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박용주 동아시아불교문화학회 2014 동아시아불교문화 Vol.0 No.18
The Mūlamadhyamakakārikā(MMK) is Nagarjuna's best known work. This study is designed to analyze pratītyasamutpāda(dependent origination) of Nāgārjuna's Mūlamadhyamakakārikā. Utilizing the Buddha's theory of pratītyasamutpāda, Nagarjuna demonstrated the futility of pratītyasamutpāda's ontological speculations. So many scholars have studied on the Pratītyasamutpāda of Mādhyamika Philosophy of Nāgārjuna. And they make a study by natural language. But the study of pratītyasamutpāda by symbolic language or artificial language is more precise and accurate. So the methodology of this study is propositional logical analysis. The result of propositional logical analysis on pratītyasamutpāda is that MMK's pratītyasamutpāda is known to a material equivalence of pratyaya (condition) and phala(result). Moreover, ‘the logical interrelation of dharmas’ which is said as definition of MMK's pratītyasamutpāda by Nakamura Hajime(中村元) can be expressed by biconditional. In conclusion, MMK's pratītyasamutpāda can be expressed by propositional logic and the propositional logical form of MMK's pratītyasamutpāda is p≡q(p is ‘pratyaya[condition] exist’, q is ‘phala[result] exist’). 『중론』의 핵심개념인 연기(緣起, pratītyasamutpāda)의 의미를 명확하게 밝힘으로써 『중론』 전체의 내용을 명료하게 이해할 수 있는 교두보를 확보하도록 하겠다. 기왕(旣往)에 『중론』 연기에 대해서는 국내외의 많은 학자들에 의해 연구가 진행되어 있고 그 성과가 축적이 되어 있으나 본 논문에서는 이전 연구들과 달리 『중론』 연기에 대해 명제논리(Propositional Logic)적으로 분석하는 방법을 취하고 있다. 기존의 연구자들이 자연언어를 통해 이루어놓은 연기에 대한 이해의 성과 위에 논의의 정밀성과 명확성을 확보하기 위해 명제논리라는 인공언어를 효율적으로 활용하고자 한다. 『중론』의 연기에 대한 명제논리적 분석의 결과 『중론』 연기는 연(緣)과 과(果)의 존재에 대한 실질적 동치(material equivalence)관계를 가리킨다는 것을 밝힐 수 있었다. 이것은 또한 中村元이 『중론』 연기를 ‘법과 법의 논리적 상관관계’라고 했을 때 ‘논리적 상관관계’의 의미가 쌍조건(雙條件, biconditional)으로 표현되는 관계라는 것을 의미하는 것이기도 하다. 그리고 이런 『중론』 연기는 논리적 관점에서 해석한 초기불교의 연기를 계승하고 있는 것이라는 점을 연기공식에 대한 명제논리적 분석을 통해 확인 할 수 있다. 결국 『중론』 연기는 명제논리식으로 표현할 수 있으며 그 구체적인 형태는 ‘연이 있다’를 p로 놓고, ‘과가 있다’를 q로 놓을 때 p≡q라는 것이다.
충전율의 변화가 밀폐형 2-상 열사이폰의 열전달 특성에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구
박용주,홍성은,김철주,Park, Yong-Joo,Hong, Sung-Eun,Kim, Chul-Ju 대한기계학회 2002 大韓機械學會論文集B Vol.26 No.12
A two-phase closed thermosyphon was one of the most effective devices in the removing heat because of its simple structure, thermal diode characteristics, wide operating temperature range and so on. In this study, a two-phase closed thermosyphon(working fluid PFC(C6F14), container copper(inner grooved surface)) was fabricated with a reservoir which can change the fill charge ratio. The experiments were performed in the range of 50~600W heat flow rate and 10~70% fill charge ratio. The results were compared with some correlations that were presented by Rohsenow and Immura et al. in the evaporator, by Nusselt, Gross and Uehara et al. in the condenser and by Cohen and Bayley, Wallis, Kutateladze and Faghri et al. in heat transfer limitation etc.. The heat transfer coefficient at the evaporator increased with the input power. However the effect of the fill charge ratio was nearly negligible. At the condenser, it showed an opposite trend to the evaporator and with increase of the fill charge ratio, showed some enhancement of heat transfer. The heat transport limitation was occurred by the dry-out limitation for small fill charge ratio(10%) and presented about 100W. For the case of large fill charge ratio(Ψ$\geq$40%), it was occurred by the flooding limitation at about 500W.
박용주,이경원,정주,장익완,안기옥,노영선,신상도 대한응급의학회 2017 대한응급의학회지 Vol.28 No.1
Purpose: Critical care transport (CCT) has been known to be beneficial for inter-hospital transport of critically ill patients. Seoul Mobile Intensive Care Unit (SMICU) has been established and provided CCT in Seoul Metropolitan City since 2015. We tested the association between SMICU transport and hospital outcome for critically ill patients. Methods: This is a before and after intervention study. SMICU group with cardiac arrest, acute myocardial infarction, acute stroke, major trauma, respiratory failure, and shock who were transported by SMICU from January to July 2016 were collected as an intervention group. Non-SMICU group with the same above diagnosis criteria who were transported by private ambulance services during same period in 2015. By National Emergency Department Information System (NEDIS), demographics were compared for original data and sampling data. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was done to calculate the adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) adjusting for potential confounders. Results: Total 1,837 patients (128 SMICU and 1,709 non-SMICU group) for original dataset and 180 patients (60 SMICU and 120 non-SMICU group) for sampling dataset were finally analyzed. Hospital mortality rates are 22.7% in SMICU and 11.8% in non-SMICU in original dataset (p<0.001), 26.7% in SMICU and 31.7% in non-SMICU in sampling dataset (p=0.490), respectively. AOR (95% CIs) for hospital mortality by SMICU in original and sampling dataset were 0.80 (0.48- 1.35) and 0.71 (0.33-1.51), respectively. Conclusion: The CCT for critically ill patients did not show significantly better hospital mortality in the pilot study.
Chemopreventive effects of Ginkgo biloba extract in estrogen-negative human breast cancer cells
박용주,Mi Jie Kim,김하룡,Min Sun Yi,정규혁,오승민 대한약학회 2013 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.36 No.1
Excessive level of estrogen is considered as amain cause of breast cancer, therefore, many studies havefocused on estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer,even though ER-negative cancer has a poor prognosis thanER-positive breast cancer. We evaluated the anti-cancereffects of Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) in estrogen-independentbreast cancer. GBE has been traditionally used as aplatelet activating factor, a circulatory stimulant, a tonic,and anti-asthmatic drug, and anti-cancer agent. However,anti-cancer effects of GBE on ER-negative breast cancerhave not been proved yet. In this study, we tested chemotherapeuticpotential of GBE in the MDA-MB-231 (ERnegative)human breast cancer cell line. Our resultsshowed that cytotoxicity effects of GBE in MDA-MB-231lead to DNA fragmentation at high concentrations (500 and1,000 lg/ml). Caspase-3 was significantly activated andmRNA levels of apoptosis-related genes (Bcl-2 and Bax)were altered. These results indicate that GBE inducesapoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells. It is presumed that GBEhas chemopreventive effects in ER-independent breastcancer through anti-proliferation and apoptosis-inducingactivities.