흉기 난동 등 소프트타깃 테러 언론보도에 관한 탐색적 연구 : 텍스트마이닝과 사회연결망 분석을 중심으로

정화성,김동훈 한국경호경비학회 2023 시큐리티연구 Vol.- No.76

The recent armed assaults at Sinlim Station and Seohyeon Station have caused significant social shock and repercussions, positioning public safety and national security environments in a state of heightened concern and creating a societal atmosphere of unease. Soft target terrorism, which involves indiscriminate acts against vulnerable civilians, is challenging to predict and prevent, thereby leading to the sacrifice of innocent citizens. This study aims to examine the social discussions and discourses related to soft target terrorism by analyzing 3,689 media reports from May 12, 2023, to August 11, 2023, using text mining and social network analysis techniques. The research identified high-level keywords related to the armed assault incidents, indiscriminate death threats posted in online communities, police responses, and characteristic cluster formation. The findings suggest implications for reinforcing organizations and human resources, enhancing on-site response, strengthening punitive measures for prevention, and implementing legislative reform to prevent soft target terrorism.

Remifentanil 목표농도조절주입 시 목표농도의 종류와 설정 값이 Remifentanil 주입속도와 주입량에 미치는 영향: 시뮬레이션 연구

정화성,김태엽 대한마취통증의학회 2009 Anesthesia and pain medicine Vol.4 No.3

Background: Administration of a rapid or large dose of remifentanil (>1.0μg/kg for 30−60 s) should be avoided due to its association with side effects such as muscle rigidity. The present study determined the infusion rate and dosage of remifentanil administered using target-controlled infusion (TCI) varies with the modality selected and the target concentration. Methods: Data including the age, sex, weight, and height of 10 patients undergoing elective surgery in a university hospital were randomly used for a 3-min simulation of TCI-remifentanil Minto model. In every simulation, TCI targeting both plasma (Cp) and the effect-site (Ce) was performed repeatedly with varying target concentrations (2, 3, 5, 10, and 20 ng/ml). The rate of administration and the cumulative dosages of remifentanil (per min) in all of the TCI simulations were recorded and analyzed. Results: The rates of Ce TCI were significantly greater than those of Cp TCI using the same concentration. The cumulative dosage in the first-minute TCI simulation with Cp 20 ng/ml, and Ce 3, 5, 10, 20 ng/ml exceeded 1.0μg/kg/min. Conclusions: The target concentration and the infusion modality should be selected carefully to avoid rapid infusion and an overdose of remifentanil.

체외순환 없는 관상동맥 우회술에서 혈청 크레아티닌과 트로포닌 I의 관계

정화성,김채선,김태엽 대한마취통증의학회 2009 Anesthesia and pain medicine Vol.4 No.2

Background: Renal dysfunction is an independent risk factor of cardiac dysfunction and one of common complications after cardiac surgery. This study was designed to evaluate the relationship between serum creatinine (s-Cr) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) in off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery (OPCAB). Methods: Data, from 13 patients underwent OPCAB, were analyzed in prospective fashion. The levels of s-Cr and cTnI were evaluated before and after OPCAB. The correlations of s-Cr and TnI were analyzed in the patients with cardiac dysfunction assessed by low cardiac output or stroke volume at end of surgery. Results: Patients with preoperatively elevated s-Cr (female, ≥ 1.2 μg/L; male, ≥ 1.5μg/L) showed higher incidence of elevated s-Cr and elevated cTnI (≥ 0.68μg/L) on arrival at intensive care unit (POD-0), postoperative 12 hours (POD-1) and postoperative 36 hours (POD-2) (P < 0.05). Patients with preoperatively elevated cTnI showed higher incidence of elevated cTnI at POD-0, POD-1 and POD-2 (P < 0.05). In 7 patients with low cardiac index (< 2.0 L/min/m2) or stroke volume index (< 40 mL/beat/m2) at end of surgery, the increases of s-Cr and cTnI showed positive correlation at POD-0, POD-1 and POD-2 (correlation coefficient 0.818, 0.864 and 0.785, respectively). Conclusions: The increases of s-Cr and cTnI showed positive correlation in low cardiac output after OPCAB. The results suggested that elevated s-Cr may be an independent predictor of elevated cTnI representing perioperative myocardial injury.

