http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
김영경,임성운 順天大學校 師範大學 附屬 科學敎育硏究所 2002 科學과 敎育 Vol.10 No.-
This study showed that applying newspapers to Korean Language Education is helpful to develop a critical and a creative ability which need in Korean Language Education by making leaners do a variety of learning experiences and activities. It turned out that in class learners could use them in each field such as listening, speaking, writing, reading, the knowledge of Korean and literature by presenting new teaching method, panting to use newspapers. We used the style of newspapers as a way of maximizing learners' interest and education effect of learning novels. After reading novels, learners can change them into various styles, like articles, editorials, columns and so on. In addition, they can compile 'critical understanding' or 'interpretative text'. Therefor, newspapers is very useful to teach novels because the seventh course of education emphasizes 'Learners' acceptability an creative ability' of the literary work and 'an appreciative ability' in the social relation.
작용시간 연장을 위해 고안된 이식형 혼합국소마취제의 효과
백운이,최병영,전영훈,임정옥 경북대학교 의학연구소 2000 경북대학교병원의학연구소논문집 Vol.4 No.1
Prolonged Regional Nerve Blockade from Implantable pellets Containing Mixture of Local Anesthetics and Biodegradable Polymer Background: The Currently available local anesthetics have limitations in action duration. The duration ranges from 3 to 8 hours. Long acting anesthetic agents are particularly desirable to manage postoperative pain, relieve severe pain associated with terminal cancer, and for nerve blocks carried out in pain clinics. In this paper mixture of local anesthetics was formulated into cylindrical pellet using biodegradable polymer and its efficacy and safety was evaluated. Methods: Pellets were prepared by modified melting process with biodegradable polyester 30 wt%, bupivacaine 35 wt%, lidocaine 35 wt% and dexamethasone 0.05 wt% of polymer and drug. In vitro release kinetics of local anesthetics from pellet were determined in PBS at pH 7.4. 37℃, and the released local anesthetics were analyzed by HPLC. Nine male Sprague Dawley weighing 300∼350 gm were implanted with pellets along the sciatic nerve and the sensory blockade was assessed by an analgesiometer. The duration data were analyzed by paired t-test using SAS 6.11 Results: Local anesthetics were released in a controlled manner in vitro. In general, 40~50% of the drug released for the first day, and thereafter approximately 5% released daily. Sensory blockade lasted to beyond 2 days at the dose of 7 mg/100 g bupivacaine and lidocaine respectively. All of the animals exhibited no systemic toxicity and complete recovery. Conclusions: The results indicated that the mixture pellet demonstrated efficient and safe in prolongation of sensory blockade for significant period of time. The mechanisms underlying the mixture effect are under investigation. (Korean J Anesthesiol 1998; 34; 493∼478)
전해산성수를 이용한 새로운 내시경 소독 시스템(Cleantop WM-1??)의 소독효율
이준행,이풍렬,송재훈,이남용,임윤정,장재권,김영호,김재준,백승운,이종철,최규완 대한감염학회 2001 감염 Vol.33 No.2
Background : Electrolyzed acid water (EAW) is a new liquid chemical germicide containing a mixture of oxidizing species and prepared by mixing a small amount of salt with tap water in an electrolyzer. We attempted an in-use evaluation of the high-level disinfection capability of Cleantop WM-1□, a new endoscope reprocessing system using EAW. Methods : Forty-seven flexible endoscopes were randomly collected just after upper endoscopic examinations and were disinfected using Cleantop WM-1□. Parts of the endoscopes without contact to EAW were disinfected with 75% ethyl alcohol. Immediately after the disinfection procedure, samples were taken from the biopsy channel (S-1), tip of the insertion tube (S-2), the umbilical cord (S-3), and the angulation knob (S-4). Results : In EAW-disinfected parts of the endoscopes, the culture-positive rates were 4.3% (2/47) in S-1 samples and 12.8% (6/47) in S-2 samples. In ethyl alcohol-disinfected area, the culture-positive rates were 2.1% (1/47) in S-3 samples and 25.5% (12/47) in S-4 samples. The colony counts of culture-positive samples ranged from 1 to 144. Pseudomonas aerugi-nasa was recovered from the angulation knob of an endoscope, but other contaminating organisms were mostly : normal flora or opportunistic pathogens. Conclusion : Although part of the endoscopes disinfected with 75% ethyl alcohol were contaminated with more organisms than EAW-disinfected areas, Cleantop WM-1□ showed a relatively good disinfection efficacy in reprocessing patient-used endoscopes. (Korean J Infect Dis 33:133∼138, 2001)
( Young-Suk Lim ),( Hyung Joon Kim ),( Ki Tae Yoon ),( Won Young Tak ),( Jae-Seok Hwang ),( Sang Hoon Ahn ),( Kwan Soo Byun ),( Seung Woon Paik ),( Sook-Hyang Jeong ),( Yoon Jun Kim ),( So Young Kwon 대한간학회 2017 춘·추계 학술대회 (KASL) Vol.2017 No.1
Aims: In this randomized, double-blind study in HBeAg-positive patients, the efficacy of TAF was demonstrated to be non-inferior to that of TDF at Week48 in the proportion with HBV DNA<29 IU/mL with improved bone and renal effects. Here we present the subgroup efficacy analysis of Korean patients in the study. Methods: In this study, patients with HBeAg-positive CHB were randomized 2:1 to TAF 25mg or TDF 30mg, with matching placebo, and treated for 96weeks. The primary efficacy analysis was the percent of patients with HBV DNA<29 IU/mL at Week48. The results of primary efficacy analysis of Korean patients were separately analyzed. Results: 873 patients were randomized and treated, including 173 subjects(20%) in the Korea population (TAF 120 subjects; TDF 53 subjects). Comparison across the 3 subject populations (Korea, nonKorea, and overall) showed that Korea subjects were older, a higher proportion were female and ≥ 50 years of age at baseline, a lower mean baseline HBV DNA level, and similar portion of treatment-experienced subjects. Nearly all were genotype C. Key efficacy end points are summarized in the Table. The percentages of Korean subjects with HBV DNA levels <29 IU/mL at Week48 were higher than the non-Korea population (74% with TAF and 76% with TDF). Smaller percentage of Korean patients treated with TAF achieved normalization of serum ALT values and HBeAg seroconversion rates were similar(TAF 10%; TDF 9%). The rates of treatment discontinuations and serious AEs were low and similar, consistent with overall population. Korea subjects treated with TAF showed smaller declines in hip and spine BMD and smaller changes in CrCl at Week48 compare with TDF arm. No viral resistance was observed. Conclusions: Compared to TDF 300mg, the efficacy of TAF 25mg in patients with HBeAg-positive CHB was non-inferior. Week48 efficacy results of Korean population were consistent with those of the nonKorea and overall populations.
