독일 탈석탄정책과 시사점

신상우 ( Shin¸ Sangwoo ) 한국환경법학회 2021 環境法 硏究 Vol.43 No.2

세계적으로 강화되는 기후위기 대응정책의 흐름에 따라서 탈석탄정책이 시행되었고, 독일 역시 2015년 파리협정에 가입함으로써 탄소중립이라는 새로운 구조변화과정에 직면하였다. 이에 따라 독일 정부는 2018년 6월 석탄위원회를 공식적으로 발족하였고, 탈석탄과 탈석탄 지역의 구조변화에 필요한 재정지원 및 사회기반시설을 확충함으로써 해당 지역의 설비업자와 노동자들의 안정적인 삶을 유지시키고자 한다. 2020년 7월 3일 독일 연방하원과 연방상원은 석탄 사용을 계획가능하고, 경제적으로 합리적인 방법 내에서 중단시키고 및 에너지 공급을 지속가능한 에너지로 전환시키는 것을 목적으로 하는 “탈석탄법”과 다양한 경제적 균형과 경제 성장을 촉진시키기는 것을 목적으로 “석탄지역 구조강화법”을 통과시켰다. 두 법률은 같은 해 8월 13일 연방공보에 발표되었고, 다음날 효력이 발생되었다. 탈석탄법은 석탄전력생산사용종료법을 도입함으로써 독일에서 역청탄과 갈탄 전력생산사용을 2038년까지 전면적으로 중단시키고자 한다. 게다가 탈석탄법은 역청탄과 갈탄산업의 단계적 폐지로 인하여 발생되는 전기요금상승에 대하여 소비자 보호 방안과 역청탄과 갈탄산업에서 근무하는 고령노동자들에 대한 조정지원금을 함께 규정함으로서 탈석탄 지역의 설비업자와 노동자들을 보호하고자 한다. 이에 반해, 석탄지역 구조강화법은 석탄지역 투자법과 다양한 교통노선법을 수용함으로써 석탄산업의 중단뿐만 아니라, 석탄지역의 탈석탄화로 인하여 상대적으로 경제적 구조가 취약한 지역에 사회기반시설을 확충함으로써 경제적 격차를 해소시키고자 한다. 본 논문은 독일에서 행해지고 있는 탈석탄 정책과 정의로운 전환에 대하여 논의하고자 한다. 이를 통해서 현재 우리나라 탄소중립사회로의 정의로운 전환을 실현하기 위한 법안과 그린뉴딜정책을 지원하기 위한 후속정책들에 대하여 그 입법적 개선방향을 제시하고자 한다. Coal phaseout policy was implemented in accordance with the trend of global climate crisis response policies, and Germany also faced a new structural change process called carbon neutrality by joining the Paris Agreement on Climate Change in 2015. Accordingly, the German government officially launched the Coal Committee in June 2018, and by expanding the financial support and social infrastructure necessary for the de-coal and structural change in the de-coaled area, it maintains a stable life for the local utility and workers sleep. On 3 July 2020, the German Bundestag and the Bundesrat passed the Coal Emission Act, which aims to stop the use of coal in a planable and economically reasonable way, and to convert the energy supply into sustainable energy, and the leveling and The Structural Reinforcement Act was passed with the aim of promoting economic growth. Both laws were published in the Federal Register on August 13 of the same year, and came into force the next day. This paper intends to discuss the coal-free policy and just transition in Germany. Through this, I would like to suggest a legislative improvement direction for the current legislation to realize a just transition to a carbon-neutral society in Korea and follow-up policies to support the Green New Deal policy.

The Effects of Human Resource Factors on Firm Efficiency : A Bayesian Stochastic Frontier Analysis

Sangwoo Shin,Hyejung Chang 국제문화기술진흥원 2018 International Journal of Advanced Culture Technolo Vol.6 No.4

This study proposes a Bayesian stochastic frontier model that is well-suited to productivity/efficiency analysis particularly using panel data. A unique feature of our proposal is that both production frontier and efficiency are estimable for each individual firm and their linkage to various firm characteristics enriches our understanding of the source of productivity/efficiency. Empirical application of the proposed analysis to Human Capital Corporate Panel data enables identification and quantification of the effects of Human Resource factors on firm efficiency in tandem with those of firm types on production frontier. A comprehensive description of the Markov Chain Monte Carlo estimation procedure is forwarded to facilitate the use of our proposed stochastic frontier analysis.

