보행 시 DLO방법을 이용한 발목 관절의 접촉력 분석

권문석 ( Moon Seok Kwon ),신성휴 ( Seong Hyoo Shin ) 한국스포츠정책과학원(구 한국스포츠개발원) 2006 체육과학연구 Vol.17 No.4

본 연구의 목적은 최적화 기법을 이용한 보행 시 발목 관절의 동역학적 해석에 근거하여 실제 인간의 보행 시 발목관절에서 발생하는 접촉력으로 추정함으로써 생체역학적 및 임상적인 관점에서 평가 할 수 있는 방법론 제시에 그 목적이 있다. 이러한 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위하여 본 연구 대상자들은 근골격계의 질환이 없는 정상인 집단 10명을 선정하였으며, 보행 동작 시 최적화 기법을 이용한 발목 관절의 근골격계 해석은 RHS(right heel strike)에서 RTO(right toe off)까지만 분석하였다. 최적화 기법을 이용한 발목 관절의 근골격계의 해석에서 중추신경계의 생리적 근육 이용 전략에 근거하여 인간의 동작은 최적화되며, 동작 시 최소의 근육 동원이 수행될 것이라는 가정하고, 발목 관절은 3자유도를 가진 복합관절의 복합(complex)관절로 정의하였다. 이와 같은 발목 관절의 정의와 가정에 의해서 인체 모델링을 설정하였고 운동학적 데이터 산출을 위한 3차원 좌표 및 운동역학적 데이터인 지면반력 데이터 산출을 위하여 Kwon3d와 KwonGRF 프로그램을 이용하였으며, 보행 시 발목 관절에 작용하는 11개 근육의 힘들을 고려하여 발목 접촉력은 matlab(Version6.5) 프로그램으로 프로그래밍하였다. 산출된 발목관절 접촉력의 자료는 평균값을 이용하여 얻어진 결론은 다음과 같다. 인간을 대상으로 발목관절의 접촉력을 산출하는 방법 중 동역학 접근법의 근거아래 발목관절에 작용하는 근육의 힘들을 최적화하여 얻어진 접촉력은 선행연구들에서 얻어진 결과와 같은 결과를 보였을 뿐만 아니라 좌ㆍ우, 전ㆍ후 전단력도 평가 할 수 있는 발목관절 모델링과 프로그램 방법론을 제시하였다. 본 연구에서 제시된 DLO 방법은 실제 계산되는 시간이 다른 선행연구들에서 제시된 방법들과 비교하여 보았을 때 매우 효과적인 방법이라 할 수 있다. 그러므로 인간의 보행 시 발목 관절의 임상적 측면을 생체역학적 관점으로 평가 할 수 있는 방법으로 이용될 것으로 기대된다. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical applicability throughout dynamically analysis of the ankle joint used of optimization. To do this, the normal group included 10 participants who had no skeletal muscular disease. On the study, the DLO(Double Linear Optimization) method during walking used of skeletal muscular interpretation analyzed from RHS(right heel strike) to RTO(right toe off). Human walking movement is optimized based on physiological muscle controlled by the central nervous system, and it was assumed that minimum number of skeletal muscle would be mobilized during the movement. The ankle joint was defined 3 free-degree ball-and-socket complex joint. Body modeling was set up based on the definition and assumption of the ankle joint. Kwon3d and KwonGRF program were used for 3d result of kinematic data and results of exercise kinetic data. Matlab(version 6.5) was employed to analyze osculating ability used of mean values. These data resulted in the followings: Dynamically kinetic interpretation of ankle skeletal muscular modeling on 3 free-degree, 11 muscles during normal subjects` walking used of optimization method. Because the DLO technique used in the study has been reported to influence to an accuracy of real experimental data, each variable, such as angle variables, joint repulsive moment, was quantitatied by the previous experiment to control possible errors. Individual powers of 3 free-degree 11 muscles were calculated by the skeletal muscle modeling used of kinematic and kinetic factors of ankle joint computed by the experiment. However, The important result from the study was the interpretation of osculating ability of the ankle joint. Even though this study was finished shortly when compared to the previous studies, the same results were observed. Furthermore, this study tested the four direction share force. Therefore, this study provided practical and computationally inexpensive method of estimating in vivo quantities ankle joint contact forces. Thus, this method may be used on the clinical area to verify effects of biomechanical to evaluate ankle joint for human walking.

