-Hee),한건수(Han, Gun-Soo) 한국산학기술학회 2011 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.12 No.2
이 연구의 목적은 고강도로 실시되는 12주간의 웨이트 트레이닝을 통하여 노인 여성들의 신체조성 및 기능 적 체력에 어떠한 변화가 있는지를 규명하는 것이다. 연구대상자들은 U경로당에 정기적으로 출입하는 70세 이상 노 인 여성 중에 실험의 취지를 알고 자발적 참여의사를 가진 24명을 선정하였다. 선정된 24명을 무선할당 방법을 통해 두 개의 운동집단인 고강도 저항성 운동 집단 (High intensity resistance group, n=8), 저강도 저항성 운동 집단(Low intensity resistance group, n=8) 그리고 비교군 (Control group, n=8)으로 나누었다. 운동집단은 12주간의 고강도 및 저 강도 저항성 운동을 실시하였으며, 비교군은 12주간 어떠한 운동에도 참가하지 못하도록 제한하였다. 연구결과, 12주 간 실시된 고강도 웨이트 트레이닝은 근력과 민첩성을 유의하게 향상시켰으며, 체지방률과 체지방량은 유의하게 감소 시켰다(p<0.05). 평형성 및 심폐능력은 향상되었으나 통계적 유의성은 없었다. 종합해보면 정기적인 고강도 웨이트 트 레이닝은 노인 여성들의 체력 개선에 도움을 줄 수 있는 운동이라 사료된다. The elderly population has been dramatically increasing over the past years, but most of the population has developed chronic diseases and handicaps due to aging. High-intensity resistance training is one of the most effective ways to improve muscular strength, but it is unclear whether body composition and functional fitness would be increased by high-intensity resistance training. The aim of this investigation was to explore whether 12 weeks of high-intensity training would improve muscular strength, body composition, and functional fitness in women over the age of 70 years. Twenty-four participants were randomly assigned to a high-intensity resistance training group (n=8), a low-intensity resistance training group (n=8), and a control group (n=8). The experimental groups exercised 3 days per week for 12 weeks at a local fitness center. An analysis of variance(ANOVA) with repeated measures was used for analysis. The results showed that there was a significant improvement in agility and muscular strength following the high-intensity resistance training. Moreover, Moreover, %body fat and body fat mass decreased significantly after the 12 weeks of high-intensity resistance training(p<0.05). Based on these results, it was concluded that high-intensity resistance training is efficient for women over the age 70 years in increasing their muscular strength and functional fitness and reducing their total body fat mass.
강선희 ( Sun Hee Kang ) 고려대학교 법학연구원 2010 고려법학 Vol.0 No.57
A collective agreement is an agreement regulating conditions to be observed in employment contracts or otherwise in employment relations, concluded by a single employer or employers` association on one side, and trade union on the other side. Art. 33(Validity of Terms and Conditions) of Trade Union and Labor Relations Adjustment Act (TULRAA): “Part of the rules of employment or contract of employment which violates the standards concerning working conditions and other treatment of workers specified in collective agreement shall be null and void(§33 ①)”, and “Matters which are not stipulated by a contract of employment, and what has been invalidated by paragraph (1), shall be governed by the terms and conditions of collective agreement(§33 ②).” With respect to the legal status of the collective agreement, the status of the collective agreement is considered to be contractual, but the normative effect of collectively agreed terms in relation to third parties has required statutory basis, set out in the TULRAA. TULRAA §33 provides only operational method of normative effect, does not clarify legal grounds of normative effect. This article regard TULRAA §33 which is formative law of basic right as the result of exercising labor fundamental rights and as ordering effect in collective agreement which is the result of the freedom to conclude agreement. The normative effect of the collective agreement is not established to improve work conditions by a national policy but has the Constitutional legitimacy. In other words, the Art. 33 of the Constitution (labor fundamental rights: right to organize, right to bargain collectively, right to strike) guarantees trade unions and employers associations the freedom to conclude agreements (Tarifautonomie). The normative effect of the collective agreement is included in the freedom to conclude agreements and the Constitutional will made by the Framers of the Constitution is concretized in Art. 33 of TULRAA.
