Life Cycle Assessment for Small-scale Anaerobic Digestion System - Case study in Small municipality -

( J. Yano ),( S. Sakai ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회(구 한국폐기물학회) 2019 한국폐기물자원순환학회 심포지움 Vol.2019 No.1

Food waste is significant in Japan. For example, 17.4 million tons, including 11 million tons from households, was generated in 2010 alone (MAFF, MOE 2013). Of this, 10 million tons of food waste from households is currently incinerated. To develop cleaner production cycles, waste-to-energy should be considered. On-site small-scale anaerobic digestion (AD) facility can be applied for small municipalities where they have demand of not only electricity but also heating. This study evaluates the environmental impacts of on-site AD of food waste in small-scale municipality using a life cycle assessment (LCA). Small municipality with 27,000 of population was selected as case study. The functional unit is the “treatment of 4 ton/day household food waste generated in the municipality.” The system boundary is considered to include the collection to the treatment of food waste. Totally 8 scenarios consist of 6 sub-scenarios considering treatment methods of AD residue and wastewater were developed. For AD residue treatment, treatment in the excreta treatment facility within the municipality, composting outside the municipality, and incineration outside the municipality, were considered. Incineration and composting were also included as reference treatment methods. For small AD, biogas is used as a source of electricity and heat through a combined heat and power (CHP) system. Global warming, fossil fuel consumption, urban air pollution, and acidification were considered as environmental impacts. After the characterization of each impact category, a damage assessment for the four different dimensions including human health, social assets, biodiversity, and primary production, was considered. Then, the results of these individual dimensions were integrated by conversion into a single index with units of value in Japanese yen (JPY). The calculation utilized characterization, damage, and integration factors are identified by the LIME2 model (JLCA 2012). Concerning global warming, CO₂ emissions derived from biomass are considered to be carbon-neutral and thus have been excluded from the calculation. The results of the integration in Fig. 1 revealed that the small-scale AD system (Scenarios 3 and 4) showed environmental benefit (negative values). Regarding the comparison with the treatment methods of AD residue and wastewater, S4-3 (composting of AD residue) was the most desirable while S4-4 (incineration of AD residue) was the worst. Among the environmental impacts, global warming tended to be the dominant in scenarios 4-1 to 4-4.

Scenario analysis of the Use of Biomass-based Bags for Household Waste Collection

( J. Yano ),( S. Sakai ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회(구 한국폐기물학회) 2017 한국폐기물자원순환학회 심포지움 Vol.2017 No.1

Interest in biomass-based materials is increasing, since they can contribute to reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and fossil fuel consumption. Although polylactide (PLA) was historically one of the most well-known and major materials, biomass-based polyethylene (Bio-PE) use has rapidly expanded. In Japan, introducing Bio-PE is expected to be an effective measure to achieve the target to reduce GHG emissions by 26% by 2030 compared to 2013. Waste collection bags are one candidate that can be replaced with biomass-based materials. In this study, we aimed to estimate the reduction potential of GHG emissions using a life cycle analysis. Kyoto, Japan, was selected as a case study. The functional unit was the supply of plastic bags to collect 223,717 tons of household waste generated in the city of Kyoto in 2014. Bio-PE made from sugarcane ethanol and PLA made from com were considered as the biomass-based materials. We assumed that PLA was blended with polybutylene succinate-co-butylene adipate (PBSA) derived from fossil fuels to a final proportion of 70% to reinforce the flexibility. The system boundary extended from cultivation, production of plastic pellets, to final disposal, and excluded consumer use of the plastic items. We assumed that Bio-PE and PLA were produced in Brazil and the United States, respectively, and imported. We considered six scenarios based on three waste collection systems: one scenario for mixed waste collection, i.e.,no source-separated collection (S1F, baseline scenario); two scenarios in which plastic containers and packaging (C&P) were source-separated (S2F and S2B); and three scenarios in which food waste was additionally source-separated (S3F,S3B, and S3B+P). In S3B+P, PLA was used to collect source-separated food waste while bio-PE was used to collect source-separated plastic C&P and the remaining waste. The amount of bags consumed in each scenario to meet the functional unit was calculated using household waste composition and the density of the waste fraction as the filling rate per bag. In the results, if Bio-PE were introduced like as S2B,GHG emissions could be reduced by 92.5% compared to S1F. Similarly, S3B could reduce GHG emissions by 92.2%. This implied that the effect of introducing source-separated collection of food waste was relatively small, as the amount of bags consumed did not differ substantially. GHG emissions in S3B+P, which used both Bio-PE and PLA as biomass-based materials, were estimated to be reduced by 90.7% compared with S1F. Although the Bio-PE bags in S3B had to be removed during AD pretreatment, and resulted in lower quality AD residue, the PLA bags in S3B+P could be recycled with AD with food waste. Therefore S3B+P would offer additional benefits besides GHG reductions.

