최적설계 관점에서의 설계 소프트웨어 성능 비교에 관한 연구

홍을표,박철민,박경진,Hong, Eul-Pyo,Park, Cheol-Min,Park, Gyeong-Jin 대한기계학회 2002 大韓機械學會論文集A Vol.26 No.1

Analysis technology is widely accepted and quite popular these days. Incorporation of the analysis result into design process is a key factor for the success of the analysis area. A few design software products have been commercialized. Generally, they are trying to make an interface between various design methods and analysis software. Optimization is a representative design method. The products are investigated and compared for the aspects of user convenience and algorithm performance. A few popular products are selected. Graphic user interface (GU) is compared for the function and efficiency. The performances of the optimization algorithms are tested by mathematical and engineering examples. The results are discussed.

동적 특성을 고려한 휴머노이드 하체 부품의 구조최적설계

홍을표(Eul-Pyo Hong),이일권(Il-Kwon Lee),유범재(Bum-Jae You),김창환(Chang-Hwan Kim),박경진(Gyung-Jin Park) 대한기계학회 2008 大韓機械學會論文集A Vol.32 No.10

A humanoid is a robot with its overall appearance based on that of the human body. When the humanoid moves or walks, dynamic forces act on the body structure. Although the humanoid keeps the balance by using a precise control, the dynamic forces generate unexpected deformation or vibration and cause difficulties on the control. Generally, the structure of the humanoid is designed by the designer’s experience and intuition. Then the structure can be excessively heavy or fragile. A humanoid design scenario for a systematic design is proposed to reduce the weight of the structure while sufficient strength is kept. Lower parts of the humanoid are selected to apply the proposed design scenario. Multi-body dynamics is employed to calculate the external dynamic forces on the parts and structural optimization is carried out to design the lower parts. Because structural optimization using dynamic forces directly is fairly difficult, linear dynamic response structural optimization using equivalent static loads is utilized. Topology and shape optimizations are adopted for two steps of initial and detailed designs, respectively. Various commercial software systems are used for analysis and optimization. Improved designs are obtained and the design results are discussed.

조선후기 척계광의 戰法에 대한 논의

홍을표(Hong Eul-pyo) 한일관계사학회 2013 한일관계사연구 Vol.44 No.-

임진왜란의 참화를 당하여 왜군들에게 연전연패했던 조선 사람들은 평양성 탈환작전에서 보여 준 명나라 군대의 원앙진 전법에 매료되었다. 그래서 국왕의 명으로 중국에 사람을 보내 『紀效新書』를 구입해 오는 한편 명나라 진영을 찾아가 자문을 구하는 등 다각적인 노력을 기울이며 척계광 전법을 조선군의 훈련교리로 삼았다. 그러나 병자호란 때 패전하자 이에 대한 찬반양론이 대두되었다. 그 가운데 한 사람인 안명노는 척법에 대한 문제점을 발견하고 『演機新編』을 저술하여 五衛陣法으로 회귀하자고 주장하였으나, 宋奎斌은 척계광이 ?鎭에서 성공적으로 오랑캐의 침입을 방어했던 예를 들며 그의 전법은 南倭北虜를 막론하고 유용하게 쓸 수 있다고 하였다. 한 가지 전법을 놓고 의견이 상반된 원인은 팔진법이나 육화진법의 실체를 알 수 없었기 때문이다. 그러나 원앙진을 만든 척계광은 자신의 전법도 팔진법과 육화진에서 나온 것이라고 하였다. 그렇다면 팔진의 실체는 무엇인가? 팔진은 正兵4명과 奇兵4명으로 구성된 8명을 1명이 지휘하였기에 1隊는 9명으로 구성되었다. 그래서 九井法에서 나왔다고 하였다. 조선의 오위진법은 이 팔진법을 답습한 것이다. 육화진은 팔진에서 각 1명씩 축소시켜 正兵3명에 奇兵3명으로 구성한 6명을 1명의 隊長이 지휘하였기에 1대는 7명으로 구성하였다. 원앙진은 팔진에서 4명으로 편성한 正兵에 1명을 추가시켜 5명으로 구성하고, 奇兵역시 4명에 1명을 추가시켜 5명으로 구성된 10명을 1명이 지휘했다. 그래서 1隊는 11명으로 구성하였다. 이렇게 분석해 보면 팔진?육화진?원앙진 등은 모두 같은 원리를 갖고 있음을 확인해 볼 수 있다. 조선의 오위진법은 외형적인 형식만을 추구하였기에 圓?方?曲?直?銳의 다섯 가지 변화를 제시해 놓았으나 本陣은 변화할 수 없는 營陣의 형태를 갖고 있었다. 그래서 실전에서 활용하기 어려웠다. 안명노는 병학에 관심이 많았지만 실전 경험이 없었기에 독창적인 견해보다는 중국 측 문헌에 의존하여 『演機新編』을 저술하였다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 반면에 송규빈은 50여 년간 군문에 몸을 담았던 武人이었다. 그는 척계광이 南倭北虜에 따라 전법을 달리 적용했던 이치를 파악하고 이를 응용하여 劒車와 常勝陣을 구상하였다. 조선 시대에는 진법에 대하여 논의한 인물들이 적지 않았으나 대부분 병법에 정통하지 못하였기에 외형적인 면만 갖고 토론하였다. 그래서 임진왜란이 일어나자 서둘러 척계광의 원앙진을 도입하였다가 병자호란을 당하고 나서는 다시 오위진법으로 회귀하자고 주장하였다. 그러나 대부분 구체적인 방안을 제시하지 못하였는데 후기에 이르러 안명노나 송규빈에 의해 본격적인 연구가 진행되었다.

