댐건설이 소나무의 연륜 생장에 미치는 영향

정연숙 江原大學校 附設 環境硏究所 1998 環境硏究 Vol.15 No.-

To elucidate the effects of a hydroelectric dam construction on annual ring growth of Pinus densiflora, the annual ring widths of 68 trees collected from 7 sites were closely examined, The result was analyzed to ask three special questions; first, whether there are real effects of dam construction on the radial growth; second, would the magnitude of the effect be different due to two periods of underconstruction and post-construction; the last, would it be different among age classes. Annual ring growth has been significantly enhanced by the dam construction. Specially, its effect was marked after the construction was finished and the reservoir was filled up with water. There was, however, no remarkable evidence that pine growth would be reduced while the dam was under construction, even though there was a minor decreasing trend. The magnitude of the effect was different among age groups, That is, the changed condition alter the construction enhanced relatively the growth of aged trees more. According to other meterological research since the dam was constructed, the reasons of enhancing pine growth assumed to be the increase of daily temperature, the decrease of daily temperature difference and the increase of rainy days

백두대간계 중 강원도 지역의 종 분포 특성

정연숙 江原大學校 附設 環境硏究所 1998 環境硏究 Vol.15 No.-

Characteristics of species distribution in the Baekdoo Great Mountain Chain of Kangwon Province were discussed. Resulting from Detrending Correspondence Analysis based on the floristic composition of 48 mountains, the mountains of the Baekdoo Chain tended to aggregate on DCA axis. It represented that there was the peculiar floristic composition of the Baekdoo Chain separated from the other mountains. High altitude, longitude near the East Sea and large number of vascular species were main factors for the distribution pattern. And exponential relationships between endemic rare species and number of species were clarified. Even though the regions of the Baekdoo Great Mountain Chain had been conserved relatively well, many regions have been faced to be disturbed for tourism, agriculture, forestry, livestock industry and mining since the local autonomy. Thus, the necessity for the establishment of large area network through the connection of scattered protected areas in the Baekdoo Great Mountain Chain was suggested. It would play a role as a core of nature conservation to sustain species diversity in Korea.

백두대간의 현족식생

정연숙 江原大學校 附設 環境硏究所 1998 環境硏究 Vol.15 No.-

To investigate the status of current vegetation in the Paekdoo Great Mountain Chain, 51 maps of actual vegetation and 51 maps of the degree of green naturality were analyzed from Hyangno-Bong to Chirisan, which includes the watershed of the chain. Forest area covered average 81.7% in the chain; deciduous forest 34.9%, coniferous forest 37.4%, plantation 8.9% and pasture 0.5%. If we considered the potential vegetation of cool temperate deciduous forest, coniferous forest, represented by Pinus densiflora, still remained in quite a wide area. Oak group, mainly Ouercus mongolica occupied relatively conserved regions including Several national Parks. Larx leptoloepos pinus rigida and Pinus koraiensis were planted mostly in the south of the southern Kangwon-Do, except Chili-san area. As we calculated the area over 8th degree of green naturality, as indicators for the successional status and degree of naturality, it was average 47.9% of forest area. Especialiy, it was over 80% in most regions of northern Kangwon-Do, but that of the area from Sokrisan to just before Chirisan area was only 19%, which means that the vegetation in the southern regions of the Paekdoo Great Mountain Chain wore poorly de-veloped by plantations and disturbances such as logging, clearing and fire.Overall, the vegetation of the Paekdoo Great Mountain Chain is fairly in a good condition in terms of forest area and degree of naturailty, compared to the other areas. Moreover, several conservation regions have been designated by several authorities including 7 representative national parks and 2 natural ecosystem conservation zones. However, its condition varies regions to regions, thus the development of special policy for the south regions of Sokrisan is required: such as the protection of forcst area and the prohibition of anymore plantation in the area. For the better accomplishment, the Paekdoo Great Mountain Chain itself should be designated as a core preserved for green network, first.

금병산 초본 군집의 지하부 구조 : 영양생장식물의 우점도에 관하여

정연숙,이규송 江原大學校 附設 環境硏究所 1998 環境硏究 Vol.15 No.-

Radicoid structure of herbaceous communities in Mt. Kumbyung, Chunchon, Kangwon-Do was clarified emphasizing on the dominance of clonal plants in relation to vegetation development. In the total vegetation, 46% species identified were rhizomatous, 26% were species with tap roots, and 13% were stoloniferous species. Thus, all clonal species, including plants with bulb, corm and tuber, covered 62.8% of the total species. In the understory of Quercus, Pinus and Larix forests,68.2% were clonal, which means 5% more compare to total vegetaion. Dominance of clonal plants became more conspicuous as their importance value was calculated. That is, they covered average 86% for the following three communities: 85% in Quercus, 95% in Pinus and 76% in Larix Especially, the rhizomatous plants were remarkable. Overall, clonal species dominated over the other radicoid types in terms of not only the number of species, but also the importance value. Dominance of these species was more peculiar in understory of forests, indicating the occupancy of clonal plants was related to the vegetation development.

