韓國農村의 近代化와 小作農에 관한 硏究 : 嶺南 地方을 中心으로

鄭喆洙,金種震,尹槿燮 慶北大學校 東洋文化硏究所 1978 東洋文化硏究 Vol.5 No.-

1. Duration of the Project: fron June 1977 to July 1978 2. Objectives of the Project: 1) An empirical survey on the real state and practices of the tenancy in rural community. 2) An analysis of the mobility of tenants and the relationships which exist between tenants and landlords. 3) Determining the orientation of the tenants' pattern of thought. 4) Examination of socio-economic factors related to the retardation of agricultural modernization under farm tenancy. 3. Methodology: Fourty rural villages, of these three types-villages near a city, in a plain and in a mountainous remote areas-have been selected for this research in Kyungsangbuk-do and Kyungsangnam-do areas. A tota1 of 3166 households were doing farming as their main occupations. Out of these 3166 farm households, there were 878 small tenant farm households (27.7%) which iuclude pure tenants, tenant farmers with their own farms, own farmers with tenant farms, ancestor worship farm tenants and others. Two thirds of these 878 tenant farmers (585 household heads) were selected for this research. However, a total of 514 tenants (responding rate:88%) out of 585 tenants were possible for interview. These 514 tenant farmers were subjects of analysis for this research. The findings are summarized in the following: (1) To see the ratio of tenant farm households to the total farm in suburban willages which are located near a city (48.5%); the next remote villages located in remote mountainous areas (23.1%) and plain villages located in a plain (20.6%). The reason for these differential ratio of tenant farmers in different types of villages may be explained in terms of rich urban residents' capability to buy farmlands near their living cities and then to rent those farms to the vi11age tenant farmers. (2) Around 90% of 514 respondents are males and they are mainly in their 40s and 50s(65%). 82% of them had less than elementary school education. There are 6.5 persons per household on the average. This number of average household members exceeds average number of Korean household members by 1.4 persons (1975). (3) 68% of all respondents farm less than one jongbo of arable land per house hold. Extremely poor farmers who farm less than 5 danbo are 22% of all respondents. Among these figures, pure tenant farmers are almost half of these extremely poor farmers(47%). As a whole, the size of tenant farmlands per household is: less than one jongbo(93%), less than five danbo(97%). The ratio of tenant farm area to the total average arable land per household is 57%. (4) Annual average income per household is: less than 700,000 won (55%), more than 1,000,000 won(24%). 87% of those pure tenant farmers, on the average, record an annual average income of less than 700,000 won. Compared with an annual average income of 1,430,000 won of Korean rural residents per household(1977), A majority of tenant farmers are earning less than half of the Korean farm household annual income in general. (5) 88% of all respondent farmers live in their own houses. However, only 65% of pure tenant farmers live in their own houses. Cultural conveniences include radio and TV (16% respectively), newspaper subscription (16%), and use of toothpasts(2.5%). (6) 65% of respondents have lived in their present villages since before August 15th(1945) Korean Liberation Day (i.e. for more than 30 years they have lived in the villages); These farmers born in their village comprise 31% while immigrants from other places are 69%. Out of these 69% of tenant farmers who moved in the present villages, a majority of them(90%) are from rural areas of their province of origin. (7) Social mobility of tenant farmers: 68% of respondents were farmers as thier previous occupations, and about 18% of respondents were front non-agricultural backgrounds (mannual laborers, agricultural laborers, salers, and tne non-employed). Around 23% of respondents who were landlords before the Land Reform showed downward social mobility by becoming tenant farmers after the Land Reform. About 21% of respondents showed reverse social mobility trend, i.e. upward social mobility from farm laborers or farm servants. Those tenant farmers whose fathers were own farmers or landlords were about 40% of all respondents while those who showed intergenerational upward mobility from employed laborer status to tenant farming covers only six per cent of all respondents. (8) Practice of tenancy has a long history in Korea, and the three different types of tenancy in general practice are: 1) fix ground rent (Jongdo-bob) which tenant farmer pays a certain amount of rent to the landlord regardless of good of bad harvest, 2) after-harvest rent (Tajak-bob) in which a certain amount of tenant rate is predetermined in advance, however, the actual amount of crops may vary depending upon the amount of crops well or illharvested, 3) before-harvest rent (Doji-bob) in which tenant rent is decided upon just before the harvest mainly by the estimates of the crops by tenant farmers and landlords. In this research we find that 49% of respondents are in after-harvest rent practice 42% in fix ground rent practice and 6% in before-harvest rent practice. Eighty-two percent of tenant farmers pay their rents by way of rice crops and only 13% of them pay the rent in cash. In the case of the after-harvest rent practice, 88% of the tenant farmers divide the harvest crops in half with the landlords. A total of 79 tenant farmers (15%) out of 514 tenant farmers pay some part of between-rice crops as their tenant rents in addition to the heavy main rents. In varying degrees, the tenant farmers pay land taxes(52%), and water tax or seed expenses and fertilizer cost (85%). Almost 47% of tenant farmers bear half of the lenses of carrying the rent crop to the landlord's house. 