학술논문 : 일반논문 ; 제갈량 팔진법(八陣法)의 탐구

홍을표 ( Eul Pyo Hong ) 한국군사학회 2011 군사논단 Vol.65 No.-

It was reportedly said that Zhu ge liang, renowned for Bai zhen fa(八陣法), left the principle of Zhen fa by setting up Bai zhen(八陣)`s Lei shi(壘石)s in Mian yang(沔陽), Xin du(新都), Yufu(魚腹), Nan shi(南市) and others. After Zhu ge liang`s death, there were some people, rendering distinguished military services by using Bai zhen fa(八陣法), like Ma long(馬隆) in the Qin(晉) era and Li jing(李靖) in the Tang(唐) era, but the secret method reportedly passed out of history since the Tang(唐) age. Lan zhang(藍章), Long zheng(龍正) and others in the Ming-dynasty period grasped the principles of Bai zhen fa(八陣法) through a close study on 64 Lei shi(壘石)s and 24 stones installed at Nan jiang yi li(南江一里)`s Yu fu tan(魚腹灘), Qu tang xia(瞿塘峽), Kui zhou(夔州), wrote Bai zhen he bian tu shuo(八陣合變圖說) and handed it down to posterity. Their study shows that Bai zhen(八陣) is made up of the heaven(天), the earth(地), the wind (風), clouds(雲), dragons(龍), tigers(虎), birds(鳥) and snakes(蛇) and these include military units of crashing(衝), balancing(衡), an axis(軸), the wind(風), a cloud(雲) and wandering(遊). According to it, the crashing(衝) unit penetrates into an enemy camp using crashing or homed battle wagons, the balancing unit lengthens the battle lines in extended order from side to side and the axis unit checks the enemy. The wind and the cloud units attack the enemy from both sides or block the rear and the wandering unit carries out mobile operations. Bai zhen fa(八陣法) has the enemy destroyed by a variety of shifts applying the principle of a net and a trap. An example: In mountains operations, Xun wu(荀吳) won the victory owing to throwing away battle wagons, but Ma long(馬隆) could succeed by using them. Zhen fa(陣法) has 2 good points. One is the effect of the battle on exterminating the enemy in the unforeseen ways and the other is the effect of training and education for the soldiers to train skillfully for operating Zhen fa(陣法). For this reason, we can say that the troops trained to the degree of operating Zhen fa(陣法) at will become a crack unit.

