Complete noncompact submanifolds of manifolds with negative curvature

Ya Gao,Yanling Gao,Jing Mao,Zhiqi Xie 대한수학회 2024 대한수학회지 Vol.61 No.1

In this paper, for an $m$-dimensional ($m\geq5$) complete noncompact submanifold $M$ immersed in an $n$-dimensional ($n\geq6$) simply connected Riemannian manifold $N$ with negative sectional curvature, under suitable constraints on the squared norm of the second fundamental form of $M$, the norm of its weighted mean curvature vector $|\textbf{\emph{H}}_{f}|$ and the weighted real-valued function $f$, we can obtain: \begin{itemize} \item several one-end theorems for $M$; \item two Liouville theorems for harmonic maps from $M$ to complete Riemannian manifolds with nonpositive sectional curvature. \end{itemize}

Gel and Texture Properties of Fish-meat Gel Prepared with Pagrus major in Comparison to Different Grades of Alaska Pollock

Ya Gao(고아),Jung Hwan Oh(오정환),Fatih Karadeniz(파티카라데니즈),Seul-Gi Lee(이슬기),Hyung Kwang Kim(김형광),Se Jong Kim(김세종),Jun Mo Jung(정준모),Ji Hyeon Cheon(천지현),Chang-Suk Kong(공창숙) 한국생명과학회 2016 생명과학회지 Vol.26 No.8

본 연구에서는 연제품용 어육 원료의 안정적인 수급과 고품질 연제품 개발을 위한 방안으로 우리나라에서 주로 양식되고 있는 도미를 이용하여 제조한 연육의 어육 겔 특성을 측정하여 도미의 연제품 소재로서의 가능성을 검토하였다. 현재 우리나라에서는 연제품 제조에 이용되는 어육원료는 주로 수입에 의존하고 있으며 국내에서는 저가의 연육이 일부 생산되고 있다. 수입 연육의 경우 대부분 동남아 및 북아메리카로부터 수입한 냉동 연육이 사용되고 있다. 연육의 품질과 등급은 수분함량, 백색도, 겔 특성 등에 의해 결정되어진다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 양식어종인 도미(Pagrus major)를 원료로 하여 전통 수세법으로 연육을 제조하였으며, 도미 유래 연육을 이용하여 어육겔 형성능 및 품질 특성을 겔 강도, 텍스쳐 실험, 백색도, 수분유출정도 및 SDS-page pattern 측정을 통해 검토하였다. 이들 결과는 FA급과 RA급의 시판용냉동명태연육을 이용하여 제조한 어육 겔 특성과 비교하였다. 겔 특성을 검토하기 위해 연육에 2% NaCl를 첨가하여 전체 수분함량이 80%가 되도록 하여 90°C에서 20분간 가열한 소시지 형태의 어육 겔을 제조하였다. 도미 유래 연육의 어육 겔 특성은 stress-strain curve로부터의 겔강도, cutting strength, breaking force 등의 결과 및 텍스쳐 실험을 통한 springiness, cohesiveness, chewiness, brittleness 등의 결과로부터 확인할 수 있었다. 도미 유래 연육의 어육 겔 특성은 시판용 명태연육(FA급과 RA급)의 어육 겔 특성과 비교하였다. 도미연육의 사용은 RA급의 명태연육에 비해 높은 겔 형성능을 나타내었으며, FA급의 명태연육과는 비슷한 정도의 겔 특성을 나타내었다. 이상의 결과로부터 도미를 이용한 고품질 연제품의 개발 가능성을 확인할 수 있었다. Fish-meat gel is an intermediate product used in a variety of surimi-based seafood. One of the mostused raw materials of fish-meat gel is Alaska Pollock due to its high-quality meat in terms of gel strength and texture. However, increasing demand for fish-meat gel, along with overexploitation of the wild catch Alaska Pollock, has put the industry in need of low-cost sustainable alternative sources for fish-meat gel. Pagrus major (PM) is a widely aquacultured fish known for having white meat that is low in fat. The current study compares the quality of fish-meat gel prepared from aquacultured PM to that of high and mid-grade Alaska Pollock fish-meat gel. Gels were compared in terms of gel strength, texture, color, and protein pattern. Results indicated that fish-meat gels prepared from PM were superior to Alaska Pollock fish-meat gels with regard to gel strength, hardness, springiness, chewiness, cutting strength, and breaking force. In addition, although not matching in quality, PM exhibited a cohesiveness, whiteness, and expressible moisture content comparable to Alaska Pollock of both grades. Protein pattern analysis also showed that PM and Alaska Pollock fish-meat gels had similar protein profiles before and after gel preparation. Therefore, P. major is suggested as a potential substitute for Alaska Pollock in fish-meat gel production.