Comparison of each angle of horizontal scapulohumerus, scapular internal rotation and humeral external rotation in flexion, scaption and abduction of the shoulder joint

Hamada J,Sahara R,Yano Y,Tamai K 대한견주관절의학회 2013 대한견주관절학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2013 No.3

Assessment of the sediment trapping efficiency of an urban stormwater infiltration trench

N. J. DG. Reyes,F. K. F. Geronimo,K. A. Yano,L. H. Kim 대한환경공학회 2019 대한환경공학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2019 No.12

철도소음의 전파예측에 관하여

朱鎭洙(J.S. Joo),日高新人(Y. Hidaka),失野博夫(H. Yano),橘秀樹(H. Tachibana) 한국소음진동공학회 1995 한국소음진동공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.1995 No.11

Substance flow of precious metals in end-of-life vehicles recycling system

( G. Xu ),( J. Yano ),( S. Sakai ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회(구 한국폐기물학회) 2017 한국폐기물자원순환학회 심포지움 Vol.2017 No.1

Precious metals are used in automobile to meet regulatory and additional requirements on safety, environmental performance, comfort and infotainment. As global end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) generation continuously increasing, ELVs have become a promising secondary resource of precious metals. However, current ELVs recycling system mainly focuses on securing hazardous content and recovering bulk materials. Without efficient processes of collection precious metals containing components after ELVs dismantling, precious metals are transferred into automobile shredder residue (ASR) and eventually lost from material cycles. To clarify the substance flow of precious metals, a substance flow analysis (SFA) (including five precious metals: Ag, Pt, Pd, Rh and Au) was carried out. In order to provide the SFA, three subsections were conducted. Firstly, a model (covering five vehicle types: large size conventional vehicle (LCV), typical size conventional vehicle (TCV), mini size conventional vehicles (MCV), typical size hybrid electric vehicle (THEV) and typical size electric vehicle (TEV) was built to estimate the precious metals content per vehicle. Additionally, the required concentration of precious metals in automotive components (covering seven component types: printed circuit boards (PCBs), secondary battery cell, off-gas catalyst, liquid-crystal display monitor, ceramic in oxygen sensor, earth electrode in spaik plug and heating wire in rear glass) for estimation of flows was analyzed by our previous research. Secondly, the generation of ELVs in Japan (2020 was set as represented year) was estimated by using statistics and population model. Thirdly, a questionnaire was developed for a ELVs recycling company (capacity: 11, 000 units per year) to identify the current collection rate and post-collection route of the components. By combining these subsections, the flows of precious metals were estimated. The results show that THEV contains the most precious metals (8 g), and it is followed by LCV (6 g), TEV (4 g), TCV (4 g) and MCV (3 g). Although TEV does not equip with off-gas catalyst, equipping more PCBs makes its overall precious metals content slightly larger than TCV. In 2020, 3.4 million ELVs will be generated in Japan. This 3.4 million ELVs generation equivalents to 15, 900 kg precious metals recovery potential (i.e. 5, 800 kg Ag, 800 kg Rh, 5, 100 kg Pd, 2, 900 kg Pt and 1, 300 kg Au), and it mainly derives from rear glass, 42%, PCBs, 30% and catalyst, 28%. Currently, the collection of secondary battery cells, off-gas catalysts and ceramics in oxygen sensors is well established with a 75-100% collection rate; the collection rate of liquid-crystal display monitors, PBCs and heating wires in rear glass is 50-74%, 25-49% and 1-24%, respectively; nevertheless, there is no systematical collection for earth electrode in spark plug so far. Accordingly, there is significant potential to improve the overall collection rate of precious metals by enhancing the collection of PCBs and heating wires in rear glass. Based on the SFA (Figure 1), collected precious metals for export will be 400 kg (leaving from Japan); on the other hand, the domestic flow (staying in Japan) such as reuse, recycling and storage will be more than 14 times larger compared with export. Finally, 55% of total precious metals content in ELVs in Japan will flow in landfill as ASR, and other 5% will be lost during bulk metal recovering.

