개화기 근대 체육 및 스포츠의 수용과 전개

송형석 師範大學 體育硏究所 1997 서울大學校 體育硏究所論集 Vol.18 No.1

This study trys to understand development of the civilized period modern physical education and sports in the view of historical-cultural and socio-political. Western modern pysical education and sports broadly diffused to all parts of society through the school athletic meet. The chracteristic of the development of civilized period modern physical education and sports can be described in the following. First, though cultural heterogeneity, the physical education and sports is accepted to Korea without big trouble. Second, the physical education and sports is rapidly spread to Korea. Third, development of the physical education and sports with competition is sticking out of many traits. Forth, school athlectic meet which definitely plays a role in deffusing to Korea. Modern pysical education and sports is focibly abolised Japanese after Japanese annexation of Korea. We can reach conclusion through the analysis of historical-cultural background and socio-political circumstances of the Korean society at that time to understand charateristics of the development of civilized period modern physical. education and sports. Buddhism, Confucionism, Shamanism are complexitic factors which make korean historical-cultural background at the time. Traditional Koreans acquire ascetic life style through the buddhism, the way of thinking based on anti-individulism through the confucianism. Korean traditional competition is reflected by these charateristics. Korean traditional competition have ascetic attitude, collective charateristics of the way of athletic. Strong stick to victory in Korean traditional competition is worth special mention. Because shamanic thinking that victory in competition makes a good harvest naturally can be expressed. In this way, Korean traditional competition which developed in historical-cultural background-buddhism, confucianism, shamanism-have simillar charateristics with those of modern physical education and sports. These same nature significantly makes Korean society western modern physical education. sports to accept. And strong stick to victory in traditional athlectics is major factor which explain competition emerged in development of modern physical education and sports. The relationship of the socio-political circumstance in civilized period and development of modern physical education and sports is well understood under case of two thinking that active acceptance and repulsion about inflow of foreign civilization. Active acceptance and repulsion about foreign civilization are expressed by modernization movement, and by nationalism movement, Modern physical education and sports are positive and active expression of life through first of all various physical activity. So civilization group positively support acceptance and development of modern physical education and sports. And nationalists endeavor to politically enlighten the people with various means. People around school athlectic meet gave good chance to enlighten at that time. In this reasn, we think that nationalists positively have supported school athlectic meet. And Japenese forcibly abolised school athlectic meet after Japenese annexation of Korea on the same reason.

