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남일송,윤여일,김선규,김용현,이주영,목지오,윤석기,김철희,김영선,변동원,서교일,유명희 순천향의학연구소 2001 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.7 No.2
Background: Most cases of Graves' disease have been treated by antithyroid drugs in Korea. The major drawbacks of antithyroid drugs are the relative high rate of relapse and the inconvinience of long term therapy. Measurement of TBII and TRH stimulation test have been considered as the most reliable tests predicting relapse, but the predictive power is not high enough to use in clinical situation. This study was performed to find good prognostic indicators in Graves' disease patients after the discontinuation of antithyroid drug therapy. Subjects and methods : We restrospectively evaluated 96 patients with Graves' disease who showed normal TRH test at the end of antithyroid drug therapy and were followed for more than one year. Serum T3, T4, T3/T4 ratio, TBII, Anti-TPO Ab and TGAb levels were measured at the time of diagnosis and at the end of therapy. Two to three months after withdrawal of antithyroid medication, serum TSH and free T3 responses to TRH were examined. These parameters were compared between the relapse group and the remission group. Results : Among the 96 patients, 22 patients(22.9%) relapsed(Group Ⅱ) and 74 patients(77.1%) remained in remmision(Group Ⅰ). No significant difference was observed between the relapse and the remission group in clinical parameters, serum T3, T4, TSH, T3/T4 ratio, TBⅡ and Anti-TPO Ab determined before and after treatment. Serum TSH and free T3 levels measured after TRH stimulation were also similar in both groups. Serum TGAb levels determined at the end of treatment were significantly higher in the remission group(p<0.05). Relapse following the discontinuation of therapy occured within 24 months in 72.7% of the relapsed cases. After 24 months, relapse rate was reduced significantly. Conclusion : These results suggest that high serum TGAb levels could be a favorable prognostic indicator for the long term remission of Graves' disease treated with antithyroid drugs, and may suggest that Hashimoto's thyroiditis is combined with Graves' disease in those patients.
The Perspective for the Application of AI Robots to Moral Education
( Sun Yong Byun ) , ( Sun Yong Song ) 한국윤리학회 2014 倫理硏究 Vol.95 No.1
This article focuses on having a perspective for the application of AI robots to moral education. Considering the features of the application of AI robots to education areas, we try to examine the necessity and arguments of AI robots in moral education. In that education robots in the classroom has already been produced and utilized like Lego Mindstorms, AI robots may also be applied to moral education. In the advance of robotics, many engineers and scientists have made AI robots communicating and interacting with human beings. In that point, the arguments we have to examine are as follows: to make it desirable to utilize AI robots in moral education, first, the consideration on the limited boundary of AI robots in utilizing moral standards as educational instrument, and second, more attention is paid to emotion, which makes it very crucial to develop and build AI robots of moral education in future, while the general features of AI robots have developed and will advance the high technology of communicating and interacting with human beings based on emotion; in particular, the AI robot can be utilized in the education for the disabled or for autism. Therefore, by this paper, it is expected that for educational challenges of AI robots to moral education is to be investigated.
A Study of Theoretical and Practical Issues for Roboethics
( Sun Yong Byun ) , ( Sun Young Song ) 한국윤리학회 2013 倫理硏究 Vol.89 No.1
This paper aims to examine and criticize the ontological views of robots; if they can exist only by the hands of human beings or in themselves, also explore the given approaches of roboethics, and finally to seek the new orientation of roboethics. Robots are seen in various views, but in past they are under the notion of machines created by human beings. In robotics, the long-term ethical concerns of utilizing robots in human lives are difficult to calculate; whereas in the minds of traditional ethicists there is a tendency to be excessively worried for the bad effects in robots` performances. Now to prepare for living with robots, first of all, we have to consider robots` ontological positions and moral activities, as agents, input by human beings as creators, designers, programmers, producers, consumers, controllers, or regulators. In this consideration, beyond the recognition that robots are made as tools, robots can be qualified as quasi-agents that have certain influences on humans by promoting intelligent, purposive activities in the programs to realize other-regarding virtues reflected by human morality which include self-regarding interests from the first design. When reaching any contemplation, this enables us to consider three main ethical approaches to robots: Asimov`s laws-based, deontology-based, and utility-based approaches. Thinking over their approaches and possible issues, will furthermore, make us go forward to demand a new challenge in roboethics: responsibility of human beings as their creators of robots, or the responsibility of robots as quasi-autonomous beings programmed for the goals of humanity, even though they are created for the purpose of self-regarding interests of humans, for example, to earn a lot of money.
변순용 ( Sun Yong Byun ) 한국윤리학회 2012 倫理硏究 Vol.85 No.1
This paper analyzes the meaning of sustainability in sustainable development in the ecological ethics, and suggests the importance of ecological sustainability. In the discussion of ecological sustainability the relation between sustainability and change should be regarded as not conflictual but interactive. The concept ``ecological`` in this context means network, and the concept ``sustainability`` means the relationship between changing being(or beings) which constitutes ecological system and its unchanging being(or whole relation). So there are two axes of human and ecological system, and three elements namely network which means mutual dependence of human and nature, sustainability which means the maintenance of ecological relations, and responsibility which humans should take for the sustainability, in the ecological sustainability. The maintenance between being and relations of beings, changing sustainability, the priority of being to non-being, mutual interdependence on the basis of solidarity of beings are important values in the ecological sustainability.
