Return Migrants and International Transfer of Technology: A Case Study of Azad, Jammu and Kashmir

( M. Aslam Chaudhary ),( S. Nisar H. Hamdani ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 (구 세종대학교 국제경제연구소) 2002 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.17 No.2

The study aims at exploring contributions of return migrants, particularly, their role in international transfer of technology in Azad, Jammu and Kashmir (AJK). Besides, reasons for migration and impact on employment generation, as well as, characteristics of migrants (s) are identified who are most likely to promote the transfer of technology. For this purpose, a field survey was conducted in Azad, Jammu and Kashmir, an area with a high rate of international migration. Econometric models were estimated to draw empirical support for determining of the issues. The empirical evidences indicate that education level, demographic profile, career planning before migration, vocational training,, duration of stay abroad and specific type of employer are some of the important determinants of migrants who are likely to transfer technology. The return migrants who spend on luxuries are less likely to contribute in this respect. Such migrants possess specific set of characteristics (s). As per our knowledge, this source of international transfer of technology has not been identified so far. Besides, different technologies like improvement in infoware, humanware, technoware and organisational skills etc., which contribute to improve human capital are identified. The study also provides information on re-employment pattern of return migrants. It further highlights impacts of return migrants on the promotion of local businesses and employment generation. Based upon the evidences, the study provides policy guideline to fully benefit from migrants. A labour policy to provide information about the types of feasible businesses, incentives to bring new technology and facilitation of setting up business could enhance local development. The study contributes by identifying an important new source of international transfer of technology (s) through migrants. The policy direction are provided to explored this new channel to transfer new technologies and, therefore, accelerate economic development in developing areas. The study would also be equally beneficial for other areas, which experience return migrants.

Return Migrants and International Transfer of Technology : A Case Study of Azad, Jammu and Kashmir

Chaudhary, M. Aslam,Hamdani, S. Nisar H. 세종대학교 국제경제연구소 2002 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.17 No.2

The study aims exploring contributions of return migrants, particularly, their role in international transfer of technology in Azad,Jammu and Kashmir(AJK). Besides, reasons for migration and impact on employment generation, as well as, characteristics of migrant(s) are identified who are most likely to promote the transfer of technology. For this purpose, a field survey was conduted in Azad, Jammu and Kashmir, an area with a high rate of international migration. Econometric models were estimated to draw empirical support for determining of the issues. The empirical evidences indicate that education level, demographic profile, career planning before migration, vocational training, duration of stay abroad and specific type of employer are some of the important determinants of migrants who are likely to transfer technology. The return migrants who spend on luxuries are less likely to contribute in this respect. Such migrants possess specific set of characteristics(s). As per our knowledge, this source of international transfer of technology has not been identified so far. Besides, different technologies like improvement in infoware, humanware, technoware and organisational skills etc, which contribute to improve human capital are identified. The study also provides information on re-employment pattern of return migrants. It further highlights impacts of return migrants on the promotion of local businesses and employment generation. Based upon the evidences, the study provides policy guideline to fully benefit from migrants. A labour policy to provide information about the types of feasible businesses, incentives to bring new technology and facilitation of setting up business could enhance local development. The study contributes by identifying an important new source of international transfer of technology(s) through migrants. The policy direction are provided to explored this new channel to transfer new technologies and, therefore, accelerate economic development in developing areas. The study would also be equally beneficial for other areas, which experience return migrants.

Comparative Advantage, Complementarity, Market Diversification and Trade Instability : A Case Study of Pakistan

Chaudhary, M. Aslam,Saleem, Mohammad 세종대학교 국제경제연구소 2001 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.16 No.4

In this paper pattern of Packistan's exports, comparative advantage of exports, Complementarity and commodity concentration of exports and export instability of Pakistan are analyzed. The mismatch between Pakistan's exports and world import is also identified. Different indices have been utilized to draw empirical evidences, such as comparative advantage index, commodity concentration index, and export instability index and Complementarity index etc. The results of the study indicated that, from 1972 to 1998, the growth rate of Pakistan's exports has increased, despite the wide variation in growth rates of demand for exports, across the trading member states. Packistan is one of those countries of the South Asia whose exports grew faster than other i.e. south asian association for Regional Cooperation Countries (SAARC)ㆍㆍ. However, compared with Japan and south Korea, Pakistan's exports have grown at a much slower pace. The results of Complementary Index suggests that Pakistan's exports are not closely linked to the dominant trading partners imports. The result of commodity concentration index indicates that Pakistan's exports consist upon few products, concentrated in few markets. It is also noted that during the early period of liberalization (1972-1982), commodity concretion increased, while it started to decline during the period of (1983-92), and continued to decline during the recent economic reform period(1993-89). The result of comparative advantage index shows mixed results. Only the minor exports group, i.e. carpets and rugs, has enjoyed comparative advantage, while major exports like textile and leather group did not experience comparative advantage. It was clear that all these product categories are losing competitive strength in the world market. If the same trends continue it is likely that Pakistan's exports will face serious problems in the new emerging world of globalization and free trade. The export Instability Index indicates that Pakistan's exports exhibits instability. Over time, export instability has increased for Pakistan while the same has shown decreasing trend for the rest of the world. Thus, the export performance of Pakistan is not consistent with the rest of the world. To overcome the above-mentioned problems, there is a need to follow aggressive trade policies, focused to decrease commodity concentration, increase in the number of exports, diversification of exports and markets and specialize in exports to improve upon comparative advantage. Besides, fluctuations in exports must be brought under control for smooth and stable flow of foreign exchange earnings. All the above requires drastic changes in the trade policy. Targeted trade policy to achieve the above could lead to bear fruitful results. It requires drastic changes in the trage policy. Targeted trade policy to achieve the above could lead to bear fruitful results.