산불로 교란된 고성지역에서 자연복원지와 조림복원지의 영양염류수지 비교

이규송,정연숙 강릉대학교동해안지역연구소 1999 東海岸硏究 Vol.10 No.1

강원도 고성지역에서 산불피해를 입지 않은 곳, 자연복원지 그리고 잣나무조림 복원지를 선정하여 질소와 인의 영양염류수지를 비교하였다. 토양층에 함유된 질소의 양은 비피해지, 자연복원지 및 조림복원지에서 각각 4255, 4231 및 4724㎏/ha 이고, 인의 양은 각각 낙엽층과 고사체에 함유된 질소의 총량은 비피해지, 자연복원지 및 조림복원지에서 각각 399.19, 434.33 및 373.79㎏/ha로 화재목을 방치한 자연복지에서 가장 많았고, 화재목의 줄기가 제거된 자연복원지에서 가장 적었다. 낙엽층과 고사체에 함유된 인의 총량은 비피해지, 자연복원지 및 조림복원지에서 각각 21.97, 27.29 및 22.41㎏/ha 로 질소와 마찬가지로 자연복원지에서 가장 많았다. 식물의 현존량에 보유되고 있는 질소의 총량은 비피해지, 자연복원지 및 조림복원지에서 423.87, 133.09및 103.17㎏/ha로 비피해지에서 가장 많았고, 자연복원지가 조림복원지보다 많았다. 식물의 현존량에 보유되고 있는 인의 총량은 비피해지, 자연복원지 및 조림복원지에서 26.25, 1.54 및 1.87㎏/ha로 비피해지에서 가장 많았고, 조림복원지가 자연복원지보다 다소 많았다. 본 조사지의 조림복원지에서 화재목의 제거로 인하여 생태계밖으로 유출된 질소와 인의 양은 각각 147.64와 9.79㎏/ha이었다. 토양 침식에 의하여 생태계밖으로 빠져나간 질소와 인의 함량은 비피해지, 자연복원지 및 조림복원지에서 각각 0.19, 11.33 및 7.24㎏/ha/yr와 0.32, 16.45 및 9.31g/ha/yr이었다. 본 조사지에서 표면유출수량은 비피해지, 자연복원지 및 조림복원지에서 각각 3.69,264.56및 226.47ton/ha/yr 이고 많은 양의 영양염류가 표면유출수량에 비례하여 바져나갈 것으로 예상되었다. 결론적으로 산불이 일어난지 3년차에 생태계내에 보유되고 질소와 인의 양은 비피해지, 자연복원지 및 조림복원지에서 각각 5077.86, 4798.62및 5200.96㎏/ha 와 55.34, 36.18 및 32.18㎏/ha이었다. Nutrient budgets of nitrogen and phosphorus were compared among three ecosystems, the unburned site , planting revegetation site and natural revegetation site, in Kosung area disturbed by forest fire. Amounts of nitrogen in soil layer on the unburned site, natural revegetation site and planting revegetation site were 4255.4231and 4724㎏/㏊,amounts of phosphorous in soil layer on the three sites were 7.12, 7.85 and 7.90㎏/ha, respectively. Nitrogen standing stock in litter and dead woody plants on the unburned site, natural revegetation site and planting revegetation site were 399.19.434.33 and 373.79㎏/ha, and amounts of phosphorus in those on the three sites were 21.97.27.29 and 22.41㎏/ha, respectively. Amounts of nitrogen in vivid plant biomass on the unburned site, natural revegetation site and planting revegetation site were 423.87,133.09 and 103.17㎏/ha, and amounts of phosphorus in vivid plant biomass on the three sites were 26.25, 1.54 and 1.87㎏/ha, respectively. Amounts of total retention nitrogen in the ecosystem were 5077.86, 4798.62 and 5200.96㎏/ha on the unburned site, natural revegetation site and planting revegetation site, respectively. Amounts of total retention phosphorus in the ecosystem were 55.34, 36.18 and 32.18㎏/ha on the unburned site, natural revegetation site and planting revegetation site, respectively. The loss of nitrogen and phosphorus from the planting revegetation site by clear-cut of fired wood were 147.64 and 9.79㎏/ha, respectively. Nitrogen loss by soil erosion on the unburned site, natural revegetatiopn site and planting revegetation site were 0.19, 11.33 and 7.24㎏/ha/yr, and phosphorous loss by soil erosion on the three sites were 0.32, 16.45 and 9.31㎏/ha/yr, respectively. Amounts of surface runoff on the unburned site, natural revegetation site and planting revegetation site were estimated 3.69, 264.56 and 226.47ton/ha/yr. respectively.