11권 3 호 부록 ( 3 차 연수강좌 ) : 신생아 마취

정화성 대한마취과학회 1978 연수강좌 Vol.- No.-

Cerebral blood flow change during volatile induction in large-dose sevoflurane versus intravenous propofol induction: transcranial Doppler study

정화성,성태윤,강현,김진선,김태엽 대한마취통증의학회 2014 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.67 No.5

Background: The impact of volatile induction using large-dose sevoflurane (VI-S) on cerebral blood flow has not beenwell investigated. The present study compared the changes in cerebral blood flow of middle cerebral artery using transcranialDoppler (TCD) during VI-S and conventional induction using propofol. Methods: Patients undergoing elective lumbar discectomy were randomly allocated to receive either sevoflurane (8%,Group VI-S, n = 11) or target-controlled infusion of propofol (effect site concentration, 3.0 μg/ml; Group P, n = 11) forinduction of anesthesia. The following data were recorded before and at 1, 2, and 3 min after commencement of anestheticinduction (T0, T1, T2, and T3, respectively): mean velocity of the middle cerebral artery (VMCA) by TCD, meanblood pressure (MBP), heart rate, bispectral index score (BIS) and end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2). Changes in VMCA and MBPfrom their values at T0 (ΔVMCA and ΔMBP) at T1, T2, and T3 were also determined. Results: BISs at T1, T2 and T3 were significantly less than that at T0 in both groups (P < 0.05). ΔVMCA in Group VI-Sat T2 and T3 (18.1% and 12.4%, respectively) were significantly greater than those in Group P (-7.6% and -19.8%, P =0.006 and P < 0.001, respectively), whereas ETCO2 and ΔMBP showed no significant intergroup difference. Conclusions: VI-S using large-dose sevoflurane increases cerebral blood flow resulting in luxury cerebral flow-metabolismmismatch, while conventional propofol induction maintains cerebral flow-metabolism coupling. This mismatch inVI-S may have to be considered in clinical application of VI-S.

연명의료결정에 있어서 사전의료지시에 관한 연구

정화성 중앙대학교 법학연구원 문화.미디어.엔터테인먼트법연구소 2022 문화.미디어.엔터테인먼트 법 Vol.16 No.2

Humans exercise their right to make their own decisions and act accordingly on matters related to their lives in various areas such as life, freedom, and property, which the state guarantees as a law. In this sense, the Life-sustaining Treatment Decision Act institutionalizes the life-sustaining treatment decision of patients on their deathbed so that all citizens can respect the patient's self-determination, guarantee the patient's dignity and value, and finish their lives comfortably. In particular, the patient's right to self-determination is the right to make self-determination without interference from others, and the patient's right to self-determination is the patient's right widely recognized in most medical practices. These patients' right to self-determination is recognized as an important criterion for life-sustaining treatment decisions, and advance directives are the best system to protect patients' right to self-determination. On the other hand, the principle of respecting autonomy should be respected in advance directives, and since it is an important way to confirm the patient's intention, the legal basis for "informed consent" should be prepared and guaranteed. However, advance directives exist in various types, and there is a limit to the method of confirming the patient's intention, so advance directives that meet the procedures and requirements for life-sustaining treatment decisions should be supplemented with a system suitable for reality. 인간은 생명, 자유, 재산 등 다양한 영역에서 자신의 인생과 관련된 문제들에 관하여 스스로 결정하고 그에 따라 행동할 권리를 행사하고, 이는 국가가 법으로써 보장하고 있다. 이러한 의미에서 「연명의료결정법」은 환자의 자기결정을 존중하고 환자의 존엄과 가치를 보장함과 동시에 국민 모두가 인간적인 품위를 지키며 편안하게 삶을 마무리할 수 있도록 임종과정에 있는 환자의 연명의료결정을 제도화한 것이다. 특히, 환자가 다른 사람으로부터 간섭을 받지 아니하며, 스스로 결정할 수 있는 권리가 자기결정권이며, 환자의 자기결정권은 대부분의 의료행위에서 폭넓게 인정되는 환자의 권리이다. 이러한 환자의 자기결정권이 연명의료결정의 중요한 판단기준으로 인정되고 있으며, 이에 사전의료지시는 환자의 자기결정권을 보호할 수 있는 가장 좋은 제도이다. 한편, 사전의료지시는 자율성 존중의 원리가 존중되어야 하며, 환자의 의사를 확인할 수 있는 중요한 방법이기 때문에 ‘충분한 설명을 듣고 난 후의 동의’의 법적 근거를 마련하여 이를 보장하여야 한다. 하지만, 사전의료지시는 다양한 유형으로 존재하면서, 환자의 의사를 확인하는 방식에 한계가 있어 ‘환자의 최선의 이익’을 위해 연명의료결정에 관한 절차와 요건에 맞는 사전의료지시를 현실에 적합한 제도로 보완하여야 한다.