The Race of Nanowires: Morphological Instabilities and a Control Strategy

Shin, Sangwoo,Al-Housseiny, Talal T.,Kim, Beom Seok,Cho, Hyung Hee,Stone, Howard A. American Chemical Society 2014 NANO LETTERS Vol.14 No.8

<P>The incomplete growth of nanowires that are synthesized by template-assisted electrodeposition presents a major challenge for nanowire-based devices targeting energy and electronic applications. In template-assisted electrodeposition, the growth of nanowires in the pores of the template is complex and unstable. Here we show theoretically and experimentally that the dynamics of this process is diffusion-limited, which results in a morphological instability driven by a race among nanowires. Moreover, we use our findings to devise a method to control the growth instability. By introducing a temperature gradient across the porous template, we manipulate ion diffusion in the pores, so that we can reduce the growth instability. This strategy significantly increases the length of nanowires. In addition to shedding light on a key nanotechnology, our results may provide fundamental insights into a variety of interfacial growth processes in materials science such as crystal growth and tissue growth in scaffolds.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/nalefd/2014/nalefd.2014.14.issue-8/nl501324t/production/images/medium/nl-2014-01324t_0006.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/nl501324t'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>

Flow boiling heat transfer on nanowire-coated surfaces with highly wetting liquid

Shin, Sangwoo,Choi, Geehong,Kim, Beom Seok,Cho, Hyung Hee Elsevier 2014 ENERGY Vol.76 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Owing to the recent advances in nanotechnology, one significant progress in energy technology is increased cooling ability. It has recently been shown that nanowires can improve pool boiling heat transfer due to the unique features such as enhanced wetting and enlarged nucleation sites. Applying such nanowires on a flow boiling, which is another major class of boiling phenomenon that is associated with forced convection, is yet immature and scarce despite its importance in various applications such as liquid cooling of energy, electronics and refrigeration systems. Here, we investigate flow boiling heat transfer on surfaces that are coated with SiNWs (silicon nanowires). Also, we use highly-wetting dielectric liquid, FC-72, as a working fluid. An interesting wetting behavior is observed where the presence of SiNWs reduces wetting and wicking that in turn leads to significant decrease of CHF (critical heat flux) compared to the plain surface, which opposes the current consensus. Also, the effects of nanowire length and Reynolds number on the boiling heat transfer are shown to be highly nonmonotonic. We attempt to explain such an unusual behavior on the basis of wetting, nucleation and forced convection, and we show that such factors are highly coupled in a way that lead to unusual behavior.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Observation of suppressed wettability in the presence of surface roughness (nanowires). </LI> <LI> Significant reduction of critical heat flux in the presence of nanowires. </LI> <LI> Nonmonotonic behavior of heat transfer coefficient vs. nanowire length and Reynolds number. </LI> </UL> </P>

Thermal Stress Analysis of <tex> $\hbox{Ge}_{1}\hbox{Sb}_{4} \hbox{Te}_{7}$</tex>-Based Phase-Change Memory Devices

Sangwoo Shin,Kyung Min Kim,Jiwoon Song,Hyung Keun Kim,Doo Jin Choi,Hyung Hee Cho IEEE 2011 IEEE transactions on electron devices Vol.58 No.3

<P>Due to the extreme operating conditions in phase-change memory (PCM) cells in terms of temperature and heating/cooling rate, thermal stress is regarded as one of the most critical problems in PCM devices. Here, we report on the thermal stress analysis of Ge<SUB>1</SUB>Sb<SUB>4</SUB>Te<SUB>7</SUB>-based PCM cells using numerical simulations. Thermomechanical properties are measured prior to the thermal stress analysis, where the Young's modulus, thermal expansion coefficient, and density of (poly)crystalline Ge<SUB>1</SUB>Sb<SUB>4</SUB>Te<SUB>7</SUB> are measured to be 37.8 GPa, 17.913 × 10<SUP>-6</SUP> K<SUP>-1</SUP>, and 5685 kg · m<SUP>-3</SUP>, respectively. Transient thermal stress evolution in conventional T-structured and trench depth-varying PCM cells is simulated during the reset process. For the T-structured PCM cell, thermal stress is developed largely in the interface of the phase-change and bottom contact layers (PCL and BCL respectively), which may lead to the delamination of the PCL from the metal electrode. However, we observe that, as the trench depth is increased, the thermal stress along the interface of the PCL and the interlayer dielectric (ILD) also increases. Therefore, in a deep-trenched PCM cell, a possible thermal failure is likely to occur not only at the interface of the PCL and the BCL but also at the interface of the PCL and the ILD.</P>

Over 95% of large-scale length uniformity in template-assisted electrodeposited nanowires by subzero-temperature electrodeposition

Shin, Sangwoo,Kong, Bo Hyun,Kim, Beom Seok,Kim, Kyung Min,Cho, Hyung Koun,Cho, Hyung Hee Springer 2011 NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS Vol.6 No.1

