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Kapitza 열저항이 존재하는 나노복합재의 열전도 특성 예측을 위한 순차적 멀티스케일 균질화 해석기법에 관한 연구
신현성,양승화,유수영,장성민,조맹효,Shin, Hyunseong,Yang, Seunghwa,Yu, Suyoung,Chang, Seongmin,Cho, Maenghyo 한국전산구조공학회 2012 한국전산구조공학회논문집 Vol.25 No.4
본 연구에서는 분자동역학 전산모사와 유한요소해석 기반의 균질화 기법을 통해 나노복합재의 열전도 특성을 정확하고 효율적으로 예측할 수 있는 순차적 멀티스케일 균질화 해석기법을 제안하였다. 나노입자의 크기효과가 나노복합재의 유효 열전도 특성에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 크기가 다른 구형 나노입자가 첨가된 나노복합재의 열전도 계수를 분자동역학 전산모사를 통해 예측했고, 그 결과 나노입자의 크기가 작아질수록 계면에서의 Kapitza열저항에 의해 나노복합재의 열전도 계수가 점차 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 나노입자의 크기효과를 균질화 해석모델을 통해 정확하게 묘사하기 위해 Kapitza 열저항에 의한 계면에서의 온도 불연속 구간과 고분자 기지가 높은 밀도를 가지며 흡착되는 유효계면을 추가적인 상으로 도입하여 나노복합재를 입자, Kapitza 계면, 유효계면, 기지로 구성된 4상의 연속체 구조로 모델링하였다. 이후 순차적 멀티스케일 균질화 해석기법을 통해 유효계면의 열전도 계수를 나노복합재의 열전도 계수로부터 역으로 예측했으며, 이를 입자의 반경에 대한 함수로 근사하였다. 근사 함수를 토대로 다양한 입자 체적분율과 반경에 대한 나노복합재의 유효 열전도 특성을 예측하였으며, 유효계면에 대한 매개변수 연구를 수행하였다. In this study, a sequential multiscale homogenization method to characterize the effective thermal conductivity of nano particulate polymer nanocomposites is proposed through a molecular dynamics(MD) simulations and a finite element-based homogenization method. The thermal conductivity of the nanocomposites embedding different-sized nanoparticles at a fixed volume fraction of 5.8% are obtained from MD simulations. Due to the Kapitza thermal resistance, the thermal conductivity of the nanocomposites decreases as the size of the embedded nanoparticle decreases. In order to describe the nanoparticle size effect using the homogenization method with accuracy, the Kapitza interface in which the temperature discontinuity condition appears and the effective interphase zone formed by highly densified matrix polymer are modeled as independent phases that constitutes the nanocomposites microstructure, thus, the overall nanocomposites domain is modeled as a four-phase structure consists of the nanoparticle, Kapitza interface, effective interphase, and polymer matrix. The thermal conductivity of the effective interphase is inversely predicted from the thermal conductivity of the nanocomposites through the multiscale homogenization method, then, exponentially fitted to a function of the particle radius. Using the multiscale homogenization method, the thermal conductivities of the nanocomposites at various particle radii and volume fractions are obtained, and parametric studies are conducted to examine the effect of the effective interphase on the overall thermal conductivity of the nanocomposites.
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신현성,이민웅 한국미생물학회 1986 미생물학회지 Vol.24 No.2
Interrelation between environmental influences on soil microorganisms and it's effect on disease development in ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) field were studied to obtain a preventive measures against the root rot of ginseng caused by soil-borne pathogens in soil in three major Korean ginseng producing areas such as Kumsan, Goesan and Poonggi. Populations of actinomycetes were relatively high in fall season from September to November. Their numbers were highly populated in healthy plot in field than replanted disease field of ginseng, whereas ratio of Trichoderma spp to actinomycetes increased in healthy plot of field indicating the higher numbers of Trichoderma spp pressented in healthy plot field. The numbers of propagules of Trichoderma spp generally increased in early summer through early fall season. Their numbers were also highly populated in the healthy plot of fields. The contents of organic matter and phosphate in healthy plot of field were somewhat high, and phophate/organic matter ratio and Mg content were high in diseased replanted field. All of the soil samples showed a weak acidic pH from 4.5 to 4.7. Soilmoisture content was increased during winter season and it did not show any significant changes curing the growing period, showing 24.6% in healthy plot in field and 19.5% in deseased plot in field respectively. Soil temperature was highest in July and August and lowest in January and February.