고장성 용액이 심근 수축력에 미치는 영향

정화성 대한마취과학회 1978 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.11 No.4

The influences of osmolarity on the cardiac muscle contraction were investigated in cat papillary muscles. The muscle was immersed in the modified Krebs-Ringer-bicarbonate solutions containing various Ca ion concentrations and osmolarities and the resultant changes in maximum developed tension, rate of development of tension and time to maximum tension were analyzed. Following are the results. 1) Mean length of papillary muscle used was 9.3±0.60mm, end mean cross-sectional area was l. 73±0.07 mm2. Normal contraction amplitude at 5 mM Ca ion-K-R-B solution was 2. 46±0. 1 gram/mm. 2) Within the range of 2.5-10.0 mM Ca ion concentration, the contracrion amplitude increased along with the increment of Ca concentation. 3) Osmolarity exerted dual effects on contraction; within the range of 300-400 mosm/I solution, the hypertonic solution exorted a positive inotropic effect while 500 mOsm/1 solution exerted a negative inotropic effect upon papillary muscle. 4) Maximum rate of tension development increased in 350 m/1 solution, but decreased in 400 mOsm/1 or more hypertonic solution. The time to maximum tension did not change within the range of 300 400 mOsm/1 osmolarity and in 500 mOsm/1 solution. 5) The difference in maxium developed tension between single and paired stimulation was 1. 99 gram/mm' at 300 mOsm/1 solution and was negligible in 450 mOsm/1 or more hypertonic solutions.

해안지역 초등학생을 위한 해양환경교육 프로그램 개발 및 적용

정화성,이정화,정연옥 한국실과교육학회 2010 한국실과교육학회지 Vol.23 No.2

This study was conducted to investigate and analyze the perception of children living in coastal areas about the ocean environment after carrying out education about marine environment, by aiming at the fifth graders in elementary schools located in the coastal areas in Gyeongnam Province. As for the influence of the education about the marine environment on students' perception of the marine environment, the experimental group in the post-test had significant differences in the domains of perception (p<0.01), interest (p<0.001), attitude (p<0.001), function (p<0.01), use (p<0.01) and preservation of the marine environment (p<0.001), compared to the control group, which indicated that the education about the marine environment has positive effects on elementary school students' perception of the ocean. As for the influence of the education about the marine environment on students' perception of the ocean environment according to their gender, male students in the experimental group had higher average values than those in the control group, showing significant differences in the domains of perception (p<0.05), interest (p<0.05), attitude (p<0.001), function (p<0.05) and preservation of the marine environment (p<0.05). Moreover, female students in the experimental group had higher average values than those in the control group, showing significant differences in the domains of perception (p<0.05), interest (p<0.01), attitude (p<0.05), use (p<0.01) and preservation of the marine environment (p<0.01). Consequently, with the results of this study, the education about the marine environment was found to have positive effects on the change of coastal elementary school students' perception, so that it was considered that the education about the marine environment helps children newly perceive the ocean environment and establish right values as well. 본 연구는 경남의 해안지역에 소재하고 있는 초등학교 5학년을 대상으로 해양환경교육을 실시한 후 바다환경에 대한 인식을 조사 분석하였다. 초등학교 정규 교과목 중 과학과 실과, 사회, 미술에서 본 주제와 관련된 내용의 수업 시간과 창의적 재량활동 시간에 해양환경교육을 실시하여 아래와 같은 결과를 얻었다. 해양환경교육을 통한 바다환경에 대한 인식은 실험집단이 통제집단에 비하여 해양환경의 인식(p<0.01), 해양환경의 관심(p<0.001), 해양환경의 태도(p<0.001), 해양환경의 기능(p<0.01), 해양환경의 활용(p<0.01), 해양환경의 보존(p<0.001)에서 유의차가 나타나 해양환경교육이 초등학교 학생들의 바다에 대한 인식에 긍정적인 영향을 미친다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 학생들의 성별에 따른 해양환경교육이 바다환경에 대한 인식 정도는 남학생의 경우 실험집단에서 해양환경의 인식(p<0.05), 해양환경의 관심(p<0.05), 해양환경의 태도(p<0.001), 해양환경의 기능(p<0.05), 해양환경의 보존(p<0.05)에서 통제집단보다 높게 나타났다. 그리고 여학생의 경우도 실험집단에서 해양환경의 인식(p<0.05), 해양환경의 관심(p<0.01), 해양환경의 태도(p<0.05), 해양환경의 활용(p<0.01), 해양환경의 보존(p<0.01) 에서 통제집단보다 높게 나타났다. 따라서 해양환경 교육이 해안지역 초등학생들의 바다환경 인식 변화에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나 바다에 대한 아동들의 새로운 인식과 올바른 가치관 형성에 도움을 주는 것으로 생각되었다.