조선(朝鮮) 중기(中期) 안명노(安命老)의 팔진도(八陣圖) 분석(分析) - 『연기신편(演機新編)』을 중심으로-

洪乙杓 ( Hong Eul Pyo ) 중국사학회 2020 中國史硏究 Vol.0 No.127

The military training system in the early Joseon Dynasty was Oh-yu-jin-bup, but the king Sunjo, who saw the Nam-byoung’s involvement in the battle of the Castle Pyong-yang of the Im-jin-wae-lan, Im-jin War), replaced them with the tactics of the "Ki-hyo-shin-seo" written by Chuck Gye-gwang to train their soilders. However, the Joseon Army, trained by the Chuck Gye-gwang’s system, did not prevent the invasion of the Chung's army during the Byeong-ja-ho-lan(Byeong-ja-War), causing controversy over the training system. One of them, An-Myeong-ro(1620-?), Thought that there was a serious problem with the training system of the Joseon army. He pointed out the problem of the Chuck Gye-gwang’s tactics with his book “Yeon-ki-shin-pyeon,” and insisted on training with the Oh-yu-jin-bup method in the early Joseon Dynasty. However, his proposal was not adopted due to the indifference of the Byeongjo, the Ministry of National Defense) and the opposition of the political parties. He was exiled to province and died on April 24, 1680. This is a thesis that studied battle formation, especially Paljindo, among the Yeon-ki-shin-pyeon written by An-Myeong-ro. This article clarifies the error of Pung-hu’s “Ak-gi-gyeong” claimed by Ahn Myeong-ro, and considers whether the previous criticism of Pal-jin-do was properly made. In addition, this article analyzes the Je-gal-lyang’s Pal-jin-do drawn by Ahn Myeong-ro and studied its meaning and effectiveness as follows. First, it was confirmed that the error of Pung-hu’s Ak-gi-gyeong claimed by An-Myeong-ro, has been controversy from the past, does not exist. the “Ak-gi-gyeong”, which is passed down to modern times, is the Pal-jin-do tactic left by the dead Je-gal-lyang. It contains a poem that praises Ak-gi-gyeong by Seo-jin's master General Ma-lyung, who conquered Seo-lyang. From his achievements in his excellent Pal-jin tactics, it is hard to see any errors in the “Ak-gi-gyeong” he praised. According to my research, 384 letters of “Ak-gi-gyeong” contain sentences that have been interpreted in posterity. However, as it is an essential sentence for understanding, it could not be regarded as an error as An-Myeong-ro claimed. Second, An-Myeong-ro's criticism of the Pal-jin-do, drawn by previous tacticians, was analyzed to be valid. It is natural that An-Myeong-ro, who studied this field thoroughly, pointed out that the Pal-jin-do presented by non-professionals, such as Lee-jeon and Jang-yeop, have already been proved to be false by the Jo-bon-hak or Wang-myeong-hak of the Ming Dynasty. Third, it was confirmed that Je-gal-lyang’s Pal-jin-do, which he drew, was not drawn as a curiosity or a hobby, but strictly adhered to the contents of Ak-gi-gyeong, deploying troops and commanders, and schematizing change and flexibility to realize the theory that “Everywhere becomes the head, and everywhere becomes the tail, so wherever the enemy meets becomes the front.” In addition, looking at the middle volume which summarizes the books of the previous wars, and lower volume containing Cheon-mun, Tae-eul, Ki-mun-dun-gab, etc., it was found that he had all the knowledge that a war researcher should possess. In particular, looking at the lower volume, it was found that his tactic was not merely a schematic, but was written with the principles of Yeok-hak(易學), Eum-yang-o-haeng, Ki-mun-dun -gab. Indeed, An-Myeong-ro was a man with military talent. In particular, if you read "Yeon-ki-shin-pyeon", you can see that he wrote with all his heart with concern for national defense and national security. However, there are some part to complement. Ahn Myeong-ro's “Yeon-ki-shin-pyeon” can be said to be a great masterpiece, but he focused too much on defenses and did not mention how to switch to an attack. This seems to be the limit he had as a civil minister. The victory or defeat of a war is determined by its strong attack power. The defense, no matter how good it is, can’t destroy the enemy but only stops the attack, and the enemy that has not been exterminated can re-attack us at any time. Therefore, since it was An-myeong-ro who devoted himself to the perfect reproduction of Pal-jin-do, I think it would have been a better tactic if he had added here Chuck Gye-gwang‘s Won-An-Jin to change the attack strategy. Even if “Ak-gi-gyeong” or Pal-jin-do is an old method of the past, research and development of it would be quite helpful for national defense.