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李敏雄,申鉉成 忠南大學校 環境問題硏究所 1995 環境硏究 Vol.3 No.2
The Correlations between environmental influences on microorganisms in soil and its effects on dis- ease development in ginseng field were studied to obtain some useful data for increasing ginseng produc- tion and effective preventive measures against the root rot caused by soil-borne plant pathogenic micor- organisms in soil. The diseased replanted ginseng fields were selected as the diseased field and the healthy plot in first planted field selected as control in three major Korean ginseng producing areas such as Kum- san, Goesan and Poonggi. The physicochemical characteristics of the soil were analyzed, and micororganism suspectable for root rot ginseng, and other general bacteria were investigated for their population density in various soil conditions. Correlations between soil microbial populations, environmental factors were investigat- ed. The results were as follows: 1. The numbers of fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. were abundant in fall season in healthy first planted field and abundant in hot summer season in the diseased replanted field. In comparison of the rela- tive ratio of the fluorescent pseudomonas spp. in replanted field to healthy field in three areas, the number of fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. were 1.1 to 3.8 times higher in replanted field, and also in ratio of fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. to total bacteria, the numbers of fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. populated in replanted field were 1.3 to 4.9 times higher. Those bacterial cells were highly populated in 10-15 ㎝ depthof rhizosphere of ginseng. 2. The numbers of Erwinia spp. were significantly high in spring and fall in Kumsan and Poonggi. In comparison of the relative ratio of Erwinia spp. in replanted field to healthy field in two areas, the numbers of Erwinia spp. were 2.6 to 4.8 times higher in replanted field, and the numbers of Er- winia spp. relative to total bacteria were 3 to 5 times higher in replanted field than first planted field. In comparison of the relative ratioof Erwinia spp. to fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. in first planted fields of two areas, the range of ratio of two different genus of bacteria was 2.5 : &, which was highly discrepant, on the other hand the ratio in replanted field was 6 : 9, which was very close between the two different genus of bacteria. 3. The numbers of total bacteria in each sampled soil were all high in June through September. There was no significant difference in the vertical distributions of total bacteria according to the depth. There was no significant difference between healthy first planted field and diseased replanted field, in the numbers of total bacteria. 4. The contents of organic matters and phosphate in healthy first planted field were somewhat high, and Phophate / Organic matter ratio and Mg content were high in diseased replanted field. All of the soil samples showed a weak acidic pH of 4.5 to 5.7. Soil moisture content was increased during winter and did not show any significant changes during the growing periods, showing 24.6% in heal- thy first planted field and 19.5% in diseased replanted field respectively. Soil temperature was high- est in July and August and lowest in January and February. The Correlations between environmental influences on microorganisms in soil and its effects on disease development in ginseng field were studied to obtain some useful data for increasing ginseng production and effective preventive measures against the root rot caused by soil-borne plant pathogenic micororganisms in soil. The diseased replanted ginseng fields were selected as the diseased field and the healthy plot in first planted field selected as control in three major Korean ginseng producing areas such as Kumsan, Goesan and Poonggi. The physicochemical characteristics of the soil were analyzed, and micororganism suspectable for root rot ginseng, and other general bacteria were investigated for their population density in various soil conditions. Correlations between soil microbial populations, environmental factors were investigated. The results were as follows: 1. The numbers of fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. were abundant in fall season in healthy first planted field and abundant in hot summer season in the diseased replanted field. In comparison of the relative ratio of the fluorescent pseudomonas spp. in replanted field to healthy field in three areas, the number of fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. were 1.1 to 3.8 times higher in replanted field, and also in ratio of fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. to total bacteria, the numbers of fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. populated in replanted field were 1.3 to 4.9 times higher. Those bacterial cells were highly populated in 10-15 ㎝ depth of rhizosphere of ginseng. 2. The numbers of Erwinia spp. were significantly high in spring and fall in Kumsan and Poonggi. In comparison of the relative ratio of Erwinia spp. in replanted field to healthy field in two areas, the numbers of Erwinia spp. were 2.6 to 4.8 times higher in replanted field, and the numbers of Erwinia spp. relative to total bacteria were 3 to 5 times higher in replanted field than first planted field. In comparison of the relative ratio of Erwinia spp. to fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. in first planted fields of two areas, the range of ratio of two different genus of bacteria was 2.5 : &, which was highly discrepant, on the other hand the ratio in replanted field was 6 : 9, which was very close between the two different genus of bacteria. 3. The numbers of total bacteria in each sampled soil were all high in June through September. There was no significant difference in the vertical distributions of total bacteria according to the depth. There was no significant difference between healthy first planted field and diseased replanted field, in the numbers of total bacteria. 4. The contents of organic matters and phosphate in healthy first planted field were somewhat high, and Phophate / Organic matter ratio and Mg content were high in diseased replanted field. All of the soil samples showed a weak acidic pH of 4.5 to 5.7. Soil moisture content was increased during winter and did not show any significant changes during the growing periods, showing 24.6% in heal- thy first planted field and 19.5% in diseased replanted field respectively. Soil temperature was high- est in July and August and lowest in January and February.
