사과, 복숭아와 감중의 몇가지 농약의 잔류평가

황을철,김정기 동아대학교 환경문제연구소 1993 硏究報告 Vol.16 No.2

Apples, peaches, and persimmons collected from their chief producing districts and trading centers in 1992 respectively were analyzed for chlorothalonil, fenitrothion, and phenthoate residues by glc equipped with a electrn capture detector or a nitrogen phosphorus detector. The results obtained are as follows : Average and range of chlorothalonil residue levels n apples was 0.008ppm and ND-0.030ppm, and in peaches 0.010ppm and 0.073ppm, respectively, while no chlorothalonil was detected in persimmons. No organophosphorus pesticides such as fenitothion, chlorpyrifos, and phenthoate were detected in all fruits. In all fruits, even the maximum residue level, not to mention the average, of four pesticides examined was much lower than its maximum residue limit(MRL) respectively.

Paraquat 저항성 망초의 protective 효소

황을철,김희주 한국농화학회 2000 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.43 No.1

The resistance of Cornyza bonariensis to herbicide paraquat was investigated by evaluating the activities of three enzymes concerning in scavenging paraquat-generated toxic oxygen species such as superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide in resistant and susceptible biotypes. Conyza bonariensis inhabited in cultivated area was more tolerant to paraquat than that of uncultivated area. This is the first report that a biotype of Cornyza bonariensis has appeared in an area with repeated paraquat treatments of Korea. Superoxide dismutase activity of resistant biotype was 20% higher as 150 than that of susceptible biotype. Ascorbate peroxidase activity of resistant biotype was 44% higher than that of susceptible biotype. Glutathione reductase activity of resistant biotype was 64% higher than that of susceptible biotype. It can be concluded from above results that the resistance of Conyza bonariensis to paraquat depends partially on the toxic oxygen species-scavenging efficiency of protective multienzymatic system which is composed of three enzymes, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione reductase.

벼와 피에서 제초제 alachlor의 선택적 작용

황을철,우승희 東亞大學校生命資源科學大學附設 農業資源硏究所 1995 農業生命資援硏究 Vol.4 No.1

벼와 피에서 α-chloroacetamide계 제초제의 선택적 작용, 특히 포장에 이앙하는 어린모의 벼(약 40일묘)와 발아중인 피에서 alachlor의 선택적 작용이 발현되는 근거를 찾고자, 벼와 피에서 몇가지 생화학적 차이를 조사하였다. 제초제 alachlor에 의한 약해는 생장일수가 동일한 유묘기의 벼와 피에서는 비슷하였으나, 생장일수가 서로 다른 40일묘의 벼와 7일묘의 피에서는 현격한 차이가 있었다. Alachlor에 대하여 약해정도가 현격히 다른 40일묘의 벼와 7일묘의 피체내의 GSH 함량과 GST 활성은 서로 비슷하였으며, alachlor 처리에 의한 GSH 함량과 GST 활성의 증가도 모두 미미하였다. 40일묘의 벼와 7일묘의 피에서 alachlor 처리에 의해 저해되는 α-amylase의 활성은 무처리에 비해 각각 93.5%와 70%로 현격한 차이를 나타내었으며, 이는 약해정도와 부합하였다. 따라서, 40일묘의 벼와 7일묘의 피에서 발현되는 alachlor의 선택성 또는 벼를 이앙한 포장에서 발아중인 피를 방제하는 α-chloroacetamide계 제초제의 선택성은, 벼와 피체내의 방어계인 glutathione conjugation 반응에 기인하는 것이라기 보다는, 종실내의 주된 저장영양분인 탄수화물의 이용에 관련된 효소인 α-amylase가 저해되는 정도에 기인하는 것으로 판단되었다. Several biochemical differences between rice and barnyardgrass which were related to glutathione conjugation and utilization of starch reserves in seeds were examined to investigate the selectivity of α-chloroacetamide herbicides in rice and barnyardgrass, especially in transplanting staged rice (about 40-day-old) and germinating barnyardgrass. Phytotoxicities of alachlor to rice seedlings and barnyardgrass seedlings were all severe at stronger concentration that 1.0×10-6 and were similiar to each other at various concentrations. However, 40-day-old rice which was independent on the seed reserves was tolerant to alachlor. Glutathione(GSH) content and activity of glutathione S-transferases(GST) in roots of rice seedlings and barnyardgrass seedlings were similiar to each other, and those of 40-day-old rice and barnyardgrass seedlings which were observed to show different responses to alachlor were so. Moreover, the inductions of GSH and GST in 40-day-old rice and 7-day-old barnyardgrass following treatments with 1.0×10-5 solution of alachlor were insignificant. On the other hand, activities of α-amylase in seeds of 40-day-old rice and 7-day-old barnyardgrass following treatments with 1.0×10-5 solution of alachlor decreased to 93.5% and 70.0% of the control respectively. These results were consistent in phytotoxicities above stated. It was therefore stated that the selectivity of alachlor, α-chloroacetamide herbicide in 40-day-old rice and germinating barnyardgrass was due to inhibition degree of α-amylase needed for starch utilization as energy sources in grass germlings, rather than due to the rate of glutathione conjugation generally considered as main factor contibuting to α-chloroacetamide herbicide detoxification and selectivity.

