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하루 콩단백질 25g 섭취를 위한 메뉴작성 및 영양성분 분석
한재숙,김정애,서봉순,이연정,서향순,조연숙,한경필,이신정,오옥희,우경자,조은자,구성자,김수진,李承彦,南出隆久 동아시아식생활학회 2002 동아시아식생활학회지 Vol.12 No.2
The purpose of this study was to develop menus for daily intake of 25g soybean protein and to analyse nutrients of these foods. Analytical values were compared to the theoretical one using the food composition table and recommended dietary allowances for Koreans (7th revision). The results are as follows. 1. Soybean curd residue stew, Soybean curd, Kimchi saute, and hard boiled soybean and lotus root were selected for the menu for January, of which the content of soy bean protein(SBP) was 33.1g, soybean stew, soybean curd and soybean sprout saute, and Italian deep fried soybean curd were for February, of which the content of SBP was 35.0g. The content of SBP in soybean paste soup with soybean curd, fried soybean curd and fried soybean curd roll, the menu for March, was 24.9g. That of April were soybean curd gratin with soymilk, soybean curd and ham with garlic dressing and the content of SBP was 26.3g. That of May were soybean porridge, soybean flour cake with honey (Dasik), soybean sprout soup and the content of SBP was 26.7g. That of June were soymilk, pan-fried soybean curd, steamed soybean curd with chicken and the content of SBP was 28.4g. That of July were noodle with soymilk, mapatofu, soybean curd salad and the content of SBP was 24.7g. That of August were soybean sprout with mustard dressing, Tossed green pepper with raw soybean flour, Tofu and Kimchi stew, soybean curd steak and the content of SBP was 26.2g. That of September were Chinese cabbage soup with raw soybean flour, sweet and sour tofu and the content of SBP was 23.2g. That of Oct. were Fermented soybean stew, soybean pan cake and the content of SBP was 24.3g. That of November were not-pressed soybean curd casserole, pan-fried mashed soybean curd with egg, stir frying deep-fried soybean curd with vegetables and the content of SBP was 22.4g. That of December were soybean curd and mushroom casserole, fried soybean curd and vegetables, hard boiled soybean curd and the content of SBP was 28.9g. 2. The ratio of the analytical value over theoretical value (A/B%) of one serving in kcal, carbohydrate, protein, fat, ash and dietary fiber were 57.7~107.7%, 42.9~131.9%, 79.2~118.3%, 54.5~100%, 40.7~80.8% and 42.1~113.2%, respectively. 3. The ratio of A/B% of one serving in Ca, K, Na, P and Fe were 44.1~93.6%, 59.0~153.1%, 53.1~117.7% 64.6%~138.8 and 33.8~77.3%, respectively. That in Fe was the lowest among minerals. 4. The ratio of analytical value over Korean R.D.A(A/C%) in Ca was relatively higher (22.0~85.9%) than that in kcal(18~63%). 5. The ratio of A/C% in Fe was 25.1~64.3% and lower than that in Ca and protein in general.
구자은 울산대학교 1988 연구논문집 Vol.19 No.1
對話分析은 一貫性있는 談話의 생성을 위한 規則을 발견하고 그러한 규칙에 의해 생성되는 각종 對話構造의 규명 기술을 그 目的으로 한다. 그런데 대화구조에는 화자의 交代를 組織化하고 한번에 한 사람이 이야기 것을 주로 意圖하는 말교대하기 체계를 기본으로 하여, 이러한 基本體系를 作動시켜 대화의 進行을 촉진시키는 가장 훌륭한 체계로 인접짝이란 連續體가 또한 存在한다. 本考에서는 우선 인접짝의 특성과 그 기능을 살피고, 다음으로 인접짝 후속부에 選好組織의 개념을 도입하여 그 구조적 특성을 검토하며, 동시에 질의(Q)-응답(A) 과 평가(A)-동의(A)/비동의(D)의 후속부에 대한 분석을 통하여 이의 體系化가능 유무를 考察하면서, 끝으로 硏究過程에서 파생된 問題點과 그 解決方案 등을 주로 살펴보려 했다. 그 主要 硏究結果를 간단히 요약하면, ⅰ) 인접짝의 規模는 삽입연속체나 과정/협의進展部 등의 내포를 통해 그 확대가 가능하며, 이 경우 話題不良에 따른 대화의 병리현상을 막기 위해 그 내용의 일관성이 유지되어야 함을 볼 수 있었고, ⅱ) 현행말차례는 선행말차례에 의해 影響을 받고 후속말차례에 영향을 끼침이 일반적이나, 역으로 그 後續部에 영향을 받을 수도 있으며, 뿐만아니라 인접짝을 포함하고 있는 全體組織에 의해서도 영향을 받을 수도 있었으며, ⅲ) 인접짝 Q-A와A-A/D의 분석을 통해 비록 複雜多糧한 樣相을 보이지만 그 後續部에 대한 體系化가 가능함을 볼 수 있었고, ⅳ) 인접짝은 통상 두 개의 말차례로 이루어져 나름의 獨自的인 連續體를 구성함이 일반적이나, 세개의 말차례로 된 연속체 등에도 變異形으로 처리될 수 있는 인접짝이 存在가능했다. 