北漢江 源流水城의 生態學的 硏究 1.鎭東里 溪谷 一帶의 植生

李愚喆,鄭蓮淑,白元基 江原大學校 附設 環境硏究所 1991 環境硏究 Vol.8 No.-

The flora of vascular plants and the forest structure in Mt. Chombong were studied from 1987 to 1990. 106 families, 413 genera, 801 species, 36 varieties, 17 formaties of vascular plants were classified. Of these, 35 taxa including Megaleranthis saniculifolia and Hanabusaya asiatica are endemics. Phytosociological studies indicated that the vegetation were divided into Quercus mongolica association two subassociation, Abies holophylla and Acer mono. Along the altitude gradient, the importance value of Q. mongolica was the highest at all the stand except for Betula davurica and Acer mono at 800m. Frequency distribution of DBH showed convex form in Q. mongolica but L form in Acer pseudo-sisboldianum. This means there are no natural regeneration fo Q. mongolica, recently.

Clonal Growth and Shoot Modules Dynamics of Phragmites longivalvis in a Reclaimed Land

Choung, Yeon-Sook,Kim, Joon-Ho The Ecological Society of Korea 1989 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.12 No.3

The structure, clonal grwoth, shoot modules dynamics and rhizome respiratory rate of the Phragmites longivalvis circular patch were studied in a 15-year-old reclaimed land on Mado of the western Korea for two growing seasons. Clonal growth by P. longivalvis resulted in subpopulations of shoot modules which may be separated into pioneer, mature and senile growth phase. The radial growth of circular patch was 208 cm per a year. The shoot phytomass, shoot height and spike frequency were the lowest in the senile phase, and were the highest in the mature phase. The maximum shoot phytomass of pioneer, mature and senile phase in August was 347, 536 and 195g/$\m^2$ for the first year, and 609, 748 and 248g/$\m^2$ for the second year, respectively. The birth rates of shoot modules were the highest during the early spring. Of all modules, the percemtage of spring cohort of pioneer, mature and senile growth phase were 52, 82 and 70% for the first year, and 83, 88 and 85% for the second year, respectively. The flowering shoots were only derived from spring cohorts. The death rates of shoot modules of the pioneer and mature phase were the highest in October. The module is an annual semelparous plant though the genet is a perennial iteroparous plant. Their survivorship curve was negatively (Deevey type I). The density of shoot modules of the pioneer, mature and senile growth phase increased as much as 4.0, 1.6 and 2.3 times for one year, respectively. The respiratory rate was the highest in the lowest in the senile growth phase.

습지식물의 지상부 제거가 생산력과 영양염류 제거량에 미치는 효과

정연숙(Yeon Sook Choung),오현경(Hyun Kyoung Oh),노찬호(Chan Ho Roh),황길순(Kil Son Hwang) 한국환경생물학회 1999 환경생물 : 환경생물학회지 Vol.17 No.4

This work focused on the effects of the timing and the frequency of shoot cutting to maximize the productivity and the nutrient removal of three emergent macrophytes, Phragmites communis, Zizania latifolia and Typha angustifolia in natural wetlands. Shoot cutting significantly enhanced biomass production and resulted in more nitrogen and phosphorus removal from water in these three experimental species, compared to those of control. However, the frequency and the timing of shoot cutting, and the enhancement ratio were different among three species. For Phragmites stands, the highest productivity was 1.9 times of control in June treatment of the first year experiment, while 1.3 times in May treatment of the second year experiment. Zizania and Typha stands were both 1.2 times of control in August treatment and June and August treatment. Calculating the total annual removal rate of nitrogen and phosphorus based on the highest productivities among treatments, in Phragmites stands, 2.0 times of nitrogen and 1.8 times of phosphorus were removed in the first year, and both 1.4 times in the second year experiment. Likewise, for nitrogen and phosphorus; 2.4 and 1.8 times in Zizania stands, and 1.8 and 1.9 times in Typha stands were removed. Overall, these results suggested that cutting treatment of shoots be effective. Thus, shoot cutting of two times during a growing season were recommended to maximize the effects: that is, in May or June, and October for Phragmites stands, and in August and October for Zizania and Typha stands. [Shoot cutting, Productivity, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Wetland, Phragmites communis, Zizania latifolia, Typha angustifolia, Emergent macrophytes, Water quality].

