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김효진,엄응용 경운대학교 산업기술연구소 1999 産業技術硏究論文誌 Vol.1 No.1(B)
This Article explores state responsibility to the international community as a whole and injured states in particular for the damage occurring from the production and use of ozone depleting substances. This Article further explores the remedies available to the international community and to individual states injured by ozone layer depletion. The Article describes international dispute resolution techniques that states may employ in the face of continued polluting activities by other states.
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김효진,엄응용 경운대학교 산업기술연구소 2001 産業技術硏究論文誌 Vol.3 No.2(B)
After the world war Ⅱ, an international society has been concerned about the outside region of national jurisdiction(Deep seabed, Outer Space, Moon, South Pole etc), and the development and conservation of its resources. As a result, Antarctic Treaty(1959), Outer Space Treaty(1967), the Moon Treaty(1979), and UNCLOS(1982) were concluded. Above all, through the treaties common Heritage of Mankind(CHM) was induced expressly or analogically as a new approach for the development and conservation of International Common Spaces. However, the question at issue is that the concept, character , extent, and regulations of CHM which was induced by the treaties have been interpreted and applied according to each treaty or standpoint of each nation. This lead to denunciation on the status of the CHM in international law. By the way, the core cause of this denunciation could be that there's no right legal definition on the terms of the CHM. It means that a prior question on the status of the CHM from the point of the international law is to analyze and examine closely the terms of this concept and define the legal implication. Therefore, I am willing to describe the appearance and development of the concept of CHM, analyze the legal significance on each term of the concept and evaluate generally the legal position of it through this study.
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The Importance of Brand and Retailer Associations in Evaluating a Product Category Extension
Eom, Hyo Jin,Hunt-Hurst, Patricia,Lu, Zhenqiu (Laura) The Costume Culture Association 2018 Fashion, industry and education Vol.16 No.2
This study investigates the importance of brand and retailer associations when consumers evaluate a product category extension in the context of brand and retailer collaborations. Although brand extensions are considered to reduce costs for introducing a new product category, limited study has focused on the role of brand and retailer associations in the context of brand and retailer collaborations. Using a total of 440 participants, a hypothesized model was tested using a structural equation modeling (SEM). The results show that brand and retailer associations influence the perceived fit between a brand and a retailer. In addition, the image fit and quality fit are significantly related to brand and retailer attitudes as well as brand extension evaluation. Since consumers may use their associations with brands or retailers when they perceive product differentiation, market position, and brand extensions, the role of brand or retailer associations is important to marketers, retailers, and consumers. Given the importance of brand and retailer collaborations as a brand positioning strategy in the global branding and retail setting, the findings of this study contribute to brand and retail management by providing empirical evidence on how consumers perceive new products from extended brands in the marketplace when a brand collaborates with a retailer.
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Eom, Hyo-Jin,Gupta, Dhrubajyoti,Li, Xue,Jung, Hae-Jin,Kim, HyeKyeong,Ro, Chul-Un American Chemical Society 2014 ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY - Vol.86 No.5
<P>The influence of six collecting substrates with different physical properties on the hygroscopicity measurement of inorganic aerosol particle surrogates and the potential applications of these substrates were examined experimentally. Laboratory-generated single salt particles, such as NaCl, KCl, and (NH<SUB>4</SUB>)<SUB>2</SUB>SO<SUB>4</SUB>, 1–5 μm in size, were deposited on transmission electron microscopy grids (TEM grids), parafilm-M, Al foil, Ag foil, silicon wafer, and cover glass. The particle hygroscopic properties were examined by optical microscopy. Contact angle measurements showed that parafilm-M is hydrophobic, and cover glass, silicon wafer, Al foil, and Ag foil substrates are hydrophilic. The observed deliquescence relative humidity (DRH) values for NaCl, KCl, and (NH<SUB>4</SUB>)<SUB>2</SUB>SO<SUB>4</SUB> on the TEM grids and parafilm-M substrates agreed well with the literature values, whereas the DRHs obtained on the hydrophilic substrates were consistently ∼1–2% lower, compared to those on the hydrophobic substrates. The water layer adsorbed on the salt crystals prior to deliquescence increases the Gibb’s free energy of the salt crystal–substrate system compared to the free energy of the salt droplet–substrate system, which in turn reduces the DRHs. The hydrophilic nature of the substrate does not affect the measured efflorescence RH (ERH) values. However, the Cl<SUP>–</SUP> or SO<SUB>4</SUB><SUP>2–</SUP> ions in aqueous salt droplets seem to have reacted with Ag foil to form AgCl or Ag<SUB>2</SUB>SO<SUB>4</SUB>, respectively, which in turn acts as seeds for the heterogeneous nucleation of the original salts, leading to higher ERHs. The TEM grids were found to be most suitable for the hygroscopic measurements of individual inorganic aerosol particles by optical microscopy and when multiple analytical techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, TEM-EDX, and/or Raman microspectrometry, are applied to the same individual particles.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/ancham/2014/ancham.2014.86.issue-5/ac4042075/production/images/medium/ac-2013-042075_0004.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/ac4042075'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>
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Using and Reporting of Modified Scales in Behavioral and Social Sciences
( Hyo Jin Eom ),( Myoung-jin Lee ) 한국조사연구학회 2019 조사연구 Vol.20 No.2
This paper is to suggest a checklist for defending or justifying the use of scales that have been modified for the specific purpose of the research in behavioral sciences. The checklist contains issues about two measurement related concepts, reliability and validity. Examples based on empirical data are presented to illustrate and demonstrate the issues in the checklist. Discussion about the practical implications of the checklist is presented.