또한 對話時 그 位置에 拘碍받지 않고 출현 가능한 路部와 應急部 등의 존재로 인접짝의 또 다른 變異形을 예견할 수 있었다. One of the major aims of Conversational Analysis is to discover the rules for the production of coherent discourse and to describe the conversational structures they generate. Among these structure are included not only 'a turn-taking system' designed to organize the change of speakers and keep only one speaker at a time, but also included 'adjacency pairs' to be deeply inter-related with the turn-taking system and to crank up and get rolling the system for furthering conversational interaction. In this paper my main concerns are largely focused on the following issues: i) on the characteristics of adjacency pairs(=AP) and their fundamental functions, ⅱ) on the structural natures of 'preference organization for AP's second-parts analysis,ⅲ) on the possibility of systemization of the sophisticated second-parts by analyzing APs'Q-A' and 'A-A/D',ⅳ) on the problems prompted by this study and their solutions alike. The key results thus obtained could be summarized as follows: 1. The size of AP may be expanded due to the existence of insertion sequence or processing/conference passes, in which case the maintenance of its coherent contents is essential to shun the pathological phenomena of conversation stemming from inpertinent topic shift. 2 A current turn, in constraining the design of the next turn, can be affected by the prior turn. However, more noticeable, it can be subject to both the influence of the next turn and that of the overall organization embedding AP. 3. Though the second-parts usually show complex aspects in their representations, their systemization may be found to be quite within the bounds of possibility by the partial analysis of APs 'Q-A' and 'A-A/D'. 4. AP is usually composed of two turn to be of its own status in conversation. The are, however, found as embedded. In addition to the embedded AP variants, there may be more chances for another kind of AP variants because there exist channel-clearing passes and emergency ones which can occur without any sort of positional constraints.
具滋銀 한국영어영문학회 경남지부 1990 현대영미어문학 Vol.7 No.-
Speech act sequential model is aimed at describing the coherent sequence of dialogue on the assumptions that (1) the utterances of conversation may be analyzed as speech act categories and (2) the succession of utterances is regulated by rule that specify the range of speech act types that may appropriately follow any given speech act. This model also uses speech acts as the structural units upon which coherent sequential relations are defined, but the functional properties of speech acts do not enter into such definition. As the result, our analysis could not provide an account for the variety of coherent replies to first pair parts that do not fit into the category of second pair parts. This paper not only concerns itself with the comprehensive analysis of sequencing rules approach and its shortcomings, but also argues for an alternative, rational model, to the conventional treatment of coherence as the product of sequencing rules that operate directly on speech act categories. My approach to the rational model is based on the fact that conversation is not an one-way phenomenon (from S to H) but an interaction process(from S to H/from H to S).
具滋銀 한국영어영문학회 경남지부 1988 현대영미어문학 Vol.5 No.-
One of the major aims of Conversational Analysis is to discover the rules of the production of coherent discourse and to describe the conversational structures they generate. Among these structures is included a turn-taking system(= TTS) designed to organize the transfer of speakers and keep only one speaker(= S) at a time, minimizing overlaps and gaps. Many studies on TTS limit themselves to the study of conversation as a one-way phenomenon (from S to H) and stop short of looking at it as an interaction process. In addition, most of them have little attention to adjacency pairs regardless of their momentous functions in TTS. In this connection, my paper focuses its main concerns on some specific aspects of the interaction of S and H in the construction of the turn and its allocation at talk. As a result of the study, this paper shows us that both turn-taking and turn itself should be re-characterized as being recipient-designed as well as interactionally-controlled, covering all the aspects given in chapters II-IV.