논문(論文) : 기자조선에 대한 문헌적 분석

홍을표 ( Eul Pyo Hong ) 강원대학교 사학회 2011 江原史學 Vol.0 No.25

기자조선의 실존여부는 시대의 필요에 따라 상반된 주장과 인식이 있어왔다. 이러한 현상은 오늘날에도 달라지지 않고 동북공정(東北工程)을 진행중인 중국에서는 ``한민족(韓民族)은 기자조선과 고구려를 도용해 갔다``는 논리까지 전개시키고 있다. 그 주장대로 과연 우리가 기자조선을 도용해 갔는지, 그리고 기자조선은 실존했는지를 확인해 보기 위하여 먼저 중국 측 문헌에 있는 기자와 관련된 내용들을 다음과 같이 분석해 봤다. 첫째, 중국 25사(史) 중에서 기자조선과 가장 근접한 시기에 저술된 『사기(史記)』는 어느 곳에도 ``기자조선(箕子朝鮮)``이란 문구를 찾아 볼 수 없었다. 다만 <세가(世家)>38권, <송미자세가(宋微子世家)>제8에 "기자를 조정에서 봉하였으나 고결하여 신하가 되지 않았다(乃封箕子於朝鮮而不臣也)"라는 구절이 있다. 기자조선 설은 이것을 ``기자를 조선에 봉하고 신하로 삼지 않았다(乃封, 箕子於朝鮮, 而不臣也)``로 해석하여 발생되었을 것으로 보인다. 그러나 ``기자를 조정에서 봉하였으나 고결하여 신하가 되지 않았다(乃封, 箕子於朝, 鮮而不臣也)``라고 표점하여 해석하면 기자와 조선은 상관없는 기록이 된다. 뿐만 아니라 ``기자를 조선에 봉하였으나 신하가 되지 않았다(乃封, 箕子於朝鮮, 而不臣也)``로 해석하더라도 기자는 무왕(武王)의 신하가 되는 것을 거부했기에 조선에 봉해지지 않았다는 뜻이 된다. 이것을 입증할 수 있는 기록이 다음과 같은 『사기』의 글에서 찾아 볼 수 있었다. ① 기자가 폐허가 된은의 옛 도읍지를 지나가며 보리의 시(麥秀之詩)를 읊었다는 기록. ② 주무왕(周武王)이 재위 2년 되는 해에 기자를 만나 얘기한 일. ③ 주공(周公)이 당숙우(唐叔虞)를 진(晉)에 책봉한 것을 기자가 논평한 기록 등으로, 이때 기자는 조선이 아닌 중국에 거주하고 있었다는 것을 입증할 수 있었다. 둘째, 『한서(漢書)』등을 비롯한 이후의 중국 사서들은 대부분 기자조선을 기정사실로 기록하고 있지만 『한서』를 주석한 안사고(顔師古)는 기자조선설에 부정적인 입장을 밝히고 있었다. 셋째, 『역경(易經)』은 기자의 정명(貞明)이니 명이(明夷)니 하며 기자(箕子)에 대하여 적지 않은 논의를 하고 있지만 기자가 조선에 갔다는 내용은 단한 구절도 없다. 단지 후세에 이것을 주석한 인물들이 기자동래설을 주장하고 있었다. 공자가 동이 땅에 가서 살고 싶어 했다는 설도 있지만 『논어(論語)』의 본문에는 동이(東夷)가 아닌 구이(九夷)라 되어 있다. 동이(東夷)란 한반도를 가리킬 수 있지만 구이(九夷)는 여러 오랑캐를 총칭한 대명사로 한반도와는 관련이 적다. 그래서 공자가 동이 땅에 살고 싶어 했다는 말은 잘못지어진 설이라는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 넷째, 箕子의 姓은 ``子``씨이고, 조선 왕들의 성은 ``箕``씨였으니, 기자와 조선은 서로 연계될 수가 없었다. 기자조선을 부정하는 견해는 송(宋)의 소식(蘇軾)과 조여모(趙汝謀), 명(明)의 마명형(馬明衡), 청(淸)의 호위(胡渭)와 계방(桂芳) 등이 쓴 글에서도 찾아볼 수 있었다. 기자로부터 3000여년이 흘러 내려온 지금 그의 정확한 행적을 파악하기는 불가능할 것이다. 그러나 중국문헌들을 검토해 본 결과 기자동래설이 사실이 아니었다는 기록을 여러 곳에서 확인할 수 있었다. There have been conflicting argument and awareness whether Gija Josun(箕子 朝鮮) existed or not according to the requirement of the times. This phenomenon has not changed up to date and China carrying on a five-year research program on Northeast Asia(東北工程) is even setting out a logical argument, "The Korea people stole Gija Josun and Goguryeo." To ascertain whether we really stole Gija Josun as they alleged and Gija Josun existed or not, I firstly analysed the related contents to Gija in Chinese literatures as follows. First, I couldn``t find out any phrase of ``Gija Josun(箕子朝鮮)`` in "Shi ji(史記)" written at the nearest time to the Gija Josun period in the Chinese 25 histories. But there is a sentence, "Appointing Gija in government, but he didn``t become a retainer for his nobility(乃封箕子於朝鮮而不臣也)." at chapter 8 of Song wei zi shi jia(宋微子世家) in the 38th volume of Shi jia(世家). This