영어 부정사 어휘주어의 예외적인 격표시 : Chomsky의 S￣-탈락분석과 Kanyne의 Ø-보문소 분석 비교 The Contrasts between Chomsky' s S￣-Deletion Analysis and Kayne's Ø Complementizer Analysis

黃實根 상명대학교 논문집 1987 상명대학교논문집 Vol.20 No.-

This thesis has its aim to study the problems of the infinitival complements of the raising verbs such as 'believe, consider, expect, seem, etc.', permitting Exceptional Case-marking in accordance with Chomsky's Case Theory in Lectures on Government and Binding (1981). By constrasting Chomsky's S￣-Deletion and Kayne's Φ Complementizer especially devised to assign objective Case to the infinitival subject position of the structures of the verbs of believe-type, and through Case-if-Φ Analysis adopting Θ-Thory, the strong and weak points of the two contrastive theories can be revealed. The result of this study reveals that a lexical subject of infinitival complements of the raising verbs such as 'believe' can be explained in terms of Exceptional Case-marking. We can notice that Kayne's Φ Complementizer Analysis, concerning this Exceptional Case-marking, misses a generalization and has less explanatory adquacy than Chomsky's S￣-Deletion Analysis, since Kayne's theory bears some problems as follows. Firstly, the way of explanation is circular. Secondly, the distribution phenomena of Φ Complementizer is far more restricted than those of for - complementizer, and moreover the roles and environments of Φ Complementizer need to be specified. Thirdly, S-structures of infinitival complements are to be different according to the different properties of verbs : the S-structure of the verb 'seem', for instance, is explained by virtue of S￣-Deletion, whereas that of 'believe' by means of Φ Complementizer. On the other hand, Chomsky's S-Deletion Analysis also can hardly escape some problems occurring in the ways of explanation becoming circular, since no transitive verb in French triggers S￣-Deletion and English prepositional complementizers govern the adjacent infinitival subject position, but French P do not in the same way, Exceptional Case-marking should be impossible in French. It is proposed that Case-if-Θ Analysis, adopting both Case Theory and Θ-role, plays a great role to solve some of I lie said problems produced owing to S￣-Deletion and Φ Complementizer analyses. In other words, Case-if-Φ Analysis helps explain with higher explanatory adquacy the Exceptional Case-marking phenomena by assigning Case and Φ- role in different ways to different structures of verbs of different properties. It is believed that some continuous effort is required to study and find far greatly generalized ways of explaining Exceptional Case-marking.

On the Notion of C-command and Government

황실근,노진서 상명대학교 논문집 1990 상명대학교논문집 Vol.25 No.-

어린이의 영어구문 습득에 관한 연구

黃實根 상명대학교 논문집 1988 상명대학교논문집 Vol.21 No.-

This paper has as its objective to verify the four utterance stage of the child's acquisition of English syntactic structures especially focussed in that of the three Korean children, non-native English speaking individuals, on the basis of the data collected for eight months since their first arrival in the United States of America. The data collection for the further studies was done for two and half years. The data analyses have emphasized the two stages, 'pivot-open world utterance stage', and 'early transformation stage'. The result reveals that those children, who had vacant knowledge and competence of the English language, began to from at first some ability to use English words intermingled with their native language, and that the eight months, a comparatively short term, enabled them to reach the fourth stage, 'early transformation stage', hierarchically from 'one-world utterance stage' without much difficulty. With the phenomena going this way, no extreme or absolute attitude to clarify the validity of the two different theories about language acquisition, 'behaviorism' and 'rationalism, would be desirable, as far as there can exist no absolute way to back up and prove them. This field like the others seems to leave much room for incessant work.

대학영작문의 효과적 지도방안

黃實根 상명대학교 어문학연구소 2000 語文學硏究 Vol.9 No.-

The purpose of this thesis is to find an ideal and effective way to help students have a better commanding ability in English through practicing writing. What is still regretable is that even though all the Korean university students have learned English in very formal ways for a considerable period of time, many of them are yet too poor at the skills of English, and that since they do live in a society where learning and using English is not the top priority, the motive to use English is comparatively low. For those who need to build up a better English ability, however, I have a very strong confidence that practice composing good paragraphs in English is one of the most favorable ways not only for writing but also for speaking and reading. I am not ready to doubt that all those whose ability in English is required will certainly acquire and improve better abilities of English through writing practice by means of the methods suggested in this paper.