具滋銀 울산대학교 1986 연구논문집 Vol.17 No.1
인간이 가진 言語能力을 판단하는 하나의 尺度로 중의성이 있는데, 이는 여러 측면에서 발생할 수 있는 언어현상이다. 순수 언어적인 측면에서 중의성은 音聲的, 語彙的, 文法的 중의성의 세가지 形態가 있다. 그러나 최근의 언어이론이 論理學과 言語哲學을 도입하고, 동시에 話用的 機能과 인간의 심리적 認識過程까지도 기술하려 함에 따라 중의성은 더욱 복잡한 양상을 띄게 되었다. 本考에서는 우선 발생원인에 따른 중의성의 諸類型을 문제점과 더불어 고찰하고, 다음으로 模糊性과의 성격을 규명해 주는 중의성 諸檢證法을 의미와 통사의 두 가지 측면에서 검토하며, 끝으로 音調나 언어적 文脈등에 의한 중의성 해소방안등을 살펴보려 했다. 그 연구 결과를 간단히 要約하면, i) 발생 원인별 중의성의 諸類型들 가운데는 언어 사용자의 言語(또는 遂行)能力의 부족이나 發話의 특별 文脈과 관련되어 발생하는 言語一外的인 重義性이 설정·포함되어야 함을 볼 수 있었고, ii) 중의성과 모호성을 구분시켜 주는 검증법중 'do-so' test의 交又解釋과 관련된 학자들 간의 심한 의견차이는 중의성의 定義 및 언어 直觀上의 차이가 주요한 원인이 되겠으나, 부분적으로는 'do-so' test 그 자체와 '중의성과 모호성이란 두 언어현상은 자연언어가 그 特定事項을 省略한데서 共히 비롯되고 있다'는 사실에서도 기인함을 볼 수 있다. Ambiguity, one of the barometers of judging one's linguistic competence, is a linguistic condition which can arise in a variety of ways. From a purely linguistic point to view there are three main types of ambiguity; phonetic, lexical, and grammatical. However, from the tendencies in present-day linguistic theory that attempts not merely to introduce logic and linguistic philosophy but to describle the pragmatic function and even the mental process arise far more complex types of ambiguity. In chapter Ⅱ, a study on some types of ambiguity based on its sources is carried out with brief comments on some problems. In chapter Ⅲ, a number of tests used by linguists to distinguish ambiguity from vagueness are described and illustrated, with brief critical commentary. The tests appeal to semantic and syntactic principles. Special attention is given to tests using transformations whose applicability depends upon identity of sense. Besides, in chapter Ⅳ, an attempt to resolve ambiguity is made on the basis of intonation patterns and (linguistic) contexs including word order, punctuation, underlining, contraction, coindexing, etc.. The results shown in this paper could be summarized as follows. Among the types of ambiguity based on its causes must be included another type of ambiguity, classified as non-linguistic ambiguity that is introduced into utterence-signals by deficiencies in the language-user's competence and performance, or by the particular contexts of utterences. Although the 'do-so' test has been much used to judge cases for which other tests for ambiguity are inapplicable, it seems to involve many problems in deciding the crossed readings. In my opinion, such problems are due chiefly to the definition of ambiguity and the linguistic intuition of each speaker, but partially to the 'do-so' test itself and the common nature of ambiguity and vagueness.
NP 지시표현에서 the, this/that의 내조응성 연구
구자은 현대영미어문학회 2001 현대영미어문학 Vol.19 No.3
This paper aims not only to make a comprehensive study of endophoric definite and demonstrative determiners in English discourse but also to clarify the similarities and differences in their use. To this end, the paper begins by classifying 9 types of endophoric anaphoras according to the ways in which the referring expressions specify and interpret the referred ones. Next, further research is done in the form of a questionnaire that is intended to confirm which determiner is the best choice to the related examples in terms of the 9 types. Finally, this study ends with an analysis of the similarities and distinctions between definite and demonstrative determiners. The major results of this study are summarized as follows: Possessive pronouns are found to be infinitely preferable in the anaphoric use of expressing emotions whereas the is exclusively used in that of derivation. However, the other 7 types reveal that this and that are both available even if considerable distinctions can be seen between this and that, whether used in combination or used alone. To put it in detail, this is, to a large extent, limited to sentential connections which show immediate/close tempo-spatial or affectional proximity whereas that co-exists with the opposite situations. Associative anaphora, as a productive type of anaphoric device, is well known to co-occur with definite NPs only. As shown in the questionnaire and Apoth?oz. et al. (1999), however, many demonstrative NPs are also found in the uses of associative anaphora. If any information is either given but not recently mentioned or not mentioned but in the hearer's mind, it is felt necessary to bring the information from long-term storage into the hearer's consciousness. In both cases, the is generally used rather than demonstrative determiners by the frequent use of a left dislocation, topicalization and relative pronouns. Unlike demonstrative determiners, the cataphoric use of the is regarded as not available in sentential connections. However, this study reveals that this kind of use does exist although not popular. In this case, the use of the and this/that is in complementary distribution. Finally, this paper hopes to contribute to the further study of demonstrative determiners, articles and demonstrative pronouns between languages, with a view to reconfirming the assumption that languages are universal.