Diethyl Ether 의 불순물에 관한 연구

정화성 대한마취과학회 1973 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.6 No.2

The impurities of diethyl ether are mainly acetic aldehyde and ether peroxide. Other impurities are sulfuric acid, sulphur dioxide, mercaptane and ethyl ester. It was believed that these impurities are produced during production and storage. When we use ether containing impurities, inhalation of excessive peroxide can cause salivation, profuse bronchial secretion, lung edema and pneumonia. Excessive aldehyde also irritates the mucous membrane and can cause lacrimation, photophobia, conjunctivitis, an oppressive feeling of the chest, severe cough, headache, unconsciousness, bronchitis and pneumonia. It is well known that the deterioration of ether is favoured by contact with air, heat and sunlight. There are two opposite opinions on reuse of ether. Baskerville(1910) claimed that it should not be used for anesthesia twenty-four hours after the container is opened. However Harry and David Gold(1934) showed that, in ordinary anesthetic ether cans which were opened many times and stoppered with cork, the contents remaining pure by very delicate chemical tests for the usual impurities, aldehyde and peroxide, during a period of months. In order to measure the impurities of ether, four brands of ether for anesthesia were randomly selected for analysis. Type of containers and date of production in each group are as follows: Group I: Kong Shin Pharmaceutical Co. LTD., so called Korean made ether, 140 ml in brown, bottle one month old. Group II: May & Baker LTD., made in England, 100g(140 ml)can. Group III: Mallinckrodt Chemical Works, made in U.S.A., ¼lb(113.4 gm) can. Group IV: Showa Co., so called Japan made ether, 160 ml in brown bottle, fourteen months old in three samples and four years and six months old in another three samples, They were analysed by chemical tests for peroxide, aldehyde and acetic acid just after the containers were opened(zero day) and one, two, four, six and eight days later. Ethyl alcohol was analysed by gas chromatography. The results were as follows; Ether peroxide: Threshold limit value for .S.P. is 7. 1 microgram/10 ml ether (0.025 mg of hydrogen peroxide/25 gm ether), In group I and III, they were within this value from zero to eight days but in group II and IV, they exceed this value already on zero day. Aldehyde: Threshold limit value in U.S.P. is 0.007mg/20ml ether(formaldehyde 0.0005%). In group I, there was nothing on zero day but after twenty-four hours it exceed threshold limit value and increased day by day up to eight days. In groups II, III and IV, they exceeded this value already on zero day, and increased day by day up to eight days but were below maximum allowable concentration for U.S.P. Acidity: The incidence was slightly increased day by day up to eight days but all were within normal range. By gas chromatography, analysis showed 4% ethyl alcohol in group III and IV. On the other hand, to ascertain the interrelationship between the production of impurities and the existence of alcohol or H₂O₂ in ether, 3% alcohol(group A), 6% alcohol(group B), H₂O₂ (600 microgramg%)(group Cnd H₂O₂ with 3% alcohol together(group D) were added to ether respectively. In four groups, immediately after one, two, four, six and eight days after the containers were opened, they were analysed for peroxide, aldehyde and acidity. Peroxide: This was increased in all groups just after adding, and increased furthur day by day up to eight days when the increase was marked. Especially in group D, it increased sharply. Aldehyde: It was increased in all groups just after acding, and there after increased or decreased irregularly day by day up to eight days by which time it had increased markedly. Acidity: It was increased in all groups up to one and/or two days, there after decreased day by day up to eight days. However none of the groups exceeded the threshold limit value of 0.4 ml of N/50 NaOH. It was concluded that: 1. Impurities in ether for anesthesia are influenced by type of container for storage, date of its production, and duration after container is opened. 2. Ether for anesthesia should not be us for this purpose, if the original container has been opened longer than twenty four hours. 3. The production of impurities in ether was influenced by the presence of alcohol in ether. 4. It would be better to analyse the ether for impurities by chemical tests prior to clinical use.