( Young-Suk Lim ),( Hyung Joon Kim ),( Ki Tae Yoon ),( Won Young Tak ),( Jae-Seok Hwang ),( Sang Hoon Ahn ),( Kwan Soo Byun ),( Seung Woon Paik ),( Sook-Hyang Jeong ),( Yoon Jun Kim ),( So Young Kwon 대한간학회 2018 춘·추계 학술대회 (KASL) Vol.2018 No.1
Aims: TAF has shown similar efficacy to TDF with less bone and renal effects in 2 large multinational Phase 3 studies after 96weeks(2 years) of double-blind (DB) treatment. Here we evaluated efficacy and safety, including bone and renal parameters, in the subset of patients from East Asia(EA) who completed 2years of DB treatment with TAF 25mg or TDF 300mg once daily and were switched to open label(OL) TAF 25mg once daily for 1year. Methods: In 2 identically-designed studies, 1298 CHB patients who were HBeAgnegative (Study 108; N=425) or HBeAgpositive(Study 110; N=873) were randomized and treated. At Week96, 540(42%; TAF 360; TDF 180) patients including 240(18%; TAF 156; TDF 84) EA patients, had completed 2years of DB TAF or TDF treatment and been switched to OL TAF. Safety including bone(serial DXA scans of spine and hip) and renal(CrCl by Cockcroft-Gault [eGFR<sub>CG</sub>]) parameters, viral suppression and biochemical response were assessed at Year 3. Results: In EA patients on DB TDF switched to OL TAF(TDF<sup>®</sup>TAF), eGFRCG improved at Year 3 vs. Year 2 (median [Q1, Q3] change = +3.0 [-3.0, +8.4] ml/min); and was stable in those continuing TAF(TAF<sup>®</sup>TAF)(figure). BMD also improved at Year 3 vs. Year 2 in TDF<sup>®</sup>TAF patients (mean[SD]% change: spine = +2.2%[3.48]; hiP=+0.7%[2.44]) while BMD changes were stable for TAF<sup>®</sup>TAF patients (figure). High rates of virologic control (HBV DNA<29IU/mL) were maintained in those on treatment at Year3 vs Year2(TDF<sup>®</sup>TAF 96% and 95% and TAF<sup>®</sup>TAF 90% and 93%); ALT normalization (AASLD criteria) increased in TDF<sup>®</sup>TAF patients and was similar to TAF<sup>®</sup>TAF patients at 1 year following switch(46% vs 42%; M=F). Conclusions: EA patients switched to TAF after 2 years of TDF had improved bone and renal safety; virologic control was maintained and ALT normalization increased. The results in EA patients are comparable to those seen in the overall population.
Fungal Interaction with Insects
Young Woon Lim 한국응용곤충학회 2013 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2013 No.04
Fungi are characterized by eukaryotic microorganisms, growth with hyphal or yeast form, cell wall containing chitin, and both sexual and asexual reproduction. Many of fungi are associated with insects through the two ways: good or bad things. Good thing may include insect vector for fungal propagation and bad thing include entomophagous fungi to stink bug. Many specific examples of coevolution between fungi and insects have been recorded. Fungi provide the nutrients to insects while insects may vector them. Bark beetles are known as fungal vector as they bore through the tree bark to lay their eggs. Good example is the blue stain fungus Ophiostoma novo-ulmi causing the Dutch Elm disease, which is spread by Elm bark beetles (Scolytus spp.). Several bark beetles associated with coniferous forests also vector pathogenic fungi and decay fungi as well. In case study of the mountain pine beetle (MPB, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) that is a serious threat for mature lodgepole, we showed diversity of fungi associated on their body surface. Based on cultural morphology and sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large subunit ribosomal DNA (LSU rDNA) region, 7 ascomycetes and 2 basidiomycetes were detected on the body surface. 14 ascomycetes and 1 basidiomycetes were represented in the ITS clone libraries. Recently NGS based Amplicon pyrosequencing discovered that much higher fungal diversity (191 OTU with 97% similarity) from MBP exterior.