<P>In this work, we report highly uniform growth of template-assisted electrodeposited copper nanowires on a large area by lowering the deposition temperature down to subzero centigrade. Even with highly disordered commercial porous anodic aluminum oxide template and conventional potentiostatic electrodeposition, length uniformity over 95% can be achieved when the deposition temperature is lowered down to -2.4°C. Decreased diffusion coefficient and ion concentration gradient due to the lowered deposition temperature effectively reduces ion diffusion rate, thereby favors uniform nanowire growth. Moreover, by varying the deposition temperature, we show that also the pore nucleation and the crystallinity can be controlled.</P>

Phase-dependent thermal conductivity of Ge1Sb4Te7 and N:Ge1Sb4Te7 for phase change memory applications

Shin, Sangwoo,Kim, Hyung Keun,Song, Jiwoon,Choi, Doo Jin,Cho, Hyung Hee American Institute of Physics 2010 JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS - Vol.107 No.3

Enhanced Boiling Heat Transfer using Self-Actuated Nanobimorphs

Shin, Sangwoo,Choi, Geehong,Rallabandi, Bhargav,Lee, Donghwi,Shim, Dong Il,Kim, Beom Seok,Kim, Kyung Min,Cho, Hyung Hee American Chemical Society 2018 Nano letters Vol.18 No.10

<P>We present a new concept of a structured surface for enhanced boiling heat transfer that is capable of self-adapting to the local thermal conditions. An array of freestanding nanoscale bimorphs, a structure that consists of two adjoining materials with a large thermal expansion mismatch, is able to deform under local temperature change. Such a surface gradually deforms as the nucleate boiling progresses due to the increase in the wall superheat. The deformation caused by the heated surface is shown to be favorable for boiling heat transfer, leading to about 10% of increase in the critical heat flux compared to a regular nanowire surface. A recently developed theoretical model that accounts for the critical instability wavelength of the vapor film and the capillary wicking force successfully describes the critical heat flux enhancement for the nanobimorph surface with a good quantitative agreement.</P> [FIG OMISSION]</BR>

A facile route for the fabrication of large-scale gate-all-around nanofluidic field-effect transistors with low leakage current.

Shin, Sangwoo,Kim, Beom Seok,Song, Jiwoon,Lee, Hwanseong,Cho, Hyung Hee Royal Society of Chemistry 2012 Lab on a chip Vol.12 No.14

<P>Active modulation of ions and molecules via field-effect gating in nanofluidic channels is a crucial technology for various promising applications such as DNA sequencing, drug delivery, desalination, and energy conversion. Developing a rapid and facile fabrication method for ionic field-effect transistors (FET) over a large area may offer exciting opportunities for both fundamental research and innovative applications. Here, we report a rapid, cost-effective route for the fabrication of large-scale nanofluidic field-effect transistors using a simple, lithography-free two-step fabrication process that consists of sputtering and barrier-type anodization. A robust alumina gate dielectric layer, which is formed by anodizing sputtered aluminium, can be rapidly fabricated in the order of minutes. When anodizing aluminium, we employ a hemispherical counter electrode in order to give a uniform electric field that encompasses the whole sputtered aluminium layer which has high surface roughness. In consequence, a well-defined thin layer of alumina with perfect step coverage is formed on a highly rough aluminium surface. A gate-all-around nanofluidic FET with a leak-free gate dielectric exhibits outstanding gating performance despite a large channel size. The thin and robust anodized alumina gate dielectric plays a crucial role in achieving such excellent capacitive coupling. The combination of a gate-all-around structure with a leak-free gate dielectric over a large area could yield breakthroughs in areas ranging from biotechnology to energy and environmental applications.</P>

Thermal conductivity of BCC-ordered mesoporous silica films

Shin, Sangwoo,Ha, Tae-Jung,Park, Hyung-Ho,Cho, Hyung Hee Institute of Physics [etc.] 2009 Journal of physics. D, applied physics Vol.42 No.12

<P>Experimental investigations on thermal conductivity of ordered mesoporous silica films (MSFs) are conducted. Ordered MSFs are prepared using Brij-76 block copolymer. Porosities of ordered MSFs are 30%, 40% and 50% with thicknesses of 162 nm, 192 nm and 177 nm, respectively. Pores with size of a few nanometres are distributed along the entire film in body-centered cubic (BCC) phase. Thermal conductivities of BCC-ordered MSFs are measured using the 3ω method at temperature ranging from room temperature (300 K) to 600 K. Thermal conductivities are measured to be up to several factors higher compared with random porous silicates, which is desirable for effective thermal management in integrated circuits.</P>