Production cross-sections of projectile-like isotopes in 112Sn + 112Sn and 124Sn + 124Sn reactions at 1A GeV

Ya-Qin Gao,Zhi-Xin Zhang,Ye-Yin Zhao,Fu-Hu Liu 한국물리학회 2012 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.60 No.7

Isotopic cross-sections of projectile-like residues produced in 112Sn + 112Sn and 124Sn + 124Sn reactions at an incident beam energy of 1A GeV are studied in the framework of the multi-source thermal model. The multiplicity-like distribution of neutrons in projectile-like isotopes can be successfully expressed by using the Erlang distribution which is the folding result of multi-exponential distributions with the same parameter. The results calculated by using the model are in agreement with the experimental data of Föhr et al. [arXiv:1106.5368vl [nucl-ex]].

Regularity for Very Weak Solutions of A-Harmonic Equation with Weight

Gao, Hong-Ya,Zhang, Yu,Chu, Yu-Ming Department of Mathematics 2009 Kyungpook mathematical journal Vol.49 No.2

This paper deals with very weak solutions of the A-harmonic equation $divA(x,{\nabla}u)$ = 0 (*) with the operator $A:{\Omega}{\times}R^n{\rightarrow}R^n$ satisfies some coercivity and controllable growth conditions with Muckenhoupt weight. By using the Hodge decomposition with weight, a regularity property is proved: There exists an integrable exponent $r_1=r_1({\lambda},n,p)$ < p, such that every very weak solution $u{\in}W_{loc}^{1,r}({\Omega},{\omega})$ with $r_1$ < r < p belongs to $W_{loc}^{1,p}({\Omega},{\omega})$. That is, u is a weak solution to (*) in the usual sense.

High-throughput data on circular RNA reveal novel insights into chronic glomerulonephritis

Gao Ya-chen,Jiang Nan-nan,Qin Xiu-juan,Jiang Hui,Wei Liang-bing,Gao Jia-rong 한국유전학회 2023 Genes & Genomics Vol.45 No.4

Background Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a unique novel type of RNA, have been widely reported to be involved in physiologic and pathologic processes in humans. However, the exact molecular pathogenesis of circRNAs in chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) is far from clear. Objective This paper aims to evaluate the specific expression profile of circRNAs in renal cortex tissues from Adriamycin-induced CGN rats. Methods CircRNAs were screened in renal cortex tissues from 3 CGN rats and 3 control rats by using high-throughput sequencing (HTS). Then, 4 circRNAs were selected randomly for verification by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). In addition, the differentially expressed (DE) circRNAs were analyzed by bioinformatics methods. Results In total, 31 significantly DE circRNAs were identified, which revealed their potential roles in CGN; in particular, we found that 4 confirmed altered circRNAs (rno-circ-RNAs 689, 3217, 1327, and 5001) might play important roles in the development of CGN. Conclusion This study reveals a cluster of circRNAs that are DE in Adriamycin-induced CGN rats, which brings us closer to understanding the pathogenic mechanisms and may provide new potential targets for clinical treatment.

Role of Esophageal Mean Nocturnal Baseline Impedance and Post-reflux Swallow-induced Peristaltic Wave Index in Discriminating Chinese Patients with Heartburn

Ya Mei Sun,Yan Gao,Feng Gao 대한소화기 기능성질환∙운동학회 2019 Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility (JNM Vol.25 No.4