view about Gija Josun seems to come from construing that sentence as the meaning, "Appointing Gija to Josun and not making him a retainer(乃封, 箕子於朝鮮, 而不臣也)." But if we add some commas and interpret it as the meaning, "Appointing Gija in government, but he didt``t become a retainer for his nobility(乃封, 箕子於朝, 鮮而 不臣也)." Gija and Josun become completely unconnected records. In addition, even construing it as the meaning, "Appointing Gija to Josun, but not being a retainer(乃封, 箕子於朝鮮, 而不臣也)", it means that Gija refused to be a Wu wang(武王)``s retainer, so he wasn``t appointed to Josun. The records to prove this view could be found from the contents of "Shi ji(史記)" as follows. Through ① the records that Gija recited a poem of Mai xiu(麥秀之詩) as passing the old capital of Yin(殷) in ruins, ②the matter that Zhou wu wang(周武王) met Gija to go over something after a reign of 2 years and ③the records for Gija to make a comment on the thing that Zhou gong(周公) installed Tang shu yi(唐叔虞) in Jin(晉), it is possible to prove that Gija lived not in Josun, but in China at that time. Second, Gija Josun was written as an established fact in most Chinese history books including "Han shu(漢書)" and others after that time, but Yan shi gu(顔師 古) annotating "Han shi(漢書)" was defining his negative position on the Gija Josun view. Third, there are not a few discussions on Gija in "The Book of Changes(易經)" such as referring to Gija``s Zhen ming(貞明) or Ming yi(明夷), but there isn``t any phrase that Gija went to Josun. Only people commenting on it on posterity assert the view that Gija went east and became a king of Josun(箕子東來說). There is a saying that Confucius wanted to go to the Dong yi(東夷) territory and live there, but the recorded is not Dong yi(東夷) but Jiu yi(九夷) on the text of "The Analects of Confucious(論語)". Dong yi(東夷) refers to the Korean Peninsula, but Jiu yi(九夷) is little related to it as the general byword for the various barbarians . Therefore, I could check the fact that the saying, "Confucius wanted to live in the territory of Dong yi(東夷)" was a view made by mistake. Fourth, the family name of Gija is "Zi(子)" but the one of Josun royalties is "Ji(箕)", so Gija is nothing to do with Josun. The opinions denying Gija Josun could be found in writings Song``s Su shi(蘇 軾) and Zhao ru mo(趙汝謀), Ming``s Ma mang heng(馬明衡) and Qing``s Hu wei (胡渭) and Gu1 fang(桂芳) wrote. It would be impossible to search out Gija``s exact past when 3,000 years went by after his life. But I could check that the view for Gija to go east and be a king of Josun(箕子東來說) was not true on investigation into Chinese documents.

