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지구환경시대의 있어서 수환경 보전기술 ( 地球換境時代における水環境 保全技術 )
야지달야(Tatsuya Noike) 한국수처리학회 1998 한국수처리학회지 Vol.6 No.3
In recent years, global environmental problems have been closed up, and earnest approaches to solve the problems have been conducted on the fields of natural science, politics and economics. Sewerage is the indispensable infrastructure which assures the nation of safe and comfortable lives and controls water pollution. It is important for us in the arrangement and management of sewerage to recognize how the system is concerned with greenhouse effect and copes with it. Sewerage system is also one of the constitutive elements which are needed to keep ecosystem and nature recycling system well. The purposes of this lecture are to discuss on a new role of sewerage in global environmental era and to have a view of the resources, such as, sewage sludge and treated water, and the unused energy will be discussed from a stand point of environmental protection of the earth.
野池達也 嶺南大學校 環境問題硏究所 1987 環境硏究 Vol.7 No.2
The anaerobic treatment process converts organic waste materials to methane and carbon dioxide in the absence of molecular oxygan. In the past, it has been employed in the stabilization of municipal sewage sludge, industrial and agricultural wastes, and particularly in Japan, it has been applied to the treatment of night soil. However, the anaerobic treatment process can be used for the treatment of both dilute and concentrated soluble wastes. Over the more recent past, advances in the basic understanding of the microbiology and biochemistry have helped to overcome many of problems associated with anaerobic treatment. Recent increases in the cost of energy have prompted renewed interest in this process. A concept of two phase digestion has been proposed. In two phase digestion, the acidogenic phase is seperated from the methanogenic phase by using the difference in growth rates of the populations responsible for acid and methane production to provide population selection through the manipulation of hydraulic retention time. A large number of fundamental studies have been conducted on two phase anaerobic digestion. In author's opinion, the phase seperation is useful not only to the upgrading of efficiencies but also to the investigation on the digestion mechanism in detail. In this article, the outline of two phase anaerobic digestion experiments which have been carried out at Tohoku University is introduced in regard to the following subjects: (1) Acidogenic phase 1) Characteristics of carbohydrate degradation 2) Effect of C/N ratio of the substrate on the acidogenesis 3) Effect of pH on the acidogenesis 4) Temperature characteristics of the acidogenesis 5) Effect of the addition of soluble starch and pepton on cellulose degradation (2) Methanogenic phase 1) Effect of retention time and feed concentration on the methanogenesis 2) Effect of pH on the methanogenesis 3) Characteristics of mixed substrate utilization in the methanogenesis 4) Temperature characteristics of the methanogenesis (3) Rate-limiting step in anaerobic digestion The results obtained from continuous experiments using laboratory-scale anaerobic chemostat reactors elucidated the true rate-limiting step of anaerobic digestion. The specific rate of substrate utilization decreased in the following order: glucose, soluble starch, acetic acid and cellulose. The rate of the hydrolysis of cellulose was so low that this was shown to be the rate-limiting step in overall anaerobic digestion.
Influence of Ammonia Nitrogen on Anaerobic Acidogenesis of Night Soil
Eom,Tae-Kyu,Noike,Tatsuya,Matsumoto,Junichiro 慶星大學校 環境問題硏究所 1991 環境硏報 Vol.1 No.1
糞尿의 酸生成相에 있어서 回分 및 連續實驗을 통하여 암모니아성 窒素의 影響을 分析.檢討하였다. 그 결과 回分實驗에서 암모니아성 窒素가 增加함에 따라 揮發性脂昉酸의 生成速度는 比例的으로 減少하였으며, 암모니아성 窒素의 濃度가 1.000㎎/ℓ일 때 그 값은 0.38 ·COD/ℓ·day 암모니아성 窒素濃度가 6.000㎎/ℓ의 경우보다 約 1.7倍 더 큰 것으로 나타났다. 連續實驗에서, 糞尿의 암모니아성 窒素만을 約 50% 制御하여 運轉한 結果 炭水化物, 蛋白質 및 脂肪의 分解率은 制御하지 않은 反應槽의 그 分解率보다 훨씬 더 큰 값으로 나타남을 볼 때, 암모니아성 질소는 可能한 한 制御하여 運轉하는 것이 좋을 것으로 생각된다. 즉 메탄가스化를 촉진시키기 위해서는 그 前段階인 酸生成段階에서 부터 糞尿등의 암모니아성 窒素가 高濃度인 폐액(廢液)은 그 濃度를 낮게 制御하여 運轉하여야 할 것으로 思料된다. Influence ammonia nitrogen on anaerobic acidogenesis of night soil were investigated by batch and laboratory scale continuous experiments at 35℃. In the batch experiment, which were run in a vial to which 1.000㎎/ℓ ammonia nitrogen was added, the maximum volatile fatty acid (VFA) production rate was 0.38g ·COD/ℓ·day, decreasing gradually as the ammonia concentration in vial to which 6.000㎎/ℓ of ammonia nitrogen was added, the VFA production rate was 60% of that in thevial to which 1.000㎎/ℓof ammonia nitrogen was added. Inthe continuous experiments, the degradation rares of carbohydrate, protein and lipid inthe reactors to which low concentration ammonia nitrogen was added were less than that in the control. The degradation rates increased as the SRTs decreased. It is considered that hydrolytic bacteria work actively if the ammonia nitrogen of night soil is maintained at a low concentration. In may be possible that the acidogenesis of anaerobic digestion is upgraded by controlling the ammonia nitrogen concentration fo night soil added to the reactor.