32% of tenants carry the rent crop to the landlord's house with tenant's expenses. (9) Tenant period tends not to be definite in terms of contracts (68%). About 89% of tenants rent the farms from the landlords by oral contracts. Around 87% of the tenants pay their rent after the harvest is completed. (10) Half of the tenant farmers have no kinship relations with their landlords. Around one third of the tenant farmers rent farms from close kinsmen including parent-child relations. Around 68% of landlords live in the villages, while 29% of landlords live in the cities. The landlords control the tenant frmers directly without brokers between them. (11) On the questions of their attitudes toward farming occupation, around 60% of tenant farmers expressed dissatisfaction of their farming occupation. About 40% of them satisfied themselves with their occupation, and equally about 40% of them cited farming or agriculature as their desired occupation. Asked what occupation they want their children to work on, they cited govern ment offices, teaching, sales. Agriculture or farming found the lowest scale of the desire. Judging from these phenomena, the tenant farmers do not like farming inside their heart. Therefore, those tenant farmers who really like working on the farm are not many. (12) Around over one third of tenant farmers think there are some differences in the harvest amount between their own lands and their related lands. The main reason for this pattern of thought seems to be in their attachment to their lands. Around 38% of those respondents answered in the positive when asked whether they could produce more harvest if their tenanted lands were their own lands. The majority of tenant farmers responded favorably to the Land Reform. In the above we reviewed the real state of tenancy in Korea. Although around 30 years have passed since the Land Reform in 1949, we have unfortunately found the actual existence of landlord-tenant relations which are forbidden by law. The existence of tenancy impedes the modernization of rural Korean community. Those tenant farmers who have only less than 24,506 acre of lands to cultivate are 70% of all respondents. These tenant farmers who pay 50% of their harvest as their rent to the landlords are around 90% of all the farmers interviewed. In addition, may of those tenants should bear the expenses of land taxes, water tax, seed purchase, fertilizer, other rents and the burden of carrying the crop rent to the landlords. Thus the majority of their annual average income are lower that half of that of Korean rural community in general. That is, their annual average income is only meager 700,000 won, forming lower income strata. However, these tenant families have 1.4 persons more members per family compared with the number of persons per family of the rural Korean community average in general. Thus, their subsistance faces further difficulty. These tenants, economically in difficult conditions, are also insulated from the cultural benefits of modernization. Their educational level shows that 80% of them had only less than 6 years of formal education. The fact that 16% of them posess radios and only 2.5% of them use toothpastes for brushing the teeth demonstrates their cultural deprivation. On the other hand, concerning the landlord tenant relationships, the oral contact dominate between the two parties, and no period of tenancy is decided in the beginning. Therefore we can safely see the practice of pre-modern patterns of practices. We think that the tenants still maintain the pre-modernization patterns of thought which can be seen in an answer by tenants to question on, what amount of rent would be desirable; around 58% of tenants said the proper amount of rent would be more than 40% of crops harvested. In short, for the rapid realization of Korean modernization and democratization, it is necessary to destroy the landlord-tenant relations according to the principle of "land to the tiller." In case of its difficulty to carry it out soon, at least we should see to it that the high rate of rent should be reduced to the level which may ease heavy burden of tenant farmers. These, measures should be taken steps soon so that the tenant farmers may enhance their level of life as well as enjoy the cultural benefits. These measures will help change some pattern of thought of tenant farmers.