백두대간의 현존식생

정연숙(Choung, Yeon-Sook) 강원대학교 환경연구소 1998 環境硏究 Vol.15 No.-

식물에 의한 호수생태계 건강성 평가법에 대한 고찰

정연숙 ( Yeon Sook Choung ),이경은 ( Kyung Eun Lee ) 한국하천호수학회(구 한국육수학회) 2013 생태와 환경 Vol.46 No.2

물관리 정책이 수질평가 중심에서 수생태계 건강성 평가로 전환되고 있는 것은 세계적인 추세이다. 현재까지 수계의 평가기법은 수질이나 하상구조와 같은 물리화학적 요소 및 플랑크톤, 저서동물과 같은 일부 생물의 평가에 국한되어 개발되어 왔다. 식물은 호수의 물리, 화학 및 생물 변화를 민감하게 반영하는 지표인데 개발이 늦었다. 환경부에서는 전국의 호수와 저수지를 생태계로써 평가하고 관리할 목적으로 생태계의 평가 기법을 마련 중에 있다. 이 연구사업의 일환으로 식물을 이용하여 우리나라 호수생태계에 적합한 건강성 평가기법을 개발하기 위해서 기개발된 국외의 평가기법 중 주로 다변수법을 주로 고찰하였다. 다변수법의 적용은 시간과 비용이 많이 소요되고 변수 간의 상관성 등의 한계점이 있다. 그러나 현재 단일 변수로 쓸 만한 지표가 개발되어 있지 않으며 다변수법은 다면평가와 데이터 축적의 장점이 크다. 다변수법을 세 단계, 즉 평가지표의 선정, 점수화, 평가지수의 결정과 검증단계로 나누어 검토하였다. 평가지표 선정단계에서 가장 적용가능한 지표는 종조성과 수도 및 종 풍부도와 다양성 관련 지표들이다. 국외에서 대부분 포함하는 지표종은 아직 개발이 불완전해서 우리나라에서 적용하기에 한계가 있다. 다수 조사자가 참여할 경우 식물상에 대한 오동정이 결과에 영향을 미칠 수 있으므로 이점의 사전 고려가 필요하다. 지표의 점수화 단계도 한계가 있다. 우리나라에 인위적 교란이 거의 없는 기준 호수가 없기 때문에 대안으로 다수의 호수를 조사하고, 조사된 호수의 지표값을 상대화하여 적용해야 한다. 같은 이유로 지수에 대한 검증과정도 어렵다. 종합할 때, 여러 가지 한계가 있지만 현장에서 조사 가능한 지표를 이용하여 식물을 이용한 호수 건강성의 다변수평가체계를 구축하는 것은 가능하다. 추후, 식물종의 질적 가치에 대한 지표를 추가하고 보다 많은 호수 조사의 결과가 누적되면 수준 높은 평가체계로 발전시킬 수 있을 것이다. It is a global trend that the water management policy is shifting from a water qualityoriented assessment to the aquatic ecosystem-based assessment. The majority of aquatic ecosystem assessment systems were developed solely based on physicochemical factors (e.g., water quality and bed structure) and a limited number of organisms (e.g., plankton and benthic organisms). Only a few systems use plants for a health assessment, although plants are sensitive indicators reflecting long-term disturbances and alterations in water regimes. The development of an assessment system is underway to evaluate and manage lakes as ecosystem units in the Korean Ministry of Environment. We reviewed the existing multivariate health assessment methods of other leading countries, and discussed their applicability to Korean lakes. The application of multivariate assessment methods is costly and time consuming, in addition to the correlation problem among variables. However, a single variable is not available at this moment, and the multivariate method is an appropriate system due to its multidimensional evaluation and cumulative data generation. We, therefore, discussed multivariate assessment methods in three steps: selecting metrics, scoring metrics and assessing indices. In the step of selecting metrics, the best available metrics are species-related variables, such as composition and abundance, as well as richness and diversity. Indicator species, such as sensitive species, are the most frequently used in other countries, but their system of classification in Korea is not yet complete. In terms of scoring metrics, the lack of reference lakes with little anthropogenic impact make this step difficult, and therefore, the use of relative scores among the investigated lakes is a suitable alternative. Overall, in spite of several limitations, the development of a plant-based multivariate assessment method in Korea is possible using mostly field research data. Later, it could be improved based on qualitative metrics on plant species, and with the emergence of further survey data.