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The Importance of Brand and Retailer Associations in Evaluating a Product Category Extension
( Hyo Jin Eom ),( Patricia Hunt-hurst ),( Zhenqiu Lu ) 복식문화학회 2018 Fashion, industry and education Vol.16 No.2
This study investigates the importance of brand and retailer associations when consumers evaluate a product category extension in the context of brand and retailer collaborations. Although brand extensions are considered to reduce costs for introducing a new product category, limited study has focused on the role of brand and retailer associations in the context of brand and retailer collaborations. Using a total of 440 participants, a hypothesized model was tested using a structural equation modeling (SEM). The results show that brand and retailer associations influence the perceived fit between a brand and a retailer. In addition, the image fit and quality fit are significantly related to brand and retailer attitudes as well as brand extension evaluation. Since consumers may use their associations with brands or retailers when they perceive product differentiation, market position, and brand extensions, the role of brand or retailer associations is important to marketers, retailers, and consumers. Given the importance of brand and retailer collaborations as a brand positioning strategy in the global branding and retail setting, the findings of this study contribute to brand and retail management by providing empirical evidence on how consumers perceive new products from extended brands in the marketplace when a brand collaborates with a retailer.
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Eom, Hyo-Jin,Gupta, Dhrubajyoti,Cho, Hye-Rin,Hwang, Hee Jin,Hur, Soon Do,Gim, Yeontae,Ro, Chul-Un Copernicus GmbH 2016 Atmospheric chemistry and physics Vol.16 No.21
<P>Abstract. Two aerosol samples collected at King Sejong Korean scientific research station, Antarctica, on 9 December 2011 in the austral summer (sample S1) and 23 July 2012 in the austral winter (sample S2), when the oceanic chlorophyll a levels on the collection days of the samples were quite different, by ∼ 19 times (2.46 vs. 0.13 µg L−1, respectively), were investigated on a single-particle basis using quantitative energy-dispersive electron probe X-ray microanalysis (ED-EPMA), called low-Z particle EPMA, Raman microspectrometry (RMS), and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) imaging techniques to obtain their characteristics based on the elemental chemical compositions, molecular species, and mixing state. X-ray analysis showed that the supermicron summertime and wintertime Antarctic aerosol samples have different elemental chemical compositions, even though all the individual particles analyzed were sea spray aerosols (SSAs); i.e., the contents of C, O, Ca, S, and Si were more elevated, whereas Cl was more depleted, for sample S1 than for sample S2. Based on qualitative analysis of the chemical species present in individual SSAs by the combined application of RMS and ATR-FTIR imaging, different organic species were observed in samples S1 and S2; i.e., Mg hydrate salts of alanine were predominant in samples S1 and S2, whereas Mg salts of fatty acids internally mixed with Mg hydrate salts of alanine were significant in sample S2. Although CaSO4 was observed significantly in both samples S1 and S2, other inorganic species, such as Na2SO4, NaNO3, Mg(NO3)2, SiO2, and CH3SO3Mg, were observed more significantly in sample S1, suggesting that those compounds may be related to the higher phytoplankton activity in summer. </P>
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ASSESSING MEASUREMENT INVARIANCE ON CONSUMER PERCEIVED VALUE: CROSS-GROUP COMPARISONS
Hyo Jin Eom,Laura (Zhenqiu) Lu 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2018 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2018 No.07
To date, in various methodological and theoretical domains, consumer value has been investigated to provide a comprehensive analytical framework that encompasses the full range of consumption-related phenomena. Consumer value is regarded as an important marketing concept since it deals with an issue closely related to the product positioning and competitive advantages (Woodruff, 1997). In the current marketplace, brands have often collaborated with retailers to extend their products and gain a competitive advantage in positioning the products effectively in the targeted market. Therefore, it is important for brands to understand how consumers perceive extended products when they are sold in retail stores so that they can locate the perceived position closer to the ideal point of a target segment. Thus, this study aims to examine measurement invariance in measures of consumers’ perceived value and its effect on prediction to allow researchers to compare predictions across groups. Drawn from a theory of consumption values (Sheth, Newman, & Gross, 1991) and related literatures, this study considered perceived value as a multidimensional construct as well as the expected outcome of an evaluative judgment. Likert-type items with seven-points were used for measuring four latent factors including social value, monetary value, convenience value, and epistemic value. Using a total of 869 data from participants in the U.S., multigroup confirmatory factor analysis was performed to examine measurement invariance of consumers’ perceived value for two groups using different types of brand and retailer collaborations. The high-end brand and low-end retailer group had 444 participants, and the low-end brand and high-end retailer group had 425 participants. Based on the sequential testing procedure, the current study confirmed the consistent structure of the measurement instrument of consumers’ perceived value across groups. However, the factorial invariance of monetary value could not be established. The findings of this study contribute to providing insights on the methodological perspective by investigating whether or not the measurements of consumers’ perceived value yield measures of the same qualities in different shopping contexts.
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