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郭玎燮 부산대사학회 1982 역사와 세계 Vol.- No.6
The 'Teutonic Order was formed to nurse the sick in Acre during the Third Crusade and militarized as a religious order of knights in 1198. The Order's first enterprise started in Hungary in 1211, when king, Andrew Ⅱ, invited a group of the knights to protect his Transylvanian borderland against the Kumans. Being expelled from Hungary in 1225, the Order transferred its theatre of operlation from Transylvania to the Baltic region by the offer of a Polish duke, Conrad of Mazovia who needed help against the pagan Prussians. When Conrad had granted lands around Kulm to the knights of the Teutonic Order for help against Prussian raids on his territory. Grand Master of the Order obtained from Pope Gregorius IX a new privilages as legal basis for the Order's Prussian State. The Teutonic Order which was placed under the supervision of papacy transformed steadly itself from the religous power to a secular one. The Order's secularization seems to be due to the following causes. First, after the Order conquered completely Prussian pagans by 1283, its next main task was the war against the Lithuanians. But the Lithuanian prince, Jagiello's marriage to the Polish queen Jadwiga, in 1386, radically changed the situation. The dynastic union of Poland and Lithuania was the direct result of the aggressive policy of the Order, and the conversion of Lithuanians meant the end of the Baltic Crusades. Anti-German reaction continued to grow in strength among the eastern European peoples. But, since the Teutonic Order was deprived all pretext to levy the volunteer crusades, it had to secure the source for military power through the Baltic trade. Secondly, the conquering and colonizing movement beyond the Elbe spread out in the 12th and 13th centuries. As the Teutonic Knights adopted the systematic policy of the colonization from the end of the 13th century onwards, their income in kind also was greatly on the increase. Meanwhile, since they had need of much money to purchase equipments, robes, provisions and many other necessaries of life, the accumulation of the surplus was a strong stimulus for export. Thirdly, a factor that affected the Order's commercial activities was the transference of the residence of Grand Master from Acre in Palestine to Venice. After Acre fell in 1291, for about twenty years, Venice was his seat up to his transferring to Marienburg, on the Vistula delta. It is expected the the Tetonic Order had learned and gained so much from Venice. Finally, Prussian Hanseatic Towns, centered on Danzig, acted as the natural focuses of the wide-spread Baltic-trading system. That enabled the Teutonic Order itself to enter into the direct commercial relations.