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申鉉成,李敏雄 동국대학교 농림과학연구소 1986 農林科學 論文集 Vol.10 No.-
本 硏究는 土壤微生物과 土壤環境에 의해 發生되는 人蔘 (panax ginseng C.A. Meyer)의 根腐病을 효율적으로 防除하고 또한 이들 病原을 효과적으로 改善, 變化시키므로 人蔘增産을 시도해보고져하였다. 土壤은 우리나라 주요 人蔘栽培地인 錦山, 槐山, 豊基등의 再作罹病圃와 初作健蔘圃場에서 採取하고 이들 土壤의 物理化學的 性質을 조사하였다. 錦山은 土壤型에 있어서 두 土壤條件 사이에 큰 차이가 없고, 土性은 시르트 質壤土 이었다. 槐山은 健全地에서 Ca, Mg의 含量과 砂土量이 적으나, 有機物, 燐酸, 粘土量은 높으며, 健全地 土性은 시르트埴壤土이나 罹病地는 시르트質壤土이었다. 豊基는 健全地에서 K, Mg, 粘土量이 적고 반대로 砂土와 시르트量이 많으나 기타에 성질은차이가 없었다. 3個地域의 罹病地의 健全地 사이에 土壤化學成分의 量을 比로 비교하면 3지역 모두에서 K/유기물, Ca/유기물, Mg/유기물, P_2O_5/유기물, K+Ca/유기물, K+Ca+Mg/유기물의 比는 모두 健全地에 그 量이 높게 함유되었다. 또한 K/Mg, Ca/Mg, P_2O_5/Mg의 比는 錦山과 豊基地域의 健全地에 그 함량이 높으나 塊山은 반대로 罹病地에 그 함량이 높았다. 土壤溫度는 3地域에서 11月 부터 2月 까지 사이에 크게 낮아졌으며 7, 8月 사이에는 높아져서 20-25℃가 되었다. 土壤水分은 큰 차이가 없으나 初作健蔘圃는 24.6%, 罹病地는 19.5%의 平均的인 차이가 있었다. 土壤酸度는 4.5∼5.7 범위에 속하는 弱酸性 土壤이었다. In this study we aimed to obtain an effective control measure against root rot caused by soil microorganisms and soil conditions, and also to increase ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) yield by eliminating the causative factors in that soil environments in three major korean ginseng producing areas such as Gumsan, Goesan, and Poonggi. The Physicochemical characteristics of the soil were analyzed in two different soil conditions like diseased and healthy plot of fields. Soil type of two soil conditions in Gumsan was similar in their properties, and textural class was silt loam. The contents of K, Mg, and clay were low in healthy plot in Poonggi, on the contrary the contents of sands and silt were high in healthy plot of soil. the textural class was wilt loam in two soil. In Goesan area, the contents of Ca, Mg, and sand were low in healthy plot, but the contents of organic matter, P_2O_5, and clay were high in diseased plot. The textural class in diseased plot was silt loam, and on the other hand healthy plot of soil was silt clay loam. In comparison of the ratio of inorganic material between diseased and healthy plot the value of K/Organic matter, Ca/organic matter, Mg/organic matter, P/organic matter, K+Ca/organic matter, and K-Ca-Mg/organic matter were positively high in healthy plot of three soil conditions. The values of K/Mg, Ca/Mg, P/Mg and K+Ca/Mg were also positively high in healthy plot of Gumsan and Poonggi except Goesan. The soil temperature was becoming decreased from November to Feburary and it was highest in July and August ranging 20-25℃. Soil moisture content was increased during the winter and it was not showed any significant changes during the growing season, showing 24.6% in healthy plot and 19.5% in diseased plot by mean number respectively. All the soil samples showed a weakly acidic pH of 4.5 to 5.7.
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