크라우칭(Crouching) 스타트 시 뒤 블록 각도 변화에 따른 발목 관절의 기계적 에너지에 대한 연구

권문석,신성휴 한국운동역학회 2005 한국운동역학회지 Vol.15 No.1

M. S. KWON, S. H. SHIN. A Study of the Ankle Joint to Mechanical Energy in Crouching Start According to the Backward Block Inclined Angle Increase. Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 19-28, 2005. The purpose of this study was to improve the ankle joint to mechanical energy in Crouching start according to the backward block inclined angle(F, F(+1), F(+2)) increase. For purpose of this study the ankle joint was considered as a single hinge joint rotation about a transverse axis. A two-dimensional(sagittal plane) analysis was performed on data collected from 3 spriters(unversity student). During Crouching start, the ankle joint moment showed a similar patterns according to the backward block inclined angle increase. The peak values of ankle joint moment was plantar flexion approximately 80% throughout the contact phase for Crouching start. The absorbed and generated energy represented different values from the backward block inclined angle increase at ankle joint. On the backward block inclined angle F, subject A(55? and C(50? produced energy generation more than other block inclined angles. On the backward block inclined angle F(+2), subject B(50? showed largest energy generation.

유도 맞잡기 타입과 받기의 신장에 따른 허벅다리걸기의 Kinematic 분석[2]

권문석,김의환,조동희 한국운동역학회 2002 한국운동역학회지 Vol.12 No.2

본 연구는 6년 이상의 유도경력 소유자인 Y.대학교 유도전공자를 대상으로 맞잡기 타입과 받기신장에 따른 허벅다리걸기 동작시 3차원 영상분석법을 이용하여 운동학적 변인의 특성을 분석하는데 그 목적이 있다. 유도 맞잡기 타입과 받기신장에 따른 허벅다리걸기 동작은 비디오카메라 2대를 사용하여 촬영(30frame/sec.)하였으며, 분석을 위한 운동학적 변인들은 시간, 자세, 중심변인이며, 실험 결과에 대한 분석과 논의를 통하여 다음과 같은 결론 및 제언을 얻을 수 있었다. 허벅다리걸기 동작의 맞잡기 타입에 따른 유의한 차이는 3국면 소요시간, 걸기1단계 공격둔부각, 걸기1단계 공격무릎각, 걸기2단계 공격무릎각, 걸기2단계 지지무릎각, 걸기1단계 공격발목각, 걸기2단계 지지발목각에서 유의한 차이(p<.05)를 보였다. 종합해보면, 허벅다리걸기를 수행할 때 맞잡기와 상대신장이 허벅다리걸기 기술에 영향을 미친다는 것을 알 수 있었으며, 상대의 신장이 작을 경우 목 뒤를 잡는 타입 A가 시간이 단축(<.05)되었다. 따라서 경기 중 상대의 신장이 작다면 목 뒤를 잡는 것이 유리하다.이러한 사실들을 종합해 볼 때, 유도 경기 중 허벅다리걸기를 수행할 대 맞잡기가 많은 영향을 주었다. 또한 기술의 핵심단계인 3(걸기)국면에서도 받기신장에 의한 차가 더 크게 나타나 받기신장 역시 많은 영향을 주었다. 단계별 변인들의 변화량에 있어서는 전체적으로 모든 변인들이 변화량에서 큰 차이를 나타내지는 않았다고 할 수 있다. 따라서 맞잡기와 받기신장은 상당한 관계가 있음을 알 수 있었으며 유도 경기 중 상대에 따른 다양한 잡기와 신장을 고려한 기술이 요구된다. This study was to analyze the kinematic variables when the subjects performing Uchi-mata(inner thigh reaping throw) by Kumi-kata types((How to grasp A or B?) and two different opponent's height in Judo. Kinematic variables were temporal, posture. Data analysis was collective comparison of two-way ANOVA, t-test by type A&B and two different opponent's height. There were significant difference of Kumi-kata types(p<.05) in the time elapsed on Kake phase(KP : throwing phase) and hip, knee, ankle-angle of the attacking foot in the 1st stage of KP and knee, ankle-angle of the attacking foot and hip, knee ankle-angle of the supporting foot in the 2nd stage of KP. There were significant difference of two opponent's(p<.05) in the time elapsed on KP and hip-angle of the supporting foot in 1st stage of KP. Therefore, the interaction effect(p<.05) were in the time elapsed on KP and hip-angle of the supporting foot in the 2nd stage of KP. So, It could be suggested that Judoka hold on the part-behind neck lapel(type A) at the sleeve with the other of Judogi jacked when opponent's height was short. Because the time elapsed on KP of type B was not so fast as type A(p<.05) during performed Uchi-mata, and also the bigger hip-angle of the supporting foot in the 2nd stage of KP grew, the faster the time elapsed on KP became.