EFFECT OF PROTEIN-ENERGY RESTRICTION, PREGNANCY AND LACTATION ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF LONG BONE IN GROWING SHEEP

Funaba, M.,Saita, J.,Nokubo, T.,Kaneko, O.,Kanagawa, Y.,Yano, H.,Kawashima, R. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1990 Animal Bioscience Vol.3 No.2

The effect of dietary protein-energy restriction (PER) on the growth of long bone were examined in sheep during growing period and then following a cycle of reproduction. Three months-old female sheep were offered protein-energy restricted feed for 6 months (growing period), thereafter changed to normal nutritional conditions for 8 months (reproduction period). A half of animals in each group took pregnancy, parturition and lactation. The nutritional restriction reduced the growth in bone diameter more than that in bone length. Compensatory growth resulting from the removal of the nutritional restraint strongly occurred in bone diameter, especially the bone cortical width, as compared to bone longitudinal growth. A cycle of reproduction severely decreased the growth in the bone cortical width relative to that in the bone width, and little effect was found on the growth in bone length and bone mass. The depression of bone development by pregnancy and lactation tended to exhibit severer in animals having received normal nutrition than in those having received PER. Bone mineral density was not affected by the nutritional restriction. A cycle of reproduction had an adverse effect on the mineral density between in animals having received normal nutrition and in those having received PER.

A comprehensive review of microplastics: Sources, pathways, and implications

K.A.V. Yano,N.J.D.G. Reyes,F.K.F. Geronimo,전민수,김영철,김이형 한국습지학회 2020 한국습지학회지 Vol.22 No.2

Most studies defined microplastic (MP) as plastic particles less than 5 mm. The ubiquity of MP is raising awareness due to its potential risk to humans and the environment. MP can cause harmful effects to humans and living organisms. This paper review aimed to provide a better understanding of the sources, pathways, and impacts of MP in the environment. MP can be classified as primary and secondary in nature. Moreover, microplastic can also be classified as based on its physical and chemical characteristics. Stormwater and wastewater are important pathways of introducing MP in large water bodies. As compared to stormwater, the concentrations of MP in wastewater were relatively lower since wastewater treatment processes can contribute to the removal of MP. In terms of polymer distribution, wastewater contains a wider array of polymer varieties than stormwater runoff. The most common types of polymer found in wastewater and stormwater runoff were polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The continuous discharge and the increasing number of MP in the environment can pose greater hazards and harmful effects on humans and other living organisms. Despite the growing number of publications in relation to MP, further studies are needed to define concrete regulations and management strategies for mitigating the detrimental effects of MP in the environment.