農村指導員의 役割에 관한 硏究

尹瑾燮 전북대학교 농업과학기술연구소 1977 農大論文集 Vol.8 No.-

The major purposes of the study were (1) to analyze the role of the rural guidance worker, (2) to apprehend what was the farmers' role expectation toward the rural guidance workers, and (3) to present a strategic recommendation to the rural guidance work. Data for the study were obtained through mail questionnaire with a randomly selected sample of the 300 rural guidance workers, and through personal interviews with the heads of randomly selected sample of 275 households in Jeonbug province in 1976. The major findings may be summarized as follows ; 1. The rural guidance worker was, on the average, in charge of about 715 households in 13 villages, and spent 11.7 hours a day in guiding famers. The load of rural guidance workers were consisted of 65.8% of farmer guidance, 17.1% of general affairs, 6.8% of research work, and 10.3% of others. 2. Almost 80% of the respondents spent abut one hour a day on the administrative encouragement, and 73.3% of the respondents gave a negative against the administrative encouragement. 3. Slightly more than 28% of the rural guidance workers regarded the improvement of need for change as their top-most important role, and 27.7% of them making farmers capable of resolving their own problems as their second-most important role. 4. In innovation process, 64.7% of the rural guidance workers responded that the role of a promoter of recommended farm innovations was more important than that of an opponent of nonrecommended innovations. And 31.3% of them responded that performing the above dual role was more important than performing single role. 5. About two thirds of the rural guidance workers performed appropriately the role of 7 important steps in innovation decision-making process, 6. On the average, 99% of the rural guidance workers had four conflicts in performing their role. The major sources of their conflicts were : (1) lack of time to perform their official roles (33.0%),(2) disagreement with the administrative agency's role expectation (27.0%), (3) disagreement with the farmers'role expectation (11.3%), (4) disagreement with the related agencies' guidance program (10.0%), and others. When the rural guidance workers were faced with these incompatible role expectations, the respondents rather to conform to the role expectation of rural guidance office(56.9%) or the