생명윤리와 문화에 대한 소고

정화성 ( Hwa Seong Jeong ) 중앙대학교 문화미디어엔터테인먼트법연구소 2015 문화.미디어.엔터테인먼트 법 Vol.9 No.2

오늘날 의·생명과학기술은 급진적으로 발달하게 되었다. 특히 생명의료기술은 인간의 삶과 죽음 사이에 펼쳐지는 생명과 관련된 분야와 연계됨으로써 많은 윤리적 문제를 야기하고 있다. 이렇게 야기된 윤리적 문제는 생명윤리의 탐구를 통해 이를 해결하려고 한다. 이와 같이 생명윤리란 ‘사람이 어떠한 삶을 살고 싶은지’, ‘어떠한 삶을 사회가 제공할 것인가’가 관련되어있기 때문에 문화적 측면의 고려는 당연한 일이다. 또한 생명윤리는 항상 사회나 문화의 차이를 의식할 수밖에 없다. 그렇기 때문에 생명윤리란 용어가 언론을 통해 이슈화되면서 생명윤리에 대한 관심이 높아지게 되었다. 그런 면에서 생식기술, 뇌사와 장기이식, 연명치료중단 등 우리가 직면하고 있는 생명윤리의 문제들은 모두 문화적 측면을 고려해야 한다. 하지만 이러한 필요성에도 불구하고 생명윤리에 대한 문화적 측면을 고려한다는 것이 어떤 의미인지는 알 수 없으며, 단지 문화비교나 문화설명만 이루어지고 있는 것이 현실이다. 한편, 문화는 다양하며 인간의 인식과 가치관은 문화에 따라 다르다. 이러한 점에서 문화상대주의와 문화제국주의의 대립은 기본적으로 문화이해의 본질과 보편적 인간정신의 규명이 가능한가 하는 문제를 둘러싼 이론적 논의의 양상을 띠고 있다. 왜냐하면 각각의 문화는 고유의 가치를 가지고 있으며 그 가치는 다른 문화의 자로 잴 수 없다는 사고가 문화상대주의이고, 이에 대하여 아시아·아프리카 등 제3세계 나라들에게 서양 제국이 말하는 보편적 인권의 사상에 대한 지배문화를 강요하는 것이 문화제국주의이기 때문이다. 또한 문화가 상대적인 것이 사실이라 하더라도 윤리가 상대적인 것을 정당화하는 것은 아니다. 그렇기 때문에 문화상대주의에서 윤리적 상대주의를 분리하는 것도 중요하다. 윤리적 상대주의가 문화상대주의를 배경으로 삼을지라도 윤리적 상대주의를 거부하면서 문화적 상대주의를 인정할 수도 있다. 이러한 배경에서 초문화적 생명윤리가 문화간의 이해를 촉진시킨다. 그러므로 초문화적 생명윤리는 적극적인 측면에서 다른 민족의 문화와 가치를 이해하고 자신들의 가치와 신념체계를 비판적으로 분석하여 특정문화를 벗어나는 보편적인 핵심가치들을 확인하는 것들이 강조되어야만 한다. 그런 이유로 어떤 문화권에서 다른 문화권의 개념을 수용한다 하더라도 이를 내면화하여 그 문화권에서 순기능을 할 수 있도록 하기 위해서는 많은 시간과 노력이 필요하다. These days medical and biological have radically advanced. Especially life-medical technology is in liaison with life which is related with the field of human``s life and death, this brings up many ethical problems. By looking through the research of bioethics, we will try to solve ethical problems which have been brought up. Considering the cultural aspects is natural since bioethics is related with questions such as ``What kind of life does human want to live``, ``What kind of life will society provide``. Also, bioethics has to be always conscious of cultural or social difference. Because of this, the jargon ``bioethics`` has got attention from the public, and interest to bioethics has grown. From this aspect, bioethics problems such as production technique, brain death and organ transplantation, withdrawing life sustaining treatment, and more that we face all need to consider cultural aspects. But even though it is necessary, we still cannot understand the meaning of considering the cultural aspects of bioethics, and just comparison and explanation of culture are being used in reality. Meanwhile, culture is various and, perception and values of human is different following their cultures. From this point, opposition of cultural relativity and cultural imperialism is basically showing theoretical discussion aspect of whether essence of cultural apprehension and universal human mind investigation is possible. Because each culture has their own inherent value and this value cannot be measured is the thinking of cultural relativity, and to this, cultural imperialism emphasizes thoughts of Western dominant culture of universal human right to the Third World such as Asia, Africa and more. Also, even if cultural relativity is true does not necessarily mean that ethics justifies relatives. Thus, it would be important to separate ethical relativity from cultural relativity. Denying ethical relativity while accepting cultural relativity is possible even if ethical relativity comes from cultural relativity background. From these settings, transcultural life-ethics stimulate understandings between different cultures. Transcultural life-ethics should actively emphasize understanding of other nation’s culture and value, and rationally analyzing their own values so that universal core values, transcending from any certain culture, can be recognized. Because of this reason, even if a cultural area accommodates rations of other cultural area, it takes a lot of time and effort to internalize it to do a proper function in that cultural area.