조선본 『기효신서(紀效新書)』에 수록된 팔진도 분석

홍을표(Hong, Eul-Pyo) 국방부 군사편찬연구소 2015 군사 Vol.- No.94

고대 陣法의 원리

洪乙杓(Hong, Eul-pyo) 국방부 군사편찬연구소 2010 군사 Vol.- No.75

동적 특성을 고려한 휴머노이드 펠비스의 구조최적설계

홍을표(Eul-Pyo Hong),유범재(Bum-Jae You),김창환(Chang-Hwan Kim),박경진(Gyung-Jin Park) 대한기계학회 2007 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회 Vol.2007 No.5

Biped humanoids maintain their stability through precise controls during locomotion or operation. Dynamic forces are applied to the humanoid structure during locomotion or operation. If the humanoid has weakness from a structural viewpoint, these forces cause severe deformation or vibration of the structure, which can make the humanoid unstable. In this research, a design scenario is proposed to design a robust humanoid structure under the dynamic loads. The pelvis part is selected for design practice. Multibody dynamics is adopted to calculate the dynamic loads and a structural optimization technique is employed to design the pelvis structures. Since it is extremly difficult to directly consider the dynamic loads in the optimization process, equivalent static loads are evaluated from the dynamic loads and the design results are discussed.

명나라 후기 척계광의 `원앙진`과 팔진 원리

홍을표(Hong, Eul-pyo) 국방부 군사편찬연구소 2012 군사 Vol.- No.84

The reason to devise excellent zhenf?(dispositions of troops) on the ancient battlefields was that it was one of the last means to determine victories in war. So zhenf? appeared at the time of the critical moment of life and death. For a while, Yu?ny?ngzhen had been considered different from the ancient B?izhenf? but the analysis of its composition principles shows that it was made by applying B?izhenf?"s principles. The functions of Ch?ng(a spear), Heng(balance), Zhou(the axis), F?ng(wind), Yun(cloud) and Youb?ng(a drifting weapon) in B?izhen were also applied to Yu?ny?ngzhen. Namely, Pai(a shield) had Zhou(the axis)"s, Langxi?n(a spear with some blades) had Heng(balance)"s, Qi?ng(aspear) had Ch?ng(aspear)"s, D?ng(a trident) had F?ngYun(wind and cloud)"s and Hu?qi?ng(a burning spear) had Youb?ng(a drifting weapon)"s functions and the fighting principle that two lines cooperate closely with each other was the same that Qib?ng and Zh?ngb?ng acted in concert. If the principles of B?izhen and Yu?ny?ngzhen were the same, there would be a high chance that B?izhenf? used by Zh?g?Liang was not Fangzhen(a square formation) for the large army but tactics for the small one like Yu?ny?ngzhen. From these, we could find that the principles to compose zhenf? were the same throughout history. Accordingly, the principles organizing battle units, forming zhen, operating Qizh?ng according to attack and defense, changing properly depending on situations and attacking suddenly or shockingly would remain unchanged in the future. Therefore, like the way that Q?jiGu?ng made Yu?ny?ngzhen using the inner principles without being obsessed with the fixed outward forms, which ancients sought, as calling them Fangzhen(asquare),Yuanzhen(acircle)andthelike,ifwestudyon the principles of ancient Zhenf?, we could also search for not a few lessons for the modern or future battles.