전경대원에서 발생한 결핵의 임상 양상

문창기,박상준,조민구,김영중,김소연,김윤권,정준오,안석진,김은실,서승오,김지훈,최원제,이윤영,박형기,최규영,김현근 대한감염학회 2006 감염과 화학요법 Vol.38 No.6

Background: The purpose of this study was to document the incidence and clinical characteristics of patients with tuberculosis (TB) in combat and auxiliary police, living in a group, in Korea where the incidence rate of active TB in a general population is higher than in Western countries. Materials and Methods:We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all tuberculosis patients diagnosed at National Police Hospital from January 2002 through December 2004. Results:In 2002-2004, a total of 156 cases of tuberculosis were identified with the mean (Standard deviation) age of 20.6 (±1.0) years. Of these, 134 (85.9%) patients were registered as new cases, 11 (7.1%) as relapse, 2 (1.3%) as failure, 5 (3.1%) as treatment-after-default cases whereas 4 (2.6 %) patients were not included in any categories. Average annual new TB rate and smear-positive TB rate were 86.5/10^(5) and 17.4/10^(5) person-years, respectively. In 12 of 31 smear-positive cases, time from onset of symptoms to diagnosis was more than 30 days. Two multidrug-resistance TB cases were identified and two suspected outbreak episodes of TB had occurred during 3 years. Conclusion:There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence rate of new cases of TB between the general population aged 20 to 29 years and combat and auxiliary police in Korea. 배경 : 국내 결핵의 발생은 감소 추세에 있으나 여전히 후진국형 발생양상을 보이고 있다. 특히 집단생활을 하는 젊은이들에서 발생하는 결핵의 유행이 간헐적으로 알려지고 있어 우려를 낳고 있다. 이에 저자들은 최근 전경대원의 결핵 발병 양상에 대해 알아보고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 재료 및 방법 : 2002년 1월부터 2004년 12월까지 3년간 경찰병원에서 결핵 진료를 받은 전경대원의 의무기록을 후향적으로 분석하여 연도별 결핵 신환발생률, 도말양성결핵 신환율, 진단 지연, 집단발병, 다제내성결핵을 조사하였다. 결과 : 연도별 결핵 신환자 수(10만명당 발생추정치)는 2002년 50명(83.6명), 2003년 42명(83.7명), 2004년 42명(93.5명)이었고 도말양성 폐결핵 신환자 수는 2002년 10명(16.7명), 2003년 11명(21.9명), 2004년 6명(13.4명)이었다. 3년간 도말양성 폐결핵 환자는 31명이 있었고 그 중 12명은 호흡기 증상 발생 30일이 지나서 진단을 받았다. 다제내성 결핵은 2명이 있었으며 결핵의 집단발병이 의심되는 사례는 2차례 있었다. 결론 : 전경대원과 20-29세 연령군 일반인의 결핵 신환발생률, 도말양성 폐결핵 발생률의 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었다.

제6차 교육과정에 따른 고등학교 화학Ⅰ 교과서의 STS 내용 분석

이석희,김용권,문성배 부산대학교 사범대학 과학교육연구소 2001 科學敎育硏究報 Vol.28 No.-

The STS contents, emphasized in the 6th curriculum, in the chemistry Ⅰ textbooks were analyzed. The STS contents of textbooks showed average of 10.7%. The Chapter in "water and air" were included 34.8% in STS contents, 11.0% in "metal and nonmetal", 9.7% in "organic compound" and 15.1% in "our livelihood and medicine goods". When the STS contents were analyzed by STS topics of Piel, the results are as follows; 51.1% on environmental quality and utilization of natural source, 38.6% on effect of technological developments. 9.5% on energy, 0.8% on sociology of science. However, there were no topics on human engineering, population, space research and national defense. When the STS contents were analyzed by student activities of SATIS, most of the activities were research study and case study. There were few field activities of practical investigation, role play, simulation, and research design.