서호(西湖)의 수질 , 저니토(底泥土) , 붕어중 Polychlorinated Biphenyls 및 유기염소계 살충제의 잔류평가

박창규,황을철 한국환경농학회 1982 한국환경농학회지 Vol.1 No.2

西湖 環境試料 水質 22點, 底泥土 20點, 붕어 19點을 1981.9.∼1982.4. 間 採取하여 PCBs 및 有機鹽素系 殺蟲劑를 GLC로 分析한 結果는 다음과 같다. 1) 環境試料의 殘留分析에 干涉하는 元素黃은 copper powder를 添加하여 제거하였다. 2) 西湖 環境試料中에 存在하는 PCBs殘留分은 Aroclor 1254인 것으로 判斷되었으며, SbCl_5로써 PCBs를 DCB로 轉換시켜 最少徐出量 0.04 ng 水準에서 PCBs殘留分을 分析하였다. 3) PCBs는 全 試料에서 檢出되었으며 그 殘留水準의 範圍는 水質에서는 0.015∼0.15ppb, 底泥土에서는 0.037∼0.088 ppm, 10㎝내외의 붕어에서 0.091 ppm이 있다. 4) 中央 및 流出口의 底泥土를 제외한 全 試料에서 PCBs의 殘留水準이 全 p,p'-DDT의 水準보다 높았다. 5) 水質中 PCBs의 殘留水準은 流入口別 차이가 있었는데 右側 流入口의 殘留水準이 左側 流入口의 水準보다 3배나 높았다. 그러나 西湖 環境試料에서 觀察된 PCBs 汚染源은 確實치 않았다. 6) 國內 環境試料에서 PCBs의 汚染을 처음 陽性的으로 確認하였다. Environmental samples contaminated with elemental sulfur(waters 22, sediments 20, crucian carps 19) collected from Soho Lake during the period of Sep. 1981 to Apr. 1982 were analyzed for polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs) and organochlorine insecticides by GLC-ECD. Elemental sulfur was found to interfere in the residue analysis of environmental samples and the sulfur was eliminated, prior to analysis, with copper powder. PCBs residues in Soho lake were temporarily characterized as Aroclor 1254 and were analyzed at minimum detectable quantity of 0.04 ng by derivatizing PCBs to decachlorobiphenyl(DCB). PCBs were positively detected in all samples and its residue levels in waters, sediments, and crucian carps were 0.015∼0.15 ppb, 0.038∼0.088 ppm and 0.091 ppm, respectively. The residue levels of PCBs in all samples but sediments at central and outlet site of the lake were higher than those of total p,p'-DDT. The residue levels of PCBs in waters varied with inlets, i.e. those at right inlet site were three times of those at left inlet site. The main source of PCBs residues in the environmental samples of Soho Lake was not evident by present work.