구자은 한국영어영문학회 경남지부 1991 현대영미어문학 Vol.8 No.-
Language is so highly an organized system composed of many structural properties that linguistics puts its basis on the assumption that human language at all levels is rule-governed. This is true also of conversation. Many studies on conversational analysis after the latter half of 1960's have tried to discover the rules for the production of coherent discourse and to describe the conversational structures they generate. The main purpose of this paper is not just to make a comprehensive study of conversational exchanges(E), but to develop strategies for recognizing them with a view to proving that conversation is highly organized and amenable to systematic analysis using traditional linguistic concepts such as sequentiality, hierarchy, optionality, recursion, and so on. In addition, further attention is directed toward studying single linear approach and multi-layered one to formalize E-structure systematically. The results obtained from this study are summarized as follows : Using the concept of continuous classification, we can effectively classify and interpret each utterance in the light of the structural predictions, if any, set up by the preceding utterance. This method enables us to define elements of E-structure in terms of binary or cross-classifing combinations of predictability feature(± predicting / ± predicted) and place feature(±initial/±terminal), and to effectively describe the variety of exchange structures in conversation. The fellowing are all the E-structures generated to account for naturally occurring conversational data. a.[Inf(Fn)] [I R (Fn)] [I R/I R (Fn)] b.[I R/In R (Fn)] c.[Inf (Ir Rn)] [I R (Ir Rn)] [I R/I R (Ir Rn)] However, in order to take full accout of patterns of organization in conversation, and to predict the distribution of surace forms successfully, we must describe in detail even the differences between propositional informations in the same structure. Therefore, this study has contended that exchange structures be analyzed according to a multi-layered approach, which presupposes that the exchange is the unit concerned with negotiating the transmission of information. After developing 4 strategies to recognize E-structure in conversation concerning predictability, semantics, syntax, and phonology, this study has examined aspects of E-structure in 4 selected Korean dramas. As the result, conversational activities have been realised as the act of Solicit more frequently than that of Give. In short, this study has revealed that conversation commonly reckoned as chaotic and irregular is amenable to systematic description by analyzing the variety of conversational exchanges with the assistance of some notational conventions.
具滋銀 울산대학교 1983 연구논문집 Vol.14 No.1
Chomsky 문법은 意味가 완전 除外되었던 Syntactic Structures를 시발점으로 하여 4단계의 변천을 겪어왔다. 그러나, Aspects에서는 의미가 문법의 한 獨立部門으로 도입되었고, 심층구조가 投射規則을 통한 의미해석의 모든 情?를 內包하고 있었다. 이 標準理論은 表層構造에서도 의미를 해석해 낼 수 있는 여러 反證으로 말미암아 곧 黃大標準理論에 의해 수정 대치되었으나, 이 理論도 表層構造 意味解釋을 위한 적절한 규칙을 提示하지 못하는 문제점을 보였다. 이러한 궁지에서 Chomsky문법을 구원하고 새로운 의미해석을 시도한 것이 痕迹理論이다. REST에 의하면 심층구조의 文法關係는 추후 의미해석을 위해 NP가 이동하고 난 후의 흔적 t를 표시함으로써 표층구조에 表示가능하다고 생각하면서, 意味는 흔적표층구조에서 分析規則, 解析規則, 結束條件 등을 통하여 해석되어지며 최종적으로 理論形式에 이른다고 주장한다. 本 論文은 上記한 사실을 기초로 하여 언어 계층에 다른 의미해석을 특히 Chomsky문법 발전과 관련하여 考察하였다. 本 論文의 硏究 結果를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 拙稿에서는 投射規則의 出力인 순수하게 문법직인 언어 능력을 반영하는 言語的 意味에 局限하고 있으나, 한 문장의 전체적인 의미해석은 言語遂行 즉 발화와 관련된 意味도 포함시켜야 하며, 둘째, EST는 最終句構造標識에 작용하여 의미를 해석해 내는 어떤 意味部門과 해석규칙 等으로 그 문법이 보장되어져야 하며, 셋째, 흔적표층구조를 音韻 및 意味表示의 入力으로 하는 核心文法은 실제 사용하는 統語構造를 중시하게 됨으로써 문법이 한결 具體化되었으며, 넷째, 흔적이론의 도입으로 각종 變形이 外在的 順序없이 任意的으로 적용되어지며, 그 결과 結語上의 適格文이 過剩生成 되어지거나 순수 표층해석이 이런 류의 문정 出現을 방지함을 볼 수 있었다. Chomskyan grammar has undergone four stages of development, including its initiation in Syntactic Structures, where meaning was totally excluded from grammar. In Aspects, however, meaning appeared as one of the tripartite components of grammar, and its interpretation through a system of rules (i.e., Projection Rules) was entirely dependent upon deep structures. This hypothesis(ST), confronted with the counterexamples that meaning can also be interpreted from surface structures, in turn gave place to EST. Arriving at this stage Chomskyan grammar seemed to be trapped in a cul-de-sac, with no adequate rule to explain new semantic interpretation from surface structures. Trace Theory saved Chomskyan grammar