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???(Zhang Weishen) 한국고대사탐구학회 2016 한국고대사탐구 Vol.24 No.-
From the early Tang Dynasty to Emperor Gaozong and Emperor Wu zetian’s reign time, appreciation of calligraphy and painting was so popular among the upper class in power.During that time, the vertical shaft of calligraphy and painting was called “Zhang”(including paingting zhang, picture zhang, soft zhang etc.).When the upper class in power was appreciating the calligraphy and painting with vertical shaft, three display methods were used. First, Zhang (in the shape of Chinese character “丁”)and fork (in the shape of Chinese character “丫”)were used to hang the calligraphy and painting with vertical shaft. Second, in the Qujiang gala or banquet of aristocrats, calligraphy and painting with vertical shaft were hanged on a shelf by Zhang (in the shape of Chinese character “丁”)and fork (in the shape of Chinese character “丫”). Third, the maidservants used the Zhang (in the shape of Chinese character “丁”) and fork (in the shape of Chinese character “丫”) to hang the vertical shaft of calligraphy and painting to the crossbeam of the hip roof, which was reflected in the tomb of princess or high level.
당 나라 고분 벽화 속에 시녀가 든 ‘정(丁)’자형 막대의 용도에 대한 고찰
張維愼(Zhang Weishen),王天泉 한국고대사탐구학회 2016 한국고대사탐구 Vol.24 No.-
당 나라 초기부터 고종무후(高宗武後)시기까지 통치자 상층계급이 서화를 감상하는 것이 하나의 풍습이었다. 당시 서화 족자를 장(障, 畫障, 圖障, 軟障등이 포함된다.)이라고 불렀다. 통치자 상층계급이 서화 족자를 감상할 때 전시 방법은 최소 다음 3가지가 있었다. 1. 사람을 시켜서 정(丁)자형 장간(障竿, 대나무 막대기)이나 아차(丫叉, 두 가닥인 丫자형나무 막대기)로 서화 족자를 높게 내걸고 직접 전시하였다. 2. 곡강 성회 혹은 귀족의 연회에서 정(丁)자형 장간이나 아차로 서화 족자를 지지대에 걸어놓고 전시하였다. 3. 시녀를 시켜서 정(丁)자형 장간이나 아차로 서화 족자를 무전(廡殿)의 들보에 걸어놓고 전시하였다. 이 것은 공주 혹은 고위 계층들의 무덤 벽화에서 많이 나타나있었다.
Modified discontinuous deformation analysis for rock failure: Crack propagation
Chen, Yunjuan,Zhang, Xin,Zhu, Weishen,Wang, Wen Techno-Press 2018 Geomechanics & engineering Vol.14 No.4
Deformation of rock masses is not only related to rock itself, but also related to discontinuities, the latter maybe greater. Study on crack propagation at discontinuities is important to reveal the damage law of rock masses. DDARF is a discontinuous deformation analysis method for rock failure and some modified algorithms are proposed in this study. Firstly, coupled modeling methods of AutoCAD-DDARF and ANSYS-DDARF are introduced, which could improve the modeling efficiency of DDARF compared to its original program. Secondly, a convergence criterion for automatically judging the computation equilibrium is established, it could overcome subjective drawbacks of ending one calculation by time steps. Lastly but not the least, relationship between the super relaxation factor and the calculation convergence is analyzed, and reasonable value range of the super relaxation factor is obtained. Based on these above modified programs, influences on crack propagation of joint angle, joint parameters and geo-stresses' side pressure are studied.
New reinforcement algorithms in discontinuous deformation analysis for rock failure
Chen, Yunjuan,Zhu, Weishen,Li, Shucai,Zhang, Xin Techno-Press 2016 Geomechanics & engineering Vol.11 No.6
DDARF (Discontinuous Deformation Analysis for Rock Failure) is a numerical algorithm for simulating jointed rock masses' discontinuous deformation. While its reinforcement simulation is only limited to end-anchorage bolt, which is assumed to be a linear spring simply. Here, several new reinforcement modes in DDARF are proposed, including lining reinforcement, full-length anchorage bolt and equivalent reinforcement. In the numerical simulation, lining part is assigned higher mechanical strength than surrounding rock masses, it may include multiple virtual joints or not, depending on projects. There must be no embedding or stretching between lining blocks and surrounding blocks. To realize simulation of the full-length anchorage bolt, at every discontinuity passed through the bolt, a set of normal and tangential spring needs to be added along the bolt's axial and tangential direction. Thus, bolt's axial force, shearing force and full-length anchorage effect are all realized synchronously. And, failure criterions of anchorage effect are established for different failure modes. In the meantime, from the perspective of improving surrounding rock masses' overall strength, a new equivalent and tentative simulation method is proposed, it can save calculation storage and improve efficiency. Along the text, simulation algorithms and applications of these new reinforcement modes in DDARF are given.
Study on anchorage effect on fractured rock
Jing Wang,Shucai Li,Li-Ping Li,Weishen Zhu,Qian-qing Zhang,Shu-Guang Song 국제구조공학회 2014 Steel and Composite Structures, An International J Vol.17 No.6
The effects of anchor on fractured specimens in splitting test are simulated by DDARF method, the results of which are compared with laboratory test results. They agree well with each other. The paper contents also use the laboratory model test. The main research objects are three kinds of specimens, namely intact specimens, jointed specimens and anchored-jointed specimens. The results showed that with the joint angle increased, the weakening effects of jointed rock mass are more obvious. At these points, the rock bolts' strengthening effects on the specimens have become more significant. There is a significant impact on the failure modes of rock mass by the joint and the anchorage.
Yong Li,Chao Li,Lei Zhang,Weishen Zhu,Shucai Li,Jian Liu 한국지질과학협의회 2017 Geosciences Journal Vol.21 No.2
Apparent discontinuities can be easily found in natural rock medium owing to the constant motion and change of the Earth’s crust, which contains large amount of discontinuous surfaces such as faults, joints, cracks and so forth. Rock bolt is one of the most effective and economical reinforcing tools in practical geotechnical engineering for a long time. This paper investigates the mechanical properties, anchorage effect, cracking, and coalescence process of intact rock-like specimens, rock-like specimens containing flaws, and bolted rock-like specimens containing flaws. A series of uniaxial compression tests, splitting tests, and biaxial compression tests are performed on these specimens. Some findings can be observed from this study. (1) The number of rock bolt(s) and the anchoring angle have a great influence on the anchorage effect of rock bolt(s). With the increasing number of rock bolt(s), the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), the splitting peak strength (which can be converted to the tensile strength), and biaxial compressive strength (BCS) can all be improved, whose variation tendencies do not follow a linear relationship. (2) The contributions to the tensile strength for rock bolt is greater than that to the UCS for the same-type specimen. (3) In the biaxial compression tests, with the increasing of the lateral pressures, the anchorage effect of rock bolt gradually declines and the lateral pressure plays a dominant role in improving the strength of the specimen. The failure characteristics of three types of laboratory tests have also been systematically analyzed in this paper.