호두 추출물의 항산화 활성과 신피질에서 세포 손상과 지질과산화 방지효과

배계선,황을철,권채화,김순희,최춘환,Bae Kae Sun,Hwang Eul Chul,Kwon Chae Hwa,Kim Soon Hee,Choi Chun Whan 한국생명과학회 2005 생명과학회지 Vol.15 No.1

본 연구에서는 호두박 분획층의 항산화 활성을 검색하기 위해 MeOH, $CH_2Cl_2$, EtOAc, BuOH 그리고 $H_2O$ 분획으로 추출하여 수행하였고, 각 분획층의 산화적 세포손상과 지질 과산화의 방지 효과를 in vitro에서 확인하였다. 그 결과 호두박의 free radical (DPP보 radical) 소거 활성은 EtOAc층에서 가장높게 나타났고, 활성산소종 억제율과 peroxynitrite $(ONOO^-)$ 소거 활성은 $CH_2Cl_2$층을 제외한 모든 분획층에서 높게 나타났다. 신피질 절편에 t-BHP의 처리 시 LDH의 방출과 지질과 산화를 증가시켰고 이러한 변화는 호두의 MeOH, EtOAc, n-BuOH 분획에 의해서 완전하게 방지되었다. 이러한 결과는 호두 추출물이 t-BHP에 의한 신장 세포 손상에 효과적이고 이러한 효과는 항산화력에 의한 것으로 추측된다. 또한 이러한 결과는 호두 추출물에서 많은 질병의 원인이 되고 있는 산화적 스트레스를 방지할 수 있는 효과적인 약물 개발의 가능성을 시사한다 To investigate the antioxidant activity of extract from the raw walnut, Juglans sinensis Dode, we prepared five fractions (methanol (MeOH), dichloromethane $(CH_2Cl_2)$, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-buthanol (n-BuOH) and dehydrogen monooxide $(H_2O)$ fractions) and examined. The effect of walnut extract on the oxidative stress was investigated in vitro. The DPPH (2,2-Di (4-tert-octylphenyl)-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging activity of extract from raw walnut was shown in the following order: $EtOAc\;fraction<n-BuOH fraction< MeOH fraction<CH_2Cl_2\;fraction<H_2O$ layer. The result showed that the highest activity $(0.56{\mu}g/ml,\;IC_{50}.)$ was observed in EtOAc fraction, whereas n-BuOH fraction, MeOH fraction, $CH_2O_2$ fraction and $H_2O$ layer of $IC_{50}$ were $2.34{\mu}g//ml,\;3.88{\mu}g/ml,\;8.06{\mu}g/ml,\;and\;8.19{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. The radical scavenging activity assay of each fraction showed that the antioxidative activity was observed in the following order: EtOAc fraction $(74.27\pm1.56\%)>MeOH\;fraction\;(60.76\pm3.4\%)>n-BuOH\;fraction\;(59.32\pm0.88\%)>H_2O\;layer\;(41.69\pm2.06\%)$. These results revealed that all fractions, except for $CH_2Cl_2$ fraction, showed high antioxidative activity. Furthermore, the peroxynitrite $(ONOO^-)$ scavenging activity was assayed in each fraction. The result showed that the $ONOO^-$ scavenging activity of EtOAc fraction, MeOH fraction and n-BuOH fraction from raw walnut was $95.14\pm0.36\%,\; 90.02\pm1.19\%\;and\;89.41\pm0.81\%$, respectively. The tert-butylhydroperoxide (t-BHP) treatment in vitro increased lactate dehydrogenase release and lipid peroxidation in renal cortical slices. Such changes were completely prevented by addition of MeOH fraction, EtOAc fraction and n-BuOH fraction of walnut. These results indicate that the walnut extract exerts the benedicial effect against t-BHP-induced cell injury and its effect may be due to antioxidant action. In addition, it is suggested that walnut extract might be developed as the effective scavenger for the prevention of oxidative stress.

제초제 Alachlor 의 선택성에 관한 연구 : Ⅰ. 약해와 글루타치온 Conjugation 반응 1. Phytotoxicity and Glutathione Conjugation

