淸-朝鮮時期漢,滿,韓文字對音之互通 -以≪漢淸文鑑≫滿文的韓文表記法爲例

( Shao Lei ) 한국중국언어학회 2015 중국언어연구 Vol.0 No.61

In Qing/Joseon Dynasty, there were some Cheong-hak-seo(청學書,Manchuria literature) written in both Korean and Manchu Script. The most important characteristic of Korean language``s materials hold Sa-yeok-weon (司譯院, the department of translation in Joseon & Goryeo Dynasty) and Yeok-hak-seo (譯學書, the literatures of translation) is considered as the foreign notational system. Not only the phonetic value written in Korean alphabet is different from each Yeok-hak-seo, but also the notational system. The most typical representative of it is "han-cheong-mun-gam (漢청文鑒)".There are some characteristics of notational system written in Manchu Script for Cheong-hak-seo: the notational system may be different according to the references. When we have to indicate a language by another language``s writing system, it could be classified into transliteration and transcription. It depends on how much they put emphasis on the shape of represented characters. Transliteration can be divided into two kinds: emphasis on pronunciation or neglect of pronunciation. however, transcription only puts emphasis on the pronunciation and ignores the shape.The goal of our research is to conclude the characteristics of Korean notation system of "han-cheong-mun-gam", as the representative of the Yeok-hak-seo, in Joseon Dynasty and introduce the unusual Korean notation system and diacritic marks. Based on the standard of transliteration and transcription, we can discover the core emphasis of "han-cheong-mun-gam". We also discuss Manchu language in two writing system: Manchu Script and Chinese characters in order to find out the characteristics of Manchu notational system and Korean notational system.

清-朝鮮時期漢·滿·韓文字對音之互通—— 以≪漢淸文鑑≫滿文的韓文表記法為例

Lei Shao 한국중국언어학회 2015 중국언어연구 Vol.0 No.61

中國清朝、也即韓國朝鮮朝中後期,中韓兩國在各方面往來甚密。這一點在語言文字的交流上也可以體現。司譯院,起源於高麗朝,興盛於朝鮮朝,是負責朝鮮外事翻譯和外國語教育的國家機關。司譯院中設有四學,分別是負責漢語翻譯與教學的漢學、負責蒙語的蒙學、負責日語的倭學和負責滿語的清學。同時也擔當了這些語言文字互通的重要角色。 漢滿韓對音書籍甚多,其中保存最完整、體系最完善、種類最豐富、詞例量最大、最具有代表性的當屬≪漢淸文鑑≫。本文將以此為切入點,對這些滿文的韓文表記一一考察,尤其對這些特殊的韓文字所表記的音價及其原理做深入研究。這些特殊韓文的音價,因其所表之音為被表滿文之音,故可通過被表滿文的音價來被推定。而滿文所代表之音,如前所述,未必均為滿語之音,也有表記漢語的滿文之音。爲了明確這些特殊韓文的音價,首先需確定被表滿文的音價。為盡翔實,本文將“漢語-滿文”與“滿語-滿文”分為兩部份分別論述。 In Qing/Joseon Dynasty, there were some Cheong-hak-seo(清學書, Manchuria literature) written in both Korean and Manchu Script. The most important characteristic of Korean language’s materials hold Sa-yeok-weon (司譯院, the department of translation in Joseon & Goryeo Dynasty) and Yeok-hak-seo (譯學書, the literatures of translation) is considered as the foreign notational system. Not only the phonetic value written in Korean alphabet is different from each Yeok-hak-seo, but also the notational system. The most typical representative of it is “han-cheong-mun-gam (漢清文鑒)”. There are some characteristics of notational system written in Manchu Script for Cheong-hak-seo: the notational system may be different according to the references. When we have to indicate a language by another language’s writing system, it could be classified into transliteration and transcription. It depends on how much they put emphasis on the shape of represented characters. Transliteration can be divided into two kinds: emphasis on pronunciation or neglect of pronunciation. however, transcription only puts emphasis on the pronunciation and ignores the shape. The goal of our research is to conclude the characteristics of Korean notation system of “han-cheong-mun-gam”, as the representative of the Yeok-hak-seo, in Joseon Dynasty and introduce the unusual Korean notation system and diacritic marks. Based on the standard of transliteration and transcription, we can discover the core emphasis of “han-cheong-mun-gam”. We also discuss Manchu language in two writing system: Manchu Script and Chinese characters in order to find out the characteristics of Manchu notational system and Korean notational system.

Sensor-based Path Planning: The Two-Identical-Link Hierarchical Generalized Voronoi Graph

Ming-Lei Shao,이지영,한창수,신규식 한국정밀공학회 2015 International Journal of Precision Engineering and Vol. No.