결속이론의 변천과 그 동향

황실근 상명대학교 논문집 1993 상명대학교논문집 Vol.31 No.-

The purpose of this paper is to examine a brief outline of how the Government and Binding Theory had changed and developed over the years, so as to suggest the direction for a universal Binding Theory. The Theory of Government and Binding has developed out of a tradition going back to the 1950s, known as Generative-Transformational Grammar. Chomsky's Aspects of the Theory of Syntax(1965) defined the framework within which much syntactic research took place for the following decade. Since Chomsky proposed the Binding Theory in Lectures on Government and Bingding (1981), various versions of the theory have been put forth by Huang(1983), Manzini(1983), Bouchard(1984), Aoun(1985), and Chomsky(1986). Though the assumption of the Binding Theory have desirable properties, there are some principles which are too powerful or weak to deal with many conceptual and empirical problems. In recent years a variety of studies in this field have been proposed to cope with these problems and to construct a well-proportioned system of Universal Grammar that meets the requirement of explanatory adequacy.

한국 대학생의 영어 구문지식의 문제점과 해결방안

黃實根 상명대학교 어문학연구소 1998 語文學硏究 Vol.8 No.-

Although there is no comprehensive theory of language learning, our teaching and language learning should be based on a coherent theory, and one which is not contradicted by experience and experimental evidence. It would be preferable that language learning programs should be based on the following premises. 1) Since language learning is an additive process, the learner's system develops as he/she gradually increases the stock of language patterns he/she can produce and understand. 2) If learning items are ordered in a logical fashion, learner s will process and organize these items according to similar logic. 3) What is learned in the classroom will, with minor adjustment, be successfully applied outside the classroom. 4) Syntax and grammatical knowledge must be acquired before discourse. 5) It is counter-productive to encourage learners to operate independently. If acquisition and replication is not controlled, the learners will develop and anarchic system to the target language. According to a variety of theories of learning English and acquisition of the language, it is not very difficult, to find, whether the learners are native or non-native speakers, the learning or acquisition processes are not greatly different especially in superficial errors in the course or use of the language. Even when learning processes take place in natural and spontaneous way, or through formal education or teaching regardless of the learners' willingness, no absolutely ideal method or theory of language learning can exist, as the individual learners differ in ability and in linguistic environment. As we have found through the data of TOEFL, the students, who have been reared and educated in the same society and the same linguistic environment and in almost the same approach, have a remarkably different grammatical ability in solving the problems they confront, in accordance with the degree of achievement of the former leaning and building of the concrete basic knowledge of grammar and vocabulary power. Some suggestions, to develop grammatical knowledge and better ability in four skills at the same time, would be made as follows: the learners should 1) be entirely comprehensive in basic grammar, 2) practise solving problems quickly, 3) widen the understanding the difference in surface syntactic structures, 4) practise picking up the exact meaning of sentences, 5) practice making full use of the allotted time, 6) keep practising with whatever types of problems.

변형에 대한 제약 및 일반원리

黃實根 상명대학교 논문집 1988 상명대학교논문집 Vol.21 No.-

This thesis puts its emphasis on the possibility of substituting the more generalized principles such as SUBJACENCY CONDITION and BINDING CONDITIONS for Ross's COORDINATE STRUCTURE CONSTRAINT, SENTENTIAL SUBJECT CONSTRAINT, COMPLEX NOUNPHRASE CONSTRAINT, and Chomsky's WH-ISLAND CONSTRAINT, TENSED SCONDITION, and SPECIFIED SUBJECT CONDITION. It has been found, by comparative analyses and parsing of the rules, that Chomsky's SUBJACENCY and BINDING CONDITIONS can, though there are extremely a small number of exceptions. generalize the other constraints and conditions suggested by Ross and Chomsky without many problems, as well as they block overgeneration of sentences on the basis of the movement rules, etc. Consequently, even if the necessity of detailed rules cannot be ignored, the more generalized rules or principles are desirable for simplification to eliminate confusing factors caused by too many rules for too many cases.