박창규,황을철 한국환경농학회 1987 한국환경농학회지 Vol.6 No.1

본 연구는 제초제인 alachlor이 가지는 선택성이 식물고유의 생화학적 차이에 기인한다는 가정하에, 이의 규명을 목적으로 수행하였다. 공시작물인 대두, 배추 및 피는 alachlor 수용액의 처리로 경중의 약해를 입었으며 그 피해는 해당식물의 glutathione 또는 homoglutathione 함량이 많을 수록 적었다. 비효소적 반응조건 하에서 가한 alachlor의 17.7%가 GS-alachlor conjugate로 전환됨을 관찰하였으며, 이어 수행한 공시작물의 유묘시험에서는 처리한 C-14 표지 alachlor이 단시간(24hrs)에 4∼5개의 수용성 대사물로 전환되 었으며, 주요대사물로 대두에서는 homoglutathione-alachlor, 깨, 배추 그리고 피에서는 glutathione-alachlor conjugates를 잠정적으로 확인하였다. 본 연구에서 채택한 3종의 공시식물의 경우, 식물체 내에서 glutathione (및 homoglutathione)과 alachlor와의 phase Ⅱreaction인 conjugation 반응이 해독반응으로 작용, alachlor의 선택성에 공헌하는 것으로 해석하였다. Present work has been initiated to see if inherent biochemical difference among plants is, in any way, related to the observed selectivity characteristics of pre-emergence herbicide, alachlor. Application of aqueous solution of alachlor onto three intact plants, soybean, chinese cabbage and barnyard grass resulted in phytotoxicity responses in the testt plants in varying degree. Examination of glutathione (and homo-glutathione) contents of the test plants indicated that the phytotoxicity is inversely proportional to the peptide contents of the test plants. It was also noted that four to five water soluble metabolites are readily formed in intact seedling treated with labelled alachlor and glutathione-alachlor and homo-glutathione-alachlor conjugates were tentatatively identified as major metabolites. It is concluded that conjugation reaction involving glutathiones and xenobiotic alachlor, a typical phase II reaction, acts as detoxification reaction in the three test plants and this would, in turn, contribute to observed selectivity of alachlor.

제초제 Alachlor 의 선택성에 관한 연구 : Ⅱ. 대사론적 접근 Ⅱ. A Metabolic Approach to Selectivity

박창규,황을철 한국환경농학회 1994 한국환경농학회지 Vol.13 No.2

Absorption, translocation, and metabolism of the herbicide alachlor in soybean, Chinese cabbage, and barnyard grass seedlings were examined and compared with each other using [phenyl-U-^(14)C] alachlor in search of a primary factor contributing to the selectivity of alachlor. When root of each seedling was immersed into the solution containing [^(14)C]alachlor, the amount of absorbed radioactivity/㎎ dry matter of seedling which was suggested to be correlated with the susceptibility of plants to alachlor decreased in the order of soybean ≫ Chinese cabbage ≥ barnyard grass and the rate of translocation to shoot was Chinese cabbage ≥ barnyard grass ≫ soybean. These orders did not consistently explain the selective phytotoxicity of alachlor. Analyses of extracts by reverse phase chromatography showed that alachlor was detoxified by conjugation with glutathione in all three plants and the rate of glutathione conjugation of soybean, the resistant species to alachlor, was the greatest, while that of barnyard grass, the susceptible, was the lowest among three plants. This result explained well the selective phytotoxicity of alachlor. Both absorption and translocation contribute undoubtedly to the selectivity by influencing the active internal concentration of alachlor. However, neither of them appeared to be a primary factor. It was concluded that the most important primary factor was the rate of glutathione conjugation, which detoxifies alachlor and plays an important role in selectivity.