We present a new roadmap based on a generalized Voronoi graph (GVG) for two-identical-link ( L2) robots to explore an unknown planar environment. It is called the L2 hierarchical generalized Voronoi graph (L2-HGVG). The L2 robot is formed by two equal length rods and a revolute joint between them. The configuration of the robot possesses four degree-of-freedom, two for position and two for orientation, and hence the roadmap is one-dimensional in an unknown configuration space R2 × T2. L2-HGVG is defined in terms of workspace distance measurements using only sensor information without prior knowledge of the environment, with the robot having the maximum distance from obstacles, and is therefore optimum in a point of view for exploration and obstacle avoidance.

Sensor-Based Path Planning for Planar Two-identical-Link Robots by Generalized Voronoi Graph

Ming-Lei Shao(소명뢰),Kyoo-Sik Shin(신규식) 한국산학기술학회 2014 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.15 No.12

일반화된 보로노이 그래프(GVG)는 자율 주행 로봇을 위한 일종의 로드맵으로서. GVG는 선서에다 받은 정보만 사용하여 작업 공간거리의 계산에 따라 정의를 한다. 로봇은 장애물까지의 최대 거리를 검출할 수 있기 때문에 포인트 뷰에서 GVG의 최적은 정출 몇 장애물 회피이다. 로봇의 경우에는, GVG는 가장 안전적인 길이라고 할 수 있다. 따라서 높이 링크 로봇의 GVG가장거리에 대한 연구가 매우 필요하다. 기존 연구에서 점(point) 로봇을 위한 GVG(point-GVG)와 로드 로봇을 위한 GVG(rod-GVG)가 발표되었다. 이 논문은 더 고차원의 로봇인 두 개의 동일 링크가 관절로 연결된 (tow-identical-link; L2) 로봇을 위한 GVG(L2-GVG)에 대한 연구이다. L2-GVG는 미지의 평면 작업공간에서 움직이는 L2로봇의 짜임새 공간R²×T²상에서 로드맵을 생성하되, 이전 연구와 마찬가지로 지역적 센서 정보만을 이용해 로봇이 스스로 주행하면서 맵을 만들어 낸다. 이 논문에서는 이전 point-GVG와 rod-GVG에서는 나타나지 않는, 관절이 존재하여 생기는 복잡한 특성에 대해서 분석한다. 이는 다관절 로봇으로의 확장에 중요한 초석이 될 것이다. The generalized Voronoi graph (GVG) is a topological map of a constrained environment. This is defined in terms of workspace distance measurements using only sensor-provided information, with a robot having a maximum distance from obstacles, and is the optimum for exploration and obstacle avoidance. This is the safest path for the robot, and is very significant when studying the GVG edges of highly articulated robots. In previous work, the point-GVG edge and Rod-GVG were built with point robot and rod robot using sensor-based control. An attempt was made to use a higher degree of freedom robot to build GVG edges. This paper presents GVG-based a new local roadmap for the two-link robot in the constrained two-dimensional environment. This new local roadmap is called the two-identical-link generalized Voronoi graph (L2-GVG). This is used to explore an unknown planar workspace and build a local roadmap in an unknown configuration space R² × T² for a planar two-identical-link robot. The two-identical-link GVG also can be constructed using only sensor-provided information. These results show the more complex properties of two-link-GVG, which are very different from point-GVG and rod-GVG. Furthermore, this approach draws on the experience of other highly articulated robots.

『청어노걸대』 한글 전사(轉寫) 연구

소뢰 ( Shao Lei ),김룡군 ( Jin Longjun ) 중국한국(조선)어교육연구학회 2023 한국(조선)어교육연구 Vol.22 No.0

As an important Manchu-Korean Material, The Cheong-eo-no-geol-dae is a Manchu language textbook with Korean translation and Transliteration, published by the Sa-yeok-won Academy. This article comprehensively organizes and analyzes the Manchu script’s Korean transliteration in Cheong-eo-no-geol-dae and finds that its Korean transliteration is relatively rough and not influenced by Manchu script. It is probably because the original Manchu text is recorded in the main body, and there is no need to make a further distinction in the Korean transcription.