from this predicament, and provided a new approach to semantic interpretation. Assuming that grammatical relations of deep structure may be preserved in surface structures, for later semantic interpretation, through marking the anaphoric trace left by the moved NP, this theory (REST) contends that meaning is interpreted from trace-preserving surface structures through construal rules, interpretive rule, and conditions on binding, finally, leading to logical form. This paper, on the basis of the information above mentioned, aims at studying semantic interpretation on linguistic levels and especially in connection with the development of Chomskyan Grammar. The results shown in this study could be summarized as follows. First; Although this puts focus on linguistic meaning, the output of projection rules, that does reflect pure grammatical competence, the total meaning of a sentence must include meaning in connection with utterences, let alone meaning in connection with the linguistic sentence type. Second; EST must be supplemented with a new semantic component and actual interpretation rules in grammar to operate mainly on final derived phrase markers. Third; Given surface structures with traces as input of phonological and semantic representation, grammar (Core grammar) places such a great emphasis on syntactic structures that it seems to be far more concrete. Fourth; As Trace theory can dispense with rule ordering and obligatoriness of rule application, syntactic rules tend to overgenerate syntactically well-formed sentences, which may, fortunately, be filtered out by a theory of surface interpretation.
구자은 현대영미어문학회 1999 현대영미어문학 Vol.17 No.1
This paper aims to make a diachronic study of Some inflectional endings in Modern English, and particularly through the examples found in a variety of written records. In OE, (pro)nouns and adjectives were inflected to indicate gender, number, and case. The adjectives were also inflected for comparison. Verbs were inflected for person, number, tense, and mood and sometimes for voice. Except for pronouns, these are the only kinds of form changes that are recognized as inflections in this study. With the coming of ME, all OE inflectional endings were in a great flux of levelling due partly to the Viking invasion and the Norman Conquest and their repercussions and partly to the characteristics of the Germanic accent systems and the operation of apology, thus leading to weakening and dropping off entirely, The levelled shift of these endings came up with the loss of their original functions, which in turn prompted word order to become fixed and prepositions and auxiliary verbs to be developed, thus changing English from a synthetic language to an analytic one. Of all the OE endings, the possessive ending -es has had the most unusual historical development to 's and a group possessive, and the indicative 3rd person singular ending -(e)ð/þ has withstood the survival of the fittest but has never shown its usefulness in grammar mach to our bewilderment. This paper has neglect of two focal points in its study: the origin of the dental suffixes by which weak verbs form their past tense and past participle and the confusion of present participle ending -ing and verbal-noun ending -ing. These will be more researched in the future.
튀김 기름의 저장 기간에 따른 향신료 및 허브류 첨가에 의한 항산화 효과 `
최은미,윤혜경,윤기주,구성자 동아시아식생활학회 2000 동아시아식생활학회지 Vol.10 No.4
The effect of heated oil on human nutrition has recently become of great interest to nutritionists and food chemists, However, the detrimental effect of heated oil has been hardly studied extensively and many problems have still remained unsolved. This study was carried out to investigate the storage stability of the heated oils at room temperature (25±5℃), with the variation in storage conditions (addition of spices and herbs) for 7 weeks period. The rancidity of the oils according to storage time and condition was measured and compared with TBA, ferric thiocyanate, and DPPH method. For fresh oil, when stored for 7 weeks at room temperature, there was no significant change in the degree of oxidation. But for the heated oil with frying materials, the degree of oxidation significantly increased at 5 weeks(p<0.05), When stored with spices and herbs, the degree of oxidation significantly decreased with storage period(p<0,05), Antioxidative activity of herbs, especially sage group was higher than that of any other group.