제초제 Alachlor의 선택성에 관한 연구;I. 약해와 글루타치온 Conjugation 반응

박창규,황을철,Park, Chang-Kyu,Hwang, Eul-Chul 한국환경농학회 1987 한국환경농학회지 Vol.6 No.1

본 연구는 제초제인 alachlor이 가지는 선택성이 식물고유의 생화학적 차이에 기인한다는 가정하에, 이의 규명을 목적으로 수행하였다. 공시작물인 대두, 배추 및 피는 alachlor 수용액의 처리로 경중의 약해를 입었으며 그 피해는 해당식물의 glutathione 또는 homoglutathione 함량이 많을 수록 적었다. 비효소적 반응조건 하에서 가한 alachlor의 17.7%가 GS-alachlor conjugate로 전환됨을 관찰하였으며, 이어 수행한 공시작물의 유묘시험에서는 처리한 C-14 표지 alachlor이 단시간(24hrs)에 4∼5개의 수용성 대사물로 전환되 었으며, 주요대사물로 대두에서는 homoglutathione-alachlor, 깨, 배추 그리고 피에서는 glutathione-alachlor conjugates를 잠정적으로 확인하였다. 본 연구에서 채택한 3종의 공시식물의 경우, 식물체 내에서 glutathione (및 homoglutathione)과 alachlor와의 phase Ⅱreaction인 conjugation 반응이 해독반응으로 작용, alachlor의 선택성에 공헌하는 것으로 해석하였다. Present work has been initiated to see if inherent biochemical difference among plants is, in any way, related to the observed selectivity characteristics of preemergence herbicide, alachlor. Application of aqueous solution of alachlor onto three intact plants, soybean, chinese cabbage and barnyard grass resulted in phytotoxicity responses in the testt plants in varying degree. Examination of glutathione (and homoglutathione) contents of the test plants indicated that the phytotoxicity is inversely proportional to the peptide contents of the test plants. It was also noted that four to five water soluble metabolites are readily formed in intact seedling treated with labelled alachlor and glutathionealachlor and homoglutathionealachlor conjugates were tentatatively identified as major metabolites. It is concluded that conjugation reaction involving glutathiones and xenobiotic alachlor, a typical phase II reaction, acts as detoxification reaction in the three test plants and this would, in turn, contribute to observed selectivity of alachlor.

水稻幼苗와 土壤에서 ??C標識 Diazinon의 去就

李成桂,金均,黃乙喆,朴昌奎 서울大學校 農科大學 1985 서울대농학연구지 Vol.10 No.2

The fate of diazinon in the intact rice plants and submerged paddy soil has been investigated with (??) diazinon, The labelled diazinon solution was applied to paddy water and distribution of radioactivities in the rice seedlings, paddy soil, volatile fraction and carbon dioxide has been ascertained at end the of incubation times of 0.5,1,4,6 and 9 days respectively. In addition, extract of plants and paddy soils were subjected to TLC separation for examination of possible transformation products of diazinon. The results may be summarized as follows; 1. Total recoveries of radiactivities were between 57.2~73.6 per cent. 2. Radioactivity in rice seedlings increased with incubation periods reaching one tenth of treated radioactivity at the end of 9 day incubation. 3. Non-extractable radioactivity in paddy soil increased with incubation periods. 4. Radioactive volatile fraction increased in the presence of rice seedlings. 5. Pyrimidinol was unique conversion product of diazinon in rice seedlings and paddy soils. 6. Pyrimidinol applied to paddy soil is readily absorbed by rice seedlings.

수원근교 관개수중(灌漑水中)의 PCBs 및 유기염소계 살충제의 잔류평가

박창규,이윤형,황을철 한국환경농학회 1985 한국환경농학회지 Vol.4 No.2

1982년 11월부터 1983년 10월까지 서호를 포함한 수인근교의 저수지 및 한강의 하천수질 시료를 수집, PCBs 및 유기염소계살충제 잔류수준을 평가한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) PCBs는 거의 모든 수질시료에서 검출되었다. 2) PCBs의 펑균잔류수준은 0.009∼0.5ppb였고 유기 염소계 살충제의 평균잔류수준은 불검출∼0.008ppb 였다. 3) PCBs와 총 DDT의 평균잔류수준비는 시료채취 지점에 따라 차이가 있었으며, 이 비는 한강수질시료에서는 500으로 가장 높았고, 원천 수질에서 가장 낮았다. 4) 관개수중 PCBs는 공업 및 도시폐수에서 유래된 것으로 보였다. Water samples collected monthly between November 1982 and October 1983 from seven reserviors and a river in the periphery of Suwon, Korea were subjected to gas chromatographic analysis for PCBs and organochlorine insecticide residues. PCBs were positively detected in the most samples. The average residue levels of PCBs were found in the range of 0.009∼0.5 ppb while those of organochlorine insecticides were in the range of "not detected"∼0.008 ppb. The ratio of average residue levels of PCBs to those of total DDT was found to vary with sampling sites. The highest ratio of 500 was found in the water samples of Han River and the lowest in water of Won-chun Reservior. Both industrial and urban waste appear to be responsible for PCBs in the irrigation waters.