Background/Aims Recently, esophageal mean nocturnal baseline impedance (MNBI) and post-reflux swallow-induced peristaltic wave (PSPW) index have been proposed, which can increase the diagnostic role of multichannel intraluminal impedance and pH recording (MII/pH) for differentiating patients with heartburn. Therefore, our aim is to investigate the role of esophageal proximal MNBI, distal MNBI, and PSPW index in differentiating Chinese patients with heartburn. Methods Patients with heartburn from the Beijing Anzhen Hospital, who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and 24-hour MII/pH, were enrolled in this study. Results In all, 24 erosive esophagitis (EE), 46 non-erosive reflux disease (NERD), 52 reflux hypersensitivity (RH), and 78 functional heartburn (FH) patients were recruited. The respective median values for the EE, NERD, RH, and FH groups were as follows: proximal MNBI 1858.0, 2147.5, 2374.3, and 2329.0 Ω (P = 0.053); distal MNBI 1243.4, 1506.5, 2451.2, and 2477.3 Ω (P < 0.001); and PSPWI 15.0%, 25.0%, 25.0%, and 45.0% (P < 0.001). Spearman correlation analysis showed that distal MNBI and PSPW index were significantly negatively correlated with acid and bolus exposure time and acid reflux events. Receiver operating characteristic analyses showed that distal MNBI and PSPW index significantly discriminated FH from EE, NERD, and RH (P < 0.001), with cut-off values of 1890.6 Ω and 27.5% and areas under the curve of 0.721 and 0.779, respectively. Conclusion Esophageal distal MNBI and PSPW index could increase the diagnostic role of MII/pH, especially for differentiating Chinese patients with heartburn.

Effect of two-step heating on gelation properties of fish-meat (surimi) prepared from cultured Pagrus major

Ya Gao,Myeong Sook Kwon,Jung Hwan Oh,Hyung Kwang Kim,Se Jong Kim,Jun Mo Jung,Ji Hyeon Cheon,Chang-Suk Kong 한국수산과학회 양식분과 2016 한국수산과학회 양식분과 학술대회 Vol.2015 No.05

모바일 게임 <왕자영요> 나타난 동양 미학적 요소에 관한 연구

고소아 ( Gao Xiao Ya ),백준기 ( Joonki Paik ) 동양철학연구회 2021 東洋哲學硏究 Vol.107 No.-

중국을 대표하는 기업들은 온라인 모바일 게임 시장을 지배해왔다. 전통 문화에서 컨텐츠를 발굴하고 문화 예술적 요소를 이식하여 다양한 컨텐츠가 개발되고 있다. 특히 중국의 70후, 80후, 90후, 00후로 불리는 신세대들, 특히 MZ세대에게 역사, 문화, 예술 및 모든 축제를 연결한 구조의 온라인 게임이 매우 인기를 끌고 있다. 남녀노소 모두가 즐기는 게임이라는 것을 알 수 있다. 그렇다면 <왕자영요>는 왜 이렇게 인기가 있을까? 다양한 이유가 있겠지만, 우선, 온라인 게임의 경우 경쟁이 치열한 시장에서 살아남을 수 있는지 여부는 사용자 활동이 매우 중요하다. 또한 사용자의 참여감을 유지하는데 소셜 네트워크를 구축하는 것도 필요하다. <왕자영요>는 텐센트의 소셜 네트워크인 QQ와 WeChat을 지원하여 사용자 소스가 부족하지 않다. 게임 친구, 친밀도, 관계 선택, 매치 결과, 좋아요 등과 같은 다양한 방법이 게임에 설정되어 플레이어 간의 의사소통을 효과적으로 개선하고 사용자 간의 친밀도를 높이며 플레이어의 상호 지원, 게임 몰임감, 협업, 사교적 상호작용 행동을 향상시킨다. 둘째, 게임 시간을 10 ~ 20 분 이내에 제어 할 수 있어 대부분의 직장인, 학생 파티, 이주 노동자 등 시간의 파편화가 생활화된 유저들이 게임과 엔터테인먼트를 언제 어디서나 즐기며 만족할 수 있는 장점이 있다. 마지막으로 게임의 인기의 무대 뒤를 분석해보면, 그 안에 인본주의적인 캐릭터 컨셉과 동양미학적 요소를 볼 수 있다. 다시 말해 그룹, 단체 사회 문화에 대한 디자인에 감탄하고 동양미학적 요소를 가미하여 대중적인 방식으로 커뮤니케이션하고 있다. 본 연구에서 <왕자영요>에 나타난 동양미학 요소를 회화, 조경, 문예, 음악 등 분야로 분류하여 분석하고 있다. China's leading companies have dominated the online mobile game market. Various contents are being developed by excavating contents from traditional culture and transplanting cultural and artistic elements. In particular, online games that connect history, culture, art, and all festivals are very popular among the new generations called post 70, post 80, post 90, and post 00 in China, especially the MZ generation. It can be seen that the game is enjoyed by people of all ages. So, why is < Honor of The King > so popular? There are various reasons, but first of all, in the case of online games, user activity is very important to whether or not to survive in the fiercely competitive market. It is also necessary to build a social network to maintain user participation. < Honor of The King > supports Tencent's social networks QQ and WeChat, so there is no shortage of user sources. Various methods such as game friends, intimacy, relationship selection, match results, likes, etc. are set in the game to effectively improve communication between players, increase intimacy between users, and increase players' mutual support, game immersion, collaboration, and social interaction behavior. improve Second, the game time can be controlled within 10 to 20 minutes, so most office workers, student parties, and migrant workers, etc., have the advantage of being satisfied with games and entertainment anytime, anywhere. Finally, if we analyze the game's popularity behind the scenes, we can see a humanistic character concept and oriental aesthetic elements in it. In other words, he admires the design of groups, groups, society and culture, and communicates in a popular way by adding elements of oriental aesthetics. In this study, the elements of oriental aesthetics appearing in < Honor of The King > are analyzed by classifying them into fields such as painting, landscape, literature, and music.