정신분열병 환자의 반응시간

최형식,정범석,김한규,송현주,이재원,김창윤 大韓神經精神醫學會 2000 신경정신의학 Vol.39 No.5

연구배경: 주의력은 인지적인 정보처리과정(information processing)의 가장 기본적인 단계이다. 반응시간 (reaction time)은 주의력을 가장 잘 반영하는 검사 중 하나로서, 자극이 제시된 후 반응이 시작되기까지 반응 여부를 결정하는데 걸리는 시간인 판단 시간(decision time)과 반응이 시작되면서 목표에 도달할 때까지 시간인 운동시간(motor time)으로 나누어 볼 수 있다. 기존의 연구결과로는, 정신분열병 환자군에서 반응시간의 수행이 떨어져 있다는 보고는 많이 되어왔으나 차이가 없다는 보고도 있으며, 판단시간과 운동시간 중 어느 부분에 장애가 있는지 명확하지 않다. 또한 반응시간 측정값은 질병의 진단적 유형(diagnostic subtype), 증상, 경과 등의 영향을 받으며 개체간의 변동(inter-individual variation)이 크고, 같은 피험자라도 측정시점이 다를 때마다 차이를 보이는 개체내 변동(intra-individual variation)이 커서 검사결과마다 차이를 보이고 있는 상태이다. 목적: 환자군은 개체간 변동이 크고 다른 임상적 요소에 의해 영향받는 점을 고려하여, 임상적으로 안정적인 경과에 있는 정신분열병 환자만을 대상으로 정상인 군과 반응시간의 차이를 비교하고자 하였다. 또한 반응시간을 판단시간과 운동시간으로 나누어 측정하여 각각을 비교분석 하고자 하였고, 개체내 변동이 큰점을 고려하여 25회 반복 측정을 실시하고 이에 따른 변동의 경향성을 조사하고자 하였다. 방법: DSM-Ⅳ에 의해 '정신분열병'으로 진단된 환자로서, 급성기 이후 항정신병약물을 유지하고 있으며BPRS(brief psychiatric rating scale) 30점 이하의 임상적으로 안정적인 상태가 3개월 이상 유지된10명이 환자군으로 포함되었고, 정상인은 자원자 10명이 포함되었다. 검사도구는 비엔나 테스트 시스템 반응유닛(Reation Unit) 파라미터 S8을 이용하였다. 총 6가지의 자극이 무작위로 1측정시기(session) 당 총 32회 주어지고, 피험자는 이중 특정 자극에 8번만 반응하도록 되어 있다. 시작 전 1회 연습 후 총 25측정시기를 5분 간격으로 반복하였다. 반응 시간을 판단시간과 운동시간의 합으로 정의하고 세 가지 모두 컴퓨터를 이용하여 자동 측정되었다. 반응·판단·운동 시간의 비교에는 반복 측정을 고려한 분산분석(repeated measures analysis of variance)을 사용하였다. 결과: 환자군은 정상인에 비하여 유의하게 반응시간의 수행속도가 저하되어 있었다(p<0.01). 판단시간과 운동시간으로 나누어 볼 때, 환자군에서 판단시간이 유의하게 느렸고(p<0.01), 운동시간은 수행저하의 경향을 보였으나 통계적으로 유의하지는 않았다. 25회 반복측정시 양군 모두 측정시기에 따른 유의한 변화를 보였고(p<0.01), 환자군의 반응시간은 개체간의 차이뿐 아니라 개체내 변동이 큰 경향을 보였다. 옳게 반응한 횟수(correct response)는 환자군에서 저하되는 경향을 보였으나 통계적으로 유의하지는 않았다. 고찰: 정신분열병 환자군에서 판단시간이 유의하게 저하된 것은, 반응시간의 저하가 운동요소 보다는 인지적 요소에 의한 것임을 시사하는 것으로, 정보처리과정의 기본적인 단계인 주의력 장애를 보여주는 것으로 생각된다. 비교적 안정적이고 임상적인 특성이 동일한 환자군에서도 반응시간이 대조군에 비해 큰 개체간 차이와 개체내 변동성의 경향을 보였으며, 이는 단순한 측정오차라기 보다는 정신분열병 환자군의 인지기능의 특성을 반영하는 것으로 생각된다. 중심단어:정신분열병·반응시간·판단시간·운동시간·개체간 변동·개체내 변동. The reaction time(RT) has been known to reflect attention that controls the flow of information processing. Extensive research has demonstrated cognitive impairment in schizophr-enia subjects using RT taske. However, little work has been done examining the relative contribution of DT(decision time) and MT(motor time) to slowed RT in schizophrenics. Also, recent investigators have observed that schizophrenic patients exhibit larger intra-individual variability in RT than do normal comparison subjects. The purpose of this study, using multi-stimulus convergent RT task, was to explore the speed of RT, relative contribution of decision time(DT) and motor time(MT) to slowed RT, overall sequential profile in 25 repeated-time measurements in 10 schizophrenic out-patients and 10 normal control subjects. Overall reaction time and decision time were slower in schizophrenic subjects than in normal controls. The motor time was not shown to be significantly different between the two groups with 0.05 significance level, although there was some trend indicating schizophrenic subjects were slower consistently in repreated measurements over time. These results suggested that the slower reaction time in schizophrenic subjects was mostly determined by cognitive component, decision time rather than motor time. Sequential profile of repeated measurements showed greater intraindividual and interindividual variations in schizphrenics than in normal controls. These results indicate that high variabilities are not merely measurement errors but characteristic of schizophrenic psychopathology. KEY WORDS: Schizophrenia·Reaction time·Decision time·Motor time·Inter-individual variation·Intra-individual variation.