農村指導事業에 대한 農民의 評價에 관한 硏究

尹瑾燮,崔圭晧 전북대학교 농업과학기술연구소 1978 農大論文集 Vol.9 No.-

The major purposes of the study were (1) to examine farm operators’ evaluation of the quality and problem-solving ability which the rural guidance workers are required to have, and (2) to present a strategic recommendation to the rural guidance workers on the basis of the evaluation made by farm operators concerning the rural guidance workers’ performance. Data for the study were obtained through personal interviews with the heads of randomly selected sample of 275 households in Jeonbug province in 1976. The major findings may be summarized as follows : 1. About 70% of the farm operators responded that the rural guidance workers were much abler than the agriculture-related officials in rural guidance works : (1) agricultural technology and knowledge(44.9%), (2) friendly attitude (24.1%), (3) guidance ability (15.0%), (4) sense of devotion(9.1%), and (5) others(6.9%). The rest of the operators responded that one group was neither superior nor inferior (30.5%) or the rural guidance workers were inferior(1.5%). 2. The farm operators’ responses indicated that the most highly required qualities for the rural guidance workers were : (1) agricultural technology and knowledge(33.1%), (2) reliability and devotion(22.9%), (3) friendly attitude (13.5%), and others. 3. The farm operators noted that they recognized the rural guidance workers’ problem-solving ability, highly(71. 1%), normally(21.5%), and poorly(7.4%). The data seem to strongly suggest the necessity of in-service training for the rural guidance workers. 4 The farm operators responded that the performed rural guidance work was mostly suitable to their agricultural needs(57.8%), partly suitable (28.7%), not suitable at all (13.5%). This seems to reflect the demonstrative and uniform nature of the rural guidance works thus far performed. 5. Commenting on rural guidance performance in 1976, the farm operators responded that they were satisfied with : (1) agricultural improvement work (76.4%), (2) home improvement guidance(63.3%), (3) rural development project (55.3%), (4) rural youth guidance (45.8%), (5) information activities (41.1%) In response to the future planning of rural guidance work, 64.4% of the respondents put the primary emphasis on the agricultural improvement work. 6. Almost all of the farm operators (99.6%) recognized noticeable changes in various aspects of their rural life. The changes they did recognize were : (1) changes in agricultural technology and knowledge (40.0%), (2) income-raising through increased production (28.0%), (3) rural life a environment improvement (24.0%), changes in farmers’ attitudes and values (3.3%), and others (3.3%). 7. For the effective performance of the future rural guidance work, the farm operators strong recommended that sufficient number of workers(36.5%), satisfactory financial support (21.8%l) uniformity of the rural guidance system (14.2%), and the farm operators’ adoptive attitude (11.3'%) be prerequisite to a successful rural guidance work.

韓國漁村의 社會移動에 관한 硏究 : 厚浦里의 事例調査를 中心으로 A Case Study of Hoopo-Ri

尹瑾燮,宋正基 전북대학교 사회과학연구소 1984 지역과 세계 Vol.11 No.-

The purpose of the present study is first of all (1) to analyze the class structure and social mobility of a fishing village in Korea, and (2) to point out some of the defects of the traditional approach that utilizes the variable 'occupation' in the analysis of a given fishing village. In the process of the intended study, it was found that the variable 'occupation' is no doubt a useful concept in the measurement of the social status in urban societies. However, in the analysis of fishing villages, the variables such as 'means of production' (land or vessel) and 'employment' were confirmed more adequate than the 'occupation.' The social mobility in the village was analyzed in terms of (1) intragenerational occupation mobility and (2) intergenerational occupation mobility, with the findings such that in the analyzed society the occupation mobility was extremely low, the attitude toward occupation and social status was very conservative, and the level of aspiration toward occupation mobility was equally very low. By contrast, the class mobility in the given occupation was not only highly frequent but the rate of the upward mobility was very high. The reasons for the class mobility seem to be based upon the income increasement, and the upward status by the financial assistance from related organizations. Additionally, in the analysis of the class structure and social mobility of a homogeneous society like a fishing village, the case study and observation were evidenced more appropriate research methods.

農村人口移動과 關連된 社會經濟的 및 社會心理的 要因의 分析

尹瑾燮 전북대학교 농업과학기술연구소 1973 農大論文集 Vol.4 No.-

The main purposes of this study are to examine the general trend of rural-urban migration in Jeonlabug do, Particularly)from 1960 to 1970, on the basis of census materials and provincial documents, and to examine the kinds of family characteristics related to the residential mobility of farm families. In order to determine whether the family mobility was independent of each of the selected socioeconomic and sociopsychological variables, the chi-square test was used. The level of significance chosen was five Per cent. The findings may he summarized as follows: 1. The total population of Jeonbug province in 1925 was 1,369,010. According to the population and housing을 census in 1910, there were 2,434.522 persons in the province. Between 1925 and1970, the increase was relatively low about 80 perecent as compared with a national increase of 143.5 percent. On the other hand, the population increase in the urban areas during the period was abuut 420,000, whereas the increase in the rural was about 650,000. However. The rate of population growth in the urban areas was 944.3 percent and the rate in the rural was 48,9 percent. This data show that the rate of rural population growth is lower than that of urban population growth. 2. The natural increase between 1960-1970 was 830,472. This was the result of 1, 067,974 births and 237, 502 death However because the number of the out-migrants exceeded that of the