변순용 ( Byun Sun-yong ) 한국윤리학회(구 한국국민윤리학회) 2017 倫理硏究 Vol.112 No.1
자동차는 사람의 생명과 직결되어 있는 수단이며, 사고가 일어날 경우 생기는 책임 문제와 예상치 못한 문제 발생 시 여러 가치를 고려하여 판단해야 한다는 점에서, 자율주행자동차에 대한 윤리적인 논의는 필수적이다. 그러나 아직 자율주행자동와 관련된 윤리적 논의는 초보 단계이다. 특히 한국에서 자율주행자동차와 관련된 윤리적 측면의 이론적 논의는 전무한 상태이다. 스스로 인식하고 판단해서 도로를 주행하게 되는 자율주행자동차가 인간이 운전하는 자동차와 혼재될 때 발생할 수 있는 급박한 상황(예컨대, 중앙선 침범이나 교통법규의 위반이 오히려 피해를 최소화할 수 있는 상황 등) 뿐만 아니라 프라이버시 보호, 자율주행자동차에 대한 해킹가능성, 충돌 사고시 보험문제 등과 실제적인 법적, 사회적, 윤리적인 문제들이 계속 제기되고 있다. 이에 우리나라도 이 부분에 대한 철학, 윤리학, 사회과학, 자연과학, 공학 등의 분야가 협력하여 대안적인 윤리적 가이드라인을 준비할 시기가 왔다. 그래서 이 글에서는 자율주행자동차에 초점을 맞추어 윤리적 가이드라인을 만들기 위한 준비작업의 일환으로 윤리적인 이론을 적용해보고자 한다. 실제 자율주행자동차의 윤리적 가이드라인을 디자인하는 경우에는 공리주의적 접근 및 의무론적 접근 어느 한쪽에 치우치기보다는 두 접근을 혼합하는 방식이 될 것으로 예상된다. 의무론적 접근을 활용하면 자율주행자동차의 가장 기본적인 원칙들을 정하기 쉽다. 또한 규칙을 설정하고 이에 알맞게 문제를 처리하는 것이 컴퓨터의 기본적인 속성에 알맞다고 할 수 있다. 따라서 윤리적인 자율주행자동차의 디자인의 첫 단계는 아시모프의 로봇 3원칙에 기반을 둔 자율주행자동차의 가장 큰 원칙을 설정하는 일이라고 할 수 있다. 큰 원칙 및 하위 규칙들을 설정하고 프로그래밍 하여 할 수 있는 행동의 틀을 제시하는 것이 로봇과 유사한 자율주행자동차에게 쉽게 적용할 수 있는 방법이기도 한다. 그러나 자율주행자동차가 실제도로 주행을 할 때에는 이러한 원칙만으로 해결할 수 없는 경우가 발생할 것이다. 원칙으로 행위를 결정할 수 없는 충돌 상황의 경우 결국은 공리주의적인 관점의 도움을 받아야 한다. 물론 인간의 생명은 단순한 계산만으로 결정할 수 있는 문제는 아니다. 여러 가지 변수를 고려한다고 하여 그것이 최선의 선택이라고 보장되는 것은 아니다. 그렇지만 인간의 생명은 다른 어떤 것보다 우선되어야 하는 가치이다. 따라서 더욱 신중하게 고려하는 것이 필요하다. An Ethical discussions on autonomous vehicles are necessary, given that a car is a means that is directly connected with the life of a person and that we must consider several values when considering the liability issue in case of an car accident. However, the ethical debates on autonomous vehicles are still at an early stage. Especially in Korea, there is no such discussion. Legal, social and ethical issues such as privacy protection, hacking possibility, and insurance problems will continue to be raised, as well as the imminent situation when autonomous vehicles mix with other ordinary cars. Therefore, it is necessary for many fields such as philosophy, ethics, social science, natural science and engineeringto cooperate with each other in order to prepare alternative ethical guidelines. In this article, I have tried to apply ethical theories as part of the preparation for making ethical guidelines. In designing the ethical guidelines of the autonomous vehicle, it is expected to be a way to mix the two approaches rather than bias toward either the utilitarian approach or the obligation approach. Using the deontological approach, it is easy to determine the most basic principles of autonomous vehicles. In addition, it is reasonable to set the rules and deal with the problem appropriately to the basic properties of the computer. Therefore, the first step in the design of ethical autonomous vehicles is to set the general principles of autonomous vehicles based on the Asimov`s three principles of robot. It is also an easy way to apply autonomous vehicles similar to robots to set up a framework of behavior that can be set up and programmed with primary principles and sub-rules. However, when an autonomous vehicle runs on an actual road, it can not be solved by these deontological principles alone. In the event of a conflict in which the actual problems of autonomous cars can not be determined in principle, it must ultimately be assisted by a utilitarian perspective. Of course, human life is not a matter that can be determined by simple calculation. Considering several variables does not guarantee that it is the best choice. But human life is a value that should be given priority over anything else. Therefore, it is necessary to consider more carefully.