Comparison of nutrient removal efficiency of an infiltration planter and an infiltration trench

K.A.V. Yano,F. K. F. Geronimo,N. J. D.G. Reyes,전민수,김이형 한국습지학회 2019 한국습지학회지 Vol.21 No.4

Nutrients in stormwater runoff have raised concerns regarding water quality degradation in the recent years. Low impact development (LID) technologies are types of nature-based solutions developed to address water quality problems and restore the predevelopment hydrology of a catchment area. Two LID facilities, infiltration trench (IT) and infiltration planter (IP), are known for their high removal rate of nutrients through sedimentation and vegetation. Long-term monitoring was conducted to assess the performance and cite the advantages and disadvantages of utilizing the facilities in nutrient removal. Since a strong ionic bond exists between phosphorus compounds and sediments, reduction of total phosphorus (TP) (more than 76%), in both facilities was associated to the removal of total suspended solids (TSS) (more than 84%). The efficiency of nitrogen in IP is 28% higher than IT. Effective nitrification occurred in IT and particulate forms of nitrogen were removed through sedimentation and media filters. Decrease in ammonium- nitrogen (NH4-N) and nitrite-nitrogen (NO2-N), and increase in nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) fraction forms indicated that effective nitrification and denitrification occurred in IP. Hydrologic factors such as rainfall depth and rainfall intensity affected nutrient treatment capabilities of urban stormwater LID facilities The greatest monitored rainfall intensity of 11 mm/hr for IT yielded to 34% and 55% removal efficiencies for TN and TP, respectively, whereas, low rainfall intensities below 5 mm resulted to 100 % removal efficiency. The greatest monitored rainfall intensity for IP was 27 mm/hr, which still resulted to high removal efficiencies of 98% and 97% for TN and TP, respectively. Water quality assessment showed that both facilities were effective in reducing the amount of nutrients; however, IP was found to be more efficient than IT due to its additional provisions for plant uptake and larger storage volume.

Comparative assessment of urban stormwater low impact strategies equipped with pre-treatment zones:침강지 시설이 조성된 LID 시설의 환경적 영향평가

K.A.V. Yano,N. J. D. G. Reyes,전민수(M. S. Jeon),김이형(L. H. Kim) 한국습지학회 2019 한국습지학회지 Vol.21 No.2

최근 강우유출수를 비용효율적으로 관리하기 위해 저영향개발 (Low Impact Development, LID)과 자연기반해법(Nature-based solution, NBS)를 도입하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 LID 시설 중 도심지 내 적용가능하고 유입부에 침강지가조성된 침투도랑(IT)과 소규모 인공습지(SCW) 등 2개의 시설에 대해 효율성을 평가하였다. 효율성 평가는 장기간의 모니터링을 통한 자료를 이용하여 수행하였다. 분석결과 하절기 기간은 식생의 흡입 등의 생물학적 활동으로 인하여 SCW의 효율이 더 높았으나, 동절기 기간에는 식물의 고사로 인하여 IT의 효율이 더 높은것으로 분석되었다. 침강지 내 퇴적물의 분석결과 SCW 침강지 내 식생에 의한 정화작용 및 미생물등의 생물학적 처리기작으로 인하여 COD와 TN의 저감효율이 높은것으로 분석되었다. 본 연구에서는 침강지 시설을 조성한 LID 시설에 대해 비교하였으며, 자연과 유사한 자연기반해법을 LID 시설에 적용할 경우 기존 시설보다 처리효율이 우수한것으로 나타났다. Recently, Low impact development techniques, a form of nature-based solutions (NBS), were seen cost-efficient alternatives that can be utilized as alternatives for conventional stormwater management practices. This study evaluated the effectiveness of an infiltration trench (IT) and a small constructed wetland (SCW) in treating urban stormwater runoff. Long-term monitoring data were observed to assess the seasonal performance and cite the advantages and disadvantages of utilizing the facilities. Analyses revealed that the IT has reduced performance during the summer season due to higher runoff volumes that exceeded the facility’s storage volume capacity and caused the facility to overflow. On the other hand, the pollutant removal efficiency of the SCW was impacted by the winter season as a result of dormant biological activities. Sediment data also indicated that fine and medium sand particles mostly constituted the trapped sediments in the pretreatment and media zones. Sediments in SCW exhibited a lower COD and TN load due to the phytoremediation and microbiological degradation capabilities of the system. . This study presented brief comparison LID facilities equipped with pre-treatment zones. The identified factors that can potentially affect the performance of the systems were also beneficial in establishing metrics on the utilization of similar types of nature-based stormwater management practices.