숙성용기를 달리한 전통 쌀 증류식 소주의 숙성 중 이화학 특성 및 향기성분의 변화
강선희(Sun-Hee Kang),김재호(Jae-Ho Kim),이애란(Ae-Ran Lee),김아라(A-Ra Kim),김태완(Tae-Wan Kim) 한국식품과학회 2017 한국식품과학회지 Vol.49 No.4
전통 쌀 증류식 소주를 제조하여 오크통에 숙성시킴으로써 숙성 중에 증류주의 이화학적 특성 및 향기성분의 변화를 측정하였다. 입국(Aspergillus luchuensis)과 선발된 효모(Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y88-4)로 담금한 발효주를 감압 증류하였다. 제조된 증류주는 오크통과 스테인리스통에 12개월 간 실온 숙성 하였다. 숙성 12개월 후 숙성 전에 비해 MSO (Maturated distilled spirits in Oak)와 MSS (Maturated distilled spirits in stainless) 모두 알코올과 pH가 감소하였고, 산도, 전기전도도는 증가하는 경향을 나타냈다. 손실량, 탁도와 적색도, 황색도, 퓨젤유에서 MSO는 유의적으로 증가하였으나, MSS는 변화가 없었다. 향기성분은 ester류 20종, alcohol 류 7종, acids 류 2종, 기타 5종으로 총 34종의 향기성분이 검출되었다. 12개월 숙성 후 아세트산 에틸, 페닐에틸 알코올이 감소하였고, 카푸릴산 에틸은 증가하여 향기성분에 변화를 나타냈다. 특히 oaklacton과 푸르푸랄은 MSO에서만 검출되어 오크 숙성시 발생하는 특징적인 향기성분으로 사료된다. 전통 쌀 증류주의 오크통 숙성은 알코올 및 손실량은 컸으나, 오크통의 다양한 물질과 반응하면서 색도 및 향기성분이 유의적인 차이를 나타냈다. 이로써 숙성 용기의 선택이 숙성 증류주의 품질에 영향을 미치는 것으로 사료되며, 숙성과정을 통해 다양하고 특색있는 주류제조가 가능할 것으로 기대된다. Maturation of distilled spirit can generate diverse flavors and tastes. Rice Soju was matured in oak casks (MSO) and stainless steel containers (MSS) for one year at ambient temperature. Ipguk (Aspergillus luchuensis) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y88-4 were used, and reduced pressure (110±20 Torr) distillation was applied to brew Soju. Acidity and conductivity were increased in both MSO and MSS. MSO reduced alcohol content (from 43 to 40%) and volume (from 18,000 to 12,730 mL), and significantly altered yellowness (from 0.2 to 30.2). Furthermore, MSO increased the isoamyl alcohol (from 276.7 to 339.2 μg/mL) and isobutyl alcohol (from 122.3 to 144.2 μg/mL) content. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to detect volatile compounds in Soju, which included 20 esters, 7 alcohols, 2 acids, and 5 miscellaneous compounds. Oak lactone was detected only in MSO and was considered as a specific flavor component associated with oak maturation. Thus, maturation materials contribute to the physicochemical property of distilled spirits.
강선희(Sun Hee Kang) 대한외과학회 2007 Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research(ASRT) Vol.73 No.3
Purpose: Although significant advances in survival have been achieved with administering adjuvant treatments in patients with early breast carcinoma, patients with recurrent breast carcinoma usually die of their disease. There have been only a few reports on the prognostic factors of patients with recurrent disease. Methods: Two hundred thirty nine patients were treated by this institute from 1987 to 2002. We excluded those patients who had distant metastasis within three months of primary surgery. Recurrences were diagnosed by the physical findings, image study and/or tissue biopsy. The analyzed parameters were age, the primary tumor size, the nodal status, the TNM stage, the operation method, the estrogen receptor status, the disease free interval and the site of recurrence. The univariate survival distributions were estimated by using the method of Kaplan and Meier and they were compared by using the log rank test. The potential prognostic factors were analyzed via multivariate analysis with using Cox’s proportional hazard model. Results: The median survival time from first relapse was 19.2 months and the 2 year survival rate from recurrence was 55.7%. Univariate analysis showed that patients with negative nodal involvement, an early disease stage, positivity for estrogen receptor, a long disease free interval and nonvisceral site recurrence had significantly longer survival than the counterpart patients. Multivariate analysis showed that these factors were all independent factors with a similar relative risk, about 2.01 to 2.54. Conclusion: Thought the number of patients included in this study is relative small, our data clearly show that an axillary lymph node status, stage, estrogen receptor positivity, a disease free interval and the metastatic site are closely associated with survival from the first recurrence.