워터마킹 영상의 비가시성 개선에 관한 연구

고석만,김형균,오무송 조선대학교 전자정보통신연구소 2002 電子情報通信硏究所論文誌 Vol.5 No.2

The use of digital imaging technique and digital contents based on internet has grown rapidly for last several years, and the needs of digital image protection become more important. For the purpose of copyright protection on digital image, the verification of authentication techniques like content authentication, ownership authentication, illegal copy and etc are needed. Digital watermarking, the invisible encryption technique to insert digital watermark into image, the sophisticated perceptual information should be used for providing transparency and robustness of images on watermarking process. In this paper, we implement the algorithm for preventing forged attack, ownership protection and authentication by transforming the wavelet algorithms in frequency domain in terms of human visual system.

애니메이션의 효율적인 동작 제어에 관한 연구

김형균,고석만,오무송 조선대학교 전자정보통신연구소 2003 電子情報通信硏究所論文誌 Vol.6 No.1

본 논문에서는 캐릭터 애니메이션의 효율적인 동작 제어를 위하여 익스프레션을 이용한 애니메이션을 제작하였다. 익스프레션을 이용한 애니메이션은 움직임의 표현에 있어서, 자연스러운 애니메이션을 좀더 쉽고 유용하게 표현하기 위한 방법으로 캐릭터의 동작 제어점들을 분석하여 익스프레션에서 애니메이션을 제어할 수 있는 요소를 찾아 그 식에 사용하였으며, 이것을 토대로 캐릭터의 동작을 자동적으로 제어하는 애니메이션을 구현하였다. 익스프레션에 의한 애니메이션은 간편한 조작으로 자연스럽고 현실적인 움직임을 생성할 수 있다는 익스프레션의 효율성이 장점으로 나타났지만, 애니메이터에 의한 키 프레임 방식에 의한 애니메이션보다는 어색함을 보였다. This paper manufactured animation to use expression for efficient action control of character animation. Animation to use expression is method to express natural animation little more easily and usefully in expression of motion Find urea that could control animation in expression analyzing action control points of character and used in ceremony Embodied animation to control automatically action of character on the basis of this. Efficiency of expression that animation by expression can create natural and realistic action by manufacturing that is simple was expose by advantage, but showed awkwardness than animation by key frame way by animator.