Analysis of the Difference of Spray Angles based on Various Definitions and Calculation Criterions

( Yuan Gao ),( Li Guang Li ),( Ya Gao ),( Wei Di Huang ),( Jun Deng ),( Tao Li Gu ) 한국액체미립화학회 2010 한국액체미립화학회 학술강연회 논문집 Vol.2010 No.-

Spray angle is one of the key spray macro parameters which reflect fuel atomization characteristics and fuel and air entrainment quality directly; it then could affect the combustion efficiency and emission formation in cylinder. As the spray characteristics are widely investigated, there are already some kinds of definition and calculation methods for spray angle. Although all these definitions reflect the spray angle trends correspondingly, the difference between these definitions and calculation results was seldom studied. This paper focuses on the comparison and analysis the spray angle results based on the different calculation criterions, and the trend of these key points versus time at various calculation criterions which determine spray angle.

Analysis of the Mediating Effect and Spatial Heterogeneity of Digital Finance Empowering Carbon Emission Reduction

고려아 ( Li-ya Gao ),손양 ( Yang Sun ) 한중사회과학학회 2024 한중사회과학연구 Vol.22 No.1

중국 경제의 고품질발전 배경에서 어떻게 탄소배출량을 낮출 것인지가 산업 부문의 주요 문제가 된다. 디지털금융의 급속한 발전은 금융배제, 정보 비대칭 및 금융자원할당의 효율성과 같은 문제를 효과적으로 해결할 수 있으므로 제품, 서비스 및 기술 측면에서 산업 부문에 탄소 배출을 줄일 가능성을 제공한다. 그러나 디지털금융이 탄소절감효과를 효율적으로 촉진할 수 있는지에 대한 결론은 여전히 모호하고, 또한 두 시스템 간의 서로 작용 메커니즘과 전파경로 등에 관련된 이론도 아직 통일적으로 정의되지 않았다. 따라서 디지털금융이 탄소 배출에 미치는 영향 및 탄소 절감효과를 촉진할 수 있는 전도경로를 연구할 필요가 있다. 즉, 본 연구는 중국 31개 성의 패널데이터를 이용하여 쌍방향 고정효과모형과 중개효과모형으로 디지털금융이 탄소 절감효과에 대한 영향을 검증하고 또한 디지털금융이 탄소 절감효과를 촉진하는 경로를 분석한다. 그리고 경제발전 수준의 차이를 기반으로 공간 이질성 분석 모델을 구축한다. 분석결과에 따르면 디지털금융은 탄소배출량을 효과적으로 줄일 수 있으며 이는 디지털금융이 강력한 금융포혜 및 디지털 속성을 가지고 있음을 보여준다. 동시에 기업자금조달경로를 확대하고, 산업 과학기술혁신을 개선하고, 자원할당을 최적화함을 통하여 탄소 절감효과를 직접적 촉진할 수 있다. 물론 디지털금융 상품과 서비스의 탄소 절감효과도 반영되었다. 본 결론은 디지털금융이 탄소 절감효과를 촉진할 수 있는 가설을 검증한다. 둘째, 디지털금융은 녹색 과학기술혁신과 산업구조고도화를 촉진할 수 있으나 산업구조고도화는 디지털금융이 탄소 절감효과를 촉진하는 효과적인 전도경로 이지만 녹색 과학기술혁신은 현저하지 않다. 디지털금융이 양질의 자원을 산업의 녹색 과학기술혁신에 투입할 수 있지만, 과학기술혁신의 지연성으로 인해 당분간 규모 경제를 발휘할 수 없기 때문이다. 한층 더 연구에 따른 디지털금융발전이 탄소 절감효과에 미치는 영향은 지역 경제발전 수준의 차이에 의해 다양화가 나타났다. 이에 경제발전 지역의 디지털금융이 탄소 절감효과에 미치는 영향은 낙후지역보다 적고, 낙후지역의 탄소 절감효과는 더 유일적이다. 즉, 탄소 절감효과를 촉진하는 과정에서 낙후지역은 디지털금융의 건설과 발전을 더욱 필요하고, 반면에 경제발전 지역은 디지털금융의 혁신에 박차를 가해야 한다는 것이다. 디지털금융의 급속한 발전에 따라 시장에서 유동자금의 투자 총량을 증가하는 동시에 일정한 리스크도 수반할 것임으로 기업들은 이러한 위험의 발생을 예방해야 한다. 또한, 기타 통제변수를 추가한 후 서부 지역의 디지털금융발전이 탄소 절감효과에 미치는 영향은 마이너스에서 플러스로 변경되었으나 10% 유의수준에서는 현저하지 않다. 낙후지역에 디지털금융이 탄소 절감효과에 미치는 영향보다 더 현저한 다른 요인이 있을 수 있음을 보여준다. In the context of high-quality economic development in China, how to reduce carbon emissions has become a major issue for the industrial sector. The rapid development of digital finance can effectively solve problems such as financial exclusion, information asymmetry, and efficient allocation of financial resources, thereby providing the possibility of reducing carbon emissions for industrial sectors from the perspectives of products, services, and technology. However, the conclusion on whether digital finance can effectively