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Sovereignty and Conceptual Change in Late Qing China
( Rune Svarverud ) 한림과학원 2010 개념과 소통 Vol.0 No.6
For centuries, China had held a position as supreme political and cultural sovereign in East Asia, and the ruling idea of inter-state relations referred to the power of the emperor ruling all-under-heaven(tianxia o,u》). With the incursion by the European powers from the middle of the nineteenth century, the question of China`s independence and position in international relations, and her position as the supreme sovereign of East Asia were challenged in practical politics, and with the gradual introduction of Western learning(xixue 西學) new ideas and concepts for China`s international orientation were introduced. This article applies perspectives from conceptual history when considering the translation and adaptation of concepts related to the conceptual field of ``sovereignty`` from the West. The article will show that, first, by the translation of Western literature and, later, through the native discourse of political issues, the notion of China as a sovereign and independent state in international affairs challenged and slowly replaced traditional interpretations of China as a suzerain in East Asia. Chinese intellectuals gradually adopted new conceptual and political frameworks for understanding China in the larger family of nations. The article claims that this shift represents one of the watersheds, or Sattelzeit, as scholars of German Begriffsgeschichte would term it, in East Asia`s historical transition to modernity.
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