體育의 藝術的 側面에 關한 硏究

정응근,송형석 師範大學 體育硏究所 1989 서울大學校 體育硏究所論集 Vol.10 No.2

The scientific advances in physical education have not always been positive. One example is that scientific methodlogies have disregarded the embodied dimension of knowing which is the core of physical education. The values and meanings inherent in physical activity are realized in its artistic base. The purpose of this study is to justify the field of physical education in the intellectual community as art rather than science. The elements of the problem, in the process of this study, can be summed up in the following questions; 1. Does scientific knowledge itself constitute a full understanding of physical education? 2. What is the theoretical basis for the claim of physical education in the intellectual community as uniquely valuable? 3. What is the field which has regarded the human body as the knowing subject, physical activity as the process of knowing itself? 4. What is the theoretical basis for the claim of activities in physical education as not being artful? 5. what is the theoretical basis for the clain of activities in physical education as artful? A treatment of these inquiries follows; First, scientific knowledge doesn't constitute a full understanding of physical education. Although scientific methodologies have contributer remarkably to the expansion of knowledge in physical education as an academic discipline, they have disregarded the embodied dimension of knowing which is the core of physical education. Second, the values inherent in physical education can be found in the human potential for embodied knowing. And embodied knowing founded upon the epistemology of existential phenomenology as it's theoretical basis. Edmunt Husserl and Merleau-Ponty, existential phenomenologists, regarded the human body as the subject of knowing and physical activity as the process of knowing itself. Third, the field which has regarded the human body as the subject of knowing and physical activity as the process, is art. The subject and object in artful knowing become intergrated. However, body sensitivity which has been regarded as doxa, plays a central role in artful knowing. Fourth, the arguments which precludes sport from being an art have been summed up as follows: (1) Sport in general, is practical rather than aesthetic. (2) Sport may be aesthetic, but it is not artistic. A critical examination of these claims it made to highlight the converse. As a result, it is found that both claims may have logically valid points, but they are invalid in sport perfomer's experiences. These claims reveal, in themselves, the limits of logical analysis concerning subject matter such as play, sport and art. Fifth, the argument for sport as pontential art is reinforced by Metheny and Ellfelt(from a theoretical sphere) and Kleinman(from a methodological angle). It is also suggested that understanding sport can be realized by the embodied mode of knowing. The Eastern martial arts have been discussed as a prototypical movement artform. In such a holistic approach we can rediscover the artistic dimension of sport experience that has been overshadowed by the excessive goal-centeredness of contemporary sport, such as winning-at-all-cost.

서울의 Penicillinase Producing Neisseria Gonorrhoeae 발생빈도(1996)

김재홍,황동규,전재홍,김윤석,김중환,김용준,이창균,임동진,김현수,조창근,김경문,박상훈,전우형,김희성,이호정,차명수,김갑형,김형석,김석우,황지환,박병순,권오상,이민수,송기훈,성소영,이인섭,부태성 대한화학요법학회 1999 대한화학요법학회지 Vol.17 No.2

Background : In recent years, gonorrhea has been panedemic and remains one of the most commom STDs in the world, especially in developing countries. Objective & Methods: For the detection of a more effective therapeutic regimen and assessing the prevalence of PPNG, we have been trying to study the patients who have visited the VD Clinic of Choong-Ku Public Health Center in Seoul since 1980 by means of the chromogenic cephalosporin method. Results: In 1996, 139 strains of N. gonorrhoeae were isolated, among which 53(39.0%) were PPNG. Conclusion: Our results suggests that after a peak of 74.3% in 1993, the prevalence of PPNG in Seoul is gradually declining.

An Invasion-Biological Perspective of Taekwondo Globalization

( Hyeong Seok Song ) 국제태권도학회 2017 Journal of the International Association for Taekw Vol.4 No.1

Researchers have long been interested in the reasons why Taekwondo was globalized success-fully. The efforts of masters in the foreign lands, the role of organizations, the support of the Korean government, and Taekwondo`s sportization have all been suggested as reasons. These explanations are convincing but not enough to define the reasons because of their lack of discus-sion about the characteristics of Taekwondo itself. This study focused on identifying the cultural phenomenal characteristics of Taekwondo which have aided in the sport`s globalization. The pur-pose of this study was to identify the reasons for the successful globalization of Taekwondo from an invasion-biological perspective. Invasion biology was chosen as the theoretical resource. Suc-cessful invasive organisms have two characteristics: absence of natural enemies and a genetic factor with various information. These biological traits can be interpreted as cultural features of uniqueness and requisite diversity. Taekwondo is a unique cultural phenomenon with exception-ally dynamic skills and a rich cultural diversity that can cope with environmental changes. Firstly, Taekwondo skills are fast and dynamic. The dynamics expressed in Taekwondo sparring are pro-moted through demonstration and competitions, including poomsae competitions. In addition, Taekwondo has the requisite diversity to meet demands from various environments. One of the main reasons why Taekwondo has the requisite diversity is its weak tradition. The cultural phe-nomenon which has a strong tradition is closed to its environment, but the cultural phenomenon which has a weak tradition is opened. The expression “open to the environment” means to absorb the heterogeneous elements into oneself. Through such inclusive process, Taekwondo has the requisite diversity. The uniqueness of skills and the requisite diversity are an agent of Taekwondo`s successful globalization.