promote carbon emission reduction is still in a vague stage, and the mechanism of action and transmission path between the two systems have not been uniformly defined. Therefore, it is necessary to study the impact of digital finance on carbon emissions and the transmission channels through which digital finance promotes carbon reduction. This article uses panel data from 31 regions in China, and uses a bidirectional fixed effects model and an intermediary effects model to examine the impact of digital finance on carbon reduction. It analyzes the ways in which digital finance promotes carbon reduction effects and constructs a spatial heterogeneity analysis model based on differences in economic development levels. Research has found that digital finance can effectively reduce carbon emissions. This result indicates that digital finance, through its strong financial inclusiveness and digital attributes, has expanded corporate financing channels, improved industrial technological innovation, optimized resource allocation, and reflected carbon reduction effects. Of course, the carbon reduction effect of digital financial products and services can also be reflected. This conclusion validates the hypothesis that digital finance can promote carbon reduction effects. Secondly, although digital finance can promote green technology innovation and industrial structure upgrading, industrial structure upgrading is an effective transmission path for digital finance to promote carbon reduction, while green technology innovation is not significant. This indicates that although digital finance can invest high-quality resources into green technological innovation in industries, due to the lag of technological innovation, it is temporarily unable to exert its economies of scale in a short period of time. Further research shows that the impact of digital finance development on carbon emission reduction is diverse depending on the level of regional economic development. Among them, the impact of digital finance development on promoting carbon emission reduction in economically developed areas is smaller than that in underdeveloped areas, while the carbon emission reduction effect in impoverished areas is more significant. This indicates that in the process of promoting carbon emission effects, underdeveloped regions will have a greater need for the construction and development of digital finance, while economically developed regions need to accelerate the innovation process of digital finance. Of course, with the rapid deepening of digital finance, the increase in total investment of working capital in the market will also bring certain risks. Therefore, enterprises need to prevent the occurrence of such risks. But after adding control variables, the development of digital finance in the western region’s carbon reduction effect changed from negative to positive, but it was not significant at the 10% significance level. This indicates that in economically underdeveloped areas, there may be other factors that have a more significant impact on carbon reduction than digital finance.