한국인의 영어 번역의 문제점과 해결방안 -한역의 오류를 중심으로-

황실근 ( Sil Geun Hwang ) 상명대학교 어문학연구소 2005 語文學硏究 Vol.17 No.-

The literary meaning of translation is that it`s an activity comprising the interpretation of the meaning of a text in one language - the source text - and the production of another, equivalent text in another language - the target text. Traditionally, translation has always been a human activity, although attempts have been made to automate and computerize the translation of natural language texts, machine translation, or to use computers as an aid to translation, computer-assisted translation. Although for much of its history translation has dealt primarily with "written" texts, and nowadays still does, translation may also be done from audio input to audio output, from visual input to visual output or from audio to visual or vice versa. The goal of translation is to establish a relationship of equivalence between the source and the target texts (that is to say, both texts communicate the same message), while taking into account the various constraints placed on the translator. These constraints include context, the rules of grammar of the source language, its writing conventions, its idioms and the like. There are two types of the native speaker`s competence: one is grammatical competence, and the other (is) pragmatic competence. Pragmatics, a subfield of linguistics, is generally the study of natural language understanding, and specifically the study of how context influences the interpretation of meanings. In other words it is concerned with nonlinguistic information such as background knowledge and personal beliefs in the use and interpretation of sentences. This is therefore requisite for a translator together with grammatical competence. What a correct translator should be aware of is the attribute of a paragraph containing a topic sentence with a controlling idea, making a limited statement about a subject. As a paragraph allows neither violation of unity nor that of coherence, when you confronts or is blocked by some difficult or confusing part, instead of sticking to it. Instead, you will cleverly leave it behind and rethink and put the part in the whole logical stream so-called coherence. Then a clue or solution is supposed to be found in terms of the contextual meaning. As among the important factors lies the equivalence in meaning between the source and the target texts, no one is given any right to ignore at their mercy faithfulness to the original structures of the source text including types of sentences - simple, compound, complex sentences - and punctuation marks only to make the translated another equivalent correct text. To realize the goal of translation, some procedures would be recommended: (i) word-for-word translation, followed by (ii) free translation. The more you practice these steps by writing down on paper over and over, the farther incorrect translation would gradually be away from you.

대용어 : 통사적 및 비통사적 관찰 on the basis of syntactic and nonsyntactic perspectives

黃實根 상명대학교 어문학연구소 1998 語文學硏究 Vol.7 No.-

The goal of this study is to examine the behavior of pronouns, reflexives, reciprocals in English and present an account of them on the basis of the syntactic conditionings that control their usage in the framework of Government and Binding (GB) Theory. The conditions for their use cannot be stated without recourse to nonsyntactic perspectives. such as the direct discourse perspective, the semantic and discourse based principle. Chapter 1 is devoted to the theoretical backgorunds such as Government Theory. Binding Theory, and GB Theory on the nonmovement basis, and Chapter 2 has its focus, with reference to three GB conditions, on the LF-movement, the complementary distribution of reflexives and anaphoric and nonanaphoric pronouns. Chapter 3 deals with reexamined and revised GB Theory, and Chapter 4 Direct the nonsyntactic perspective. the discourse perspective and reflexives, and the logophoric pronoun rule. Chapter 5 is the conclusion of this paper. As it is clear that every suggestion or theory may well have its place or places where various syntactic rules on well-formedness or sequences of sentences can be stated, I will make an incessant effort to research the phenomena relating to pronouns, reflexives, and reciprocals, and find what constitutes the acceptability of sentences in terms of syntactic and nonsyntactic approaches.

ANAPHOR-BINDING IN ENGLISH AND KOREAN

Hwang, Sil Gen,Noh, Jin Seo 상명대학교 논문집 1991 상명대학교논문집 Vol.27 No.-

지배결속(Government-Binding)이론은 보편문법(Univarsal Grammar)의 원리체계(modular system of principles)에 언어의 매개 변항을 설정하고 이 매개 변항의 값(value)을 개변언어마다 다르게 설정함으로써 자연언어(natural language)의 상이한 표면적 차이를 단일 원리체계로 설명하려고 하였다. 그러나 이러한 장점에도 불구하고 지배 결속이론은 몇가지 문제점을 안고 있다. 특히 한국어 재귀사(reflexive) '자기'의 통사적 특성을 제대로 설명하지 못하고 있다. 본 연구는 영어와 한국어의 재귀사의 통사적 특성을 지배 결속 이론의 테두리 안에서 고찰해 보았다. 그 결과 지배 결속 이론이 보편문법으로서 영어와 한국어의 재귀사에 관한 언어현상을 설명하는데 있어서 부적합한 점을 발견하고, 그 문제를 해결하기 위해서는 지배 결속 이론, 특히 지배 범주(governing category)의 수정이 불가피하다는 점을 제시하였다.