청학서에 나타난 한글 전사의 구별기호 기능

소뢰 ( Shao Lei ),김도영 ( Kim Do-yong ) 국어학회 2023 국어학 Vol.- No.108

조선 사역원에서 발간한 역학서의 중국어, 몽고어, 만주어, 일본어 등 여러 외국어 한글 전사에는 한글 자모표에 존재하지 않는 기호와 기존 한글 철자법에 어긋하는 특수 자형(字形)이 나타난다. 이와 같이 청학서의 만주 문자 한글 전사에도 원과 점, 체크 표시 등 구별기호가 더해진 문자 형태가 나타났는데, 이들이 이른바 권점자(圈點字)라 불리는 문자이다. 이러한 한글 권점자의 기능은 크게 문자의 발음 구별과 문자의 형태 구별 두 종류로 나눌 수 있고, 13개의 상위 유형과 29개의 하위 유형으로 더 자세히 분류할 수도 있다. In the works translated by Korea's Sayeok-won, the Korean transcriptions of languages such as Chinese, Mongolian, Manchu, and Japanese frequently exhibit unconventional forms―scripts that either extend beyond the standard Korean alphabet or do not adhere to typical orthographic norms. This phenomenon is particularly evident in the Korean transcriptions for Manchu found in Cheonghak-seo. Numerous symbols, including rings, dots, or carons, manifest in these transcriptions. These symbols serve two primary functions: differentiating phonetic sounds and distinguishing glyphs. On a more detailed scale, these can be classified into 13 categories and 29 subcategories.

韓國 語文民族主義의 發展

邵磊 ( Shao Lei ),金龙军 ( Jin Longjun ) 중국한국(조선)어교육연구학회 2022 한국(조선)어교육연구 Vol.19 No.0

This article will reveal the interaction between changes in Korean linguistic policies and changes in Korean national consciousness, by reviewing the development process of Korean linguistics. In other words, how Korean nation uses languages and characters as a tool to realize its political ideals, which is “Linguistic Nationalism”. The development of Korean linguistic nationalism can be divided into five stages, which are Chinese Language Stage, Emergence, Establishment, Development, and Introspection. The language usage in each stage can reflect the political demands and nationalism characteristics of that time. The change of Korean linguistic policies is the reflection and practice of Korean people's national consciousness and political concepts in different stages of history.

Experimental research on local buckling of BS700 high-strength steel thin-walled box-section members under axial compression

Lei Gao,Fei Shao,Linyue Bai,Xingkun Xie,Xiaohui He 대한기계학회 2022 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.36 No.5

In this study, the ultimate bearing capacity and local buckling failure mode of members were investigated, and the results were compared to the predicted values of the existing steel structures design code. The results indicated that the failure mode of the specimen was local buckling. Finite element model is verified using experimental results. FE model is capable of predicting the behaviour of specimens and it is used for further numerical analyses. Experimental results are compared with recommendations of the steel structures design code of GB50017-2017, ANSI/AISC 360-16 and Eurocode 3. It is observed that the 83.3 % of the test bearing capacity are slightly higher than the predictions of existing codes with a variance of 5 %. It is concluded that the provisions of existing codes can meet the design requirements. However, the number of tests is limited and further related experimental and FE numerical studies are required.

Selective and Fast-Response Fluorescent Probes for Hypochlorite and their Application

Lei Shi,Qinhai Chen,Haojia Hong,Guang Shao,Shengzhao Gong,Hua Xiang 대한화학회 2019 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.40 No.7

It is extremely important to develop selective and sensitive fluorescent probes for the detection of hypochlorite (HClO/ClO?). Herein, two ESIPT-based fluorescent probes (BS1 and BS2) were designed and prepared for the fast determination of HClO. The probes exhibited excellent specificity towards HClO and showed the rapid and huge fluorescent responses. Moreover, the probes BS1 and BS2 could sensitively detect HClO in the range of 0?100??M with the low detection limits of 87 and 106?nM, especially. Besides, the success of practical application in water samples and test strips suggested that the synthetic probes may be effective tools for the detection of hypochlorite in environmental samples.

Abnormal Dynamic Functional Connectivity of the Left Rostral Hippocampus in Predicting Antidepressant Efficacy in Major Depressive Disorder

Shao-Wei Xue,Changxiao Kuai,Yang Xiao,Lei Zhao,Zhihui Lan 대한신경정신의학회 2022 PSYCHIATRY INVESTIGATION Vol.19 No.7

Objective Some pharmacological treatments are ineffective in parts of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), hence this needs prediction of effective treatment responses. The study aims to examine the relationship between dynamic functional connectivity (dFC) of the hippocampal subregion and antidepressant improvement of MDD patients and to estimate the capability of dFC to predict antidepressant efficacy.Methods The data were from 70 MDD patients and 43 healthy controls (HC); the dFC of hippocampal subregions was estimated by sliding-window approach based on resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (R-fMRI). After 3 months treatment, 36 patients underwent second R-fMRI scan and were then divided into the response group and non-response group according to clinical responses.Results The result manifested that MDD patients exhibited lower mean dFC of the left rostral hippocampus (rHipp.l) compared with HC. After 3 months therapy, the response group showed lower dFC of rHipp.l compared with the non-response group. The dFC of rHipp.l was also negatively correlated with the reduction rate of Hamilton Depression Rating Scale.Conclusion These findings highlighted the importance of rHipp in MDD from the dFC perspective. Detection and estimation of these changes might demonstrate helpful for comprehending the pathophysiological mechanism and for assessment of treatment reaction of MDD.