성균관대학교 멀티미디어 원격교육 시스템(배움 한마당) 개발에 관한 연구

김석수,권해문,이상권,김상진,전진호,황대준 成均館大學校 科學技術硏究所 1997 論文集 Vol.48 No.1

We propose SKKU Multimedia Distance Education System for distance education between nature science campus(Suwon) and social science campus(Seoul) in Sung Kyun Kwan University on DooRae (Distributed Object Oriented Multimedia Application Crafting Environment for Collaboration) framework (or platform). We support ONE : N study mode for a group lecture and discussion between two campus, and also we support mediation for floor mode of a group lecture and brain storming for floor mode of discussion. The communication portocol of this system is composed of TCP/IP and UDP, and the network type is composed of WAN(El line)for between the Suwon campus and Seoul campus, ATM LAN for each campus(local site). And, this system supports the application development of the collaborative multimedia environment connected with the various network in the CBM (Computer based Multimedia) based. Also, it does not restrict on space between a teacher(s) and a student(s) into cyberspace which made by network. This system has an interaction, late comer, a question and an answer, multi-session, application sharing and whiteboard which resembles chalkboard. Also, various supplementary functions such as video conference and voice conference for this system are what makes face-to-face education effective. Also it supports real or non-real type. The operation system developed on windows 95.

심상성 루프스에서 Nested-Primer Gene Amplification Assay에 의한 결핵균 DNA의 검출

신문석,전효진,김병천,이규석,김재룡,권호준,송준영 啓明大學校 醫科大學 1994 계명의대학술지 Vol.13 No.4

Lupus vulgaris, which is a progressive form of postprimary tuberculosis in patients with a moderate to high degree of immunity and tuberculin sensitivity, is the most common, most serious, and most variable type of cutaneous and mucous membrane tuberculosis. Domonstration of M.tuberculosis directly or in culture in some of these eruptions can be difficult. It is essential to demonstrate the presence of M.tuberculosis in a clinical sample for a definitive diagnosis of tuberculosis. With the discovery of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the DNA diagnostic approach for infection has developed in a short period. With the dual purpose of definitive and rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis, this study examined the usefulness of a nested PCR for detection of M. turberculosis. Compared with a single-step PCR, the two-step PCR was able to enhance sensitivity approximately 1,000-fold on the basis of bacterial counts and DNA quantity. We concluded that two-step nested PCR appeared to be the most useful PCR protocol for early and sensitive diagnostic method detecting M.tuberculosis in acid-fast stain negative specimens.

웨이브릿 변환에 기반한 적응 음향반향제거

류권열,안주원,문광석 釜慶大學校 1999 釜慶大學校 論文集 Vol.4 No.1

In this paper, an adaptive acoustic echo canceller based on the wavelet transform filter banks is proposed. The proposed algorithm improves the performance of AEC with a realtime process. The conjugate quadrature filter by Daubechies D4 wavelet is used for proposed wavelet subband filter banks. Adaptive filter coefficients of each subband are updated using LMS algorithm. Subband output signal vectors of adaptive filter are synthesized by synthesis filter banks. The output of adaptive filter is obtained a widband characteristics. As a result of computer simulation using the practical speech signal, the proposed method reduces noise level about l6dB.

Developpe devant 수행시 지향각(Orientation angles)을 이용한 골반과 하지의 신체정렬

박기자,권문석,이경화 한국스포츠리서치 2003 한국 스포츠 리서치 Vol.14 No.6

The purpose of this study was to persnet proper alignment of pelvis and lower extremity using orientation angles during a developpe devant. Data were collected by Kwon3D program. Two females professional modern dancer were participated in this experiment. Subjects performed a developpe devant in meddle heights(about 90 deg.) The results were as follows: First, in axes of X, pelvis, left thigh, left shank were aligned from 0° to 3° and left foot was aligned from 92° to 94°. Second, in axes of Y, pelvis(-ll°~-8°), left thigh(-6°~-2°), left shank(5°~8°), left foot(12°~18) were aligned. Third, in axes of Z, pelvis(5°~10°), left thigh(-20°~-15°), left shank(27°~32°), left foot(7°~10) were aligned.

스타트 블록의 각도에 따른 하지의 각운동량 분석

신성휴,김태완,권문석,고석곤,박기자 한국운동역학회 2004 한국운동역학회지 Vol.14 No.3

S. H. SHIN, T. W. KIM, M. S. KWON, S. G. GO, K. J. PARK. Analysis of the angular momentum on the lower extremity by change of starting block angles. Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 165-175, 2004. The aim of this study is to show the effect of starting block angle on the starting motion of sprinters using a crouching start. After installing starting blocks on forced platform, and having four highly comparative sprinters use the starting blocks, I analyzed the angular momentum of a crouching start. From the results of the analysis, the following conclusions could be drawn: There were differences of angular momentum both in body's X, Y, and Z axes and in the thighs' X axes, but not in the pelvis and lower legs. As to the general change of block angle, we noticed that an angular momentum for each segments was higher at an angle of 50 to 55 degrees.