변순용 ( Sun Yong Byun ) 한국환경철학회 2016 환경철학 Vol.0 No.21
2014년 4월에 한국이 겪은 세월호 침몰사건은 지켜보는 많은 사람들의 가슴을 먹먹하게 만들었다. 그런데 제목에 "사건"이라는 표현이 아니라 "사태"라는 단어를 사용한 것에서 미루어볼 수 있듯이, 이 사건의 파장은 한국사회에 깊은 상처와 회한으로 각인되고 있다. 거의 두세 달 동안 한국사회를 집단 우울과 분노로 인한 패닉상태로 빠뜨렸던 이 사건으로 인해 우리는 이제 이 사건이 불러올 "사태"를 어떻게 받아들이고 풀어내야 할지에 대해서 생각해보아야 한다. 이 연구는 이러한 작업의 과정적 결과이다. 이 사태에 대한 책임을 논할 때, 특정인이나 종교단체, 일부 정치인들에게 떠맡겨져서는 안 될 책임을 논해야한다. 이 연구에서는 세월호 사태와 관련된 책임논의에 대한 윤리학적 논의를 살펴보고자한다. 책임지지 않으려는 사회는 더 이상 존속하기 어렵고, 그 안에 살 수 밖에 없는 우리의 삶이 무책임해지기 때문에 이에 대한 논의는 반드시 필요하다. 때로는 이러한 논의 자체가 우리 자신에게 아플 수도 있고, 귀찮을 수도 있다. 그러나 상처가 치유되는 과정 자체의 아픔은 피할 수 없지만, 이 상처는 바로 이러한 아픔을 통해 치유될 수 있다. The Ferry disaster case occurred in April 2014 made a lot korean people sad, angry and defeated. The trauma and remorse are imprinted on Korean people`s mind through this incident. We should think about how we could accept this case. This study results from the consideration of the treatment and acceptance. When we talk about the responsibility for it, we should discuss not only the responsibility of some people, but also our responsibility. The ethical discussions about the responsibility of this case are analysed in this study. The irresponsible society could not sustain no longer, and the people in this society are likely to be irresponsible. So it is necessary to discuss about this case, although these discussions hurt and annoy our mind. It The trauma and remorse may be overcome through the process of pains.
독일의 도덕과 관련교과의 내용구성에 대한 실태 연구 -바덴-뷔르템베르그와 헤센을 중심으로-
변순용 ( Sun Yong Byun ) 한국초등도덕교육학회 2012 초등도덕교육 Vol.0 No.38
한국의 도덕교과에 대한 분석을 하는데 있어서 외국 사례를 살펴볼 필요가 있다. 이 연구에서는 독일에서 이뤄지고 있는 철학 및 도덕 교과의 실태를 내용구성이라는 측면에서 대표적인 바덴-뷔르템베르그 주와 헤센 주의 경우를 분석하고, 이를 토대로 한국의 도덕과 내용 구성에 있어서 관계 중심의 축과 내용 중심의 축을 근거로 해서 중심 내용 영역과 주변 내용 영역으로 구분하여 도덕 교과의 내용영역 구성을 제안한다. 그리고 주변 내용 영역 구성의 기준으로는 이슈중심의 선정 원칙과 자유로운 선택의 원칙을 제안하고자 한다. 이슈중심의 선정 원칙에서는 학생들이 직면하고 있는 도덕적인 문제가 무엇인지를 파악하고, 사회적으로도 중요한 것인지에 대한 고려가 있어야 한다. 자유로운 선택의 원칙에서는 학교급별, 지역별 특성을 고려해야 하고, 교육과정이나 교과서 개발자뿐만 아니라 교사들도 선택할 수 있는 제도적 장치를 마련하는 것이 중요하다. 이 두 원칙은 도덕과의 교육 내용을 구성하는데 상호 보완적인 역할을 할 것이다. 이러한 분석을 토대로 한국의 도덕교과의 내용 구성에 있어서도 새로운 축의 개발, 교과내용의 이원화, 교과내용 구성에 있어서의 자유의 원칙을 제안하고자 한다. It is necessary to look at foreign cases in order to study the subject "Moral" in Korea. This Study has focused on the construction of teaching materials in Germany, especially in Baden-Wuertemberg and Hessen. As a result, two axes of the relation and the contents are proposed. And there are another separation of core area and peripheral area. In the peripheral area there must be issues-oriented selection and free choice-oriented selection. In the principle of issues-oriented selection it is important to search out the present moral problems of students which have social important meaning. In the principle of free choice-oriented selection it must be considered the differences of levels of elementary, middle and high school. These two principles are in complementary relations. Through this analysis, it is necessary to develop the new axes, to divide two areas of teaching materials, to propose the principle of free choice in the construction of contents in the subject "Moral" in Korea.