Development of a Nomogram Based on Radiologic Findings for Predicting Malignancy and Invasiveness in Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms of the Pancreas: An International Multicenter Study

Hyeong Seok Kim,Taesung Park,Wookyeong Song,Youngmin Han,Jin He,Cristopher L. Wolfgang,Alex Blair,M. Farzan Rashid,Michael D. Kluger,Gloria H. Su,Song Chul Kim,Ki-Byung Song,Masakazu Yamamoto,Takashi 대한외과학회 2019 대한외과학회 학술대회 초록집 Vol.2019 No.10

U¨berlegungen zur Beziehung von Sport und Gesundheit in komplexen Gesellshcaften

Song, Hyeong-Seok 啓明大學校 人文科學硏究所 2001 東西文化 Vol.34 No.-

요즘 건강을 위해서 체육활동과 스포츠에 참여하는 사람들이 크게 늘고 있다. 왜 사람들은 자신의 건강 회복 또는 유지를 위해 병원이나 의료기관을 찾지 않고 스포츠센터나 운동장 또는 체육시설을 찾을까? 그 이유는 무엇보다도 건강과 스포츠간에 일종의 인과적 상관관계가 존재한다고 믿기 때문일 것이다. 즉, 스포츠를 하면 상실된 건강을 회복하거나 현재의 건강상태를 보다 증진시킬 수 있다고 믿기 때문일 것이다. 이와 같은 믿음은 멀리는 근대 유럽인들의 사고에서, 가까이로는 최근에 이루어진 의학 및 생리학과 같은 자연과학적 연구에서 그 근거를 찾을 수 있다. 한편, 최근 들어 스포츠와 건강의 인과적 관계를 의심하거나 부인하는 연구결과들이 발표되어 "건강스포츠매니아들"을 긴장시키고 있다. 이 연구결과들에 따르면 최근 들어 스포츠활동 중에 심근경색이 원인이 되어 사망하는 사람의 수가 크게 늘고 있고, 운동을 생활화하고 있는 전문적 스포츠인의 평균연령이 일반인의 평균연령에 비해 6-7년 낮다는 보고도 있다. 또한 운동선수 중에는 각종 질환에 시달리는 사람이 의외로 많다는 보고도 있다. 의학 및 생리학적 관점에서도 스포츠는 건강에 치명적으로 작용하는 활성산소의 발생가능성을 높여주고, 스트레스를 해소시켜주기 보다는 오히려 스트레스를 가중시켜 건강에 마이너스로 작용한다는 연구보고서도 있다. 스포츠는 건강에 유익한가 아니면 해로운가? 한편에서는 스포츠와 건강의 인과적 상관관계를 소리 높여 외치고, 다른 한편에서는 양자의 관계를 강력하게 부인하고 있다. 어느 쪽 주장이 옳은가? 여기서 우리가 어느 한쪽의 입장을 옹호하기 이전에 확인할 수 있는 사실은 양 쪽 모두 건강의 의미나 스포츠의 효과를 신체적, 생리학 및 의학적 측면에만 국한시켜 논의한다는 점이다. 이와 같은 편협한 접근의 문제점은 오늘날 우리의 건강을 위협하는 요인들을 분석해보면 보다 명확하게 드러난다. 현대인의 건강을 위협하는 요인을 살펴보면 운동부족과 같은 지극히 신체적이고, 생리적인 요인들을 지적할 수 있겠지만, 그 못지 않게 중요한 것은 정신 및 사회적인 요인이다. 인간관계의 합리화과정에서 발생하는 친밀성의 감소는 "대중 속의 고독"을 낳았으며 우리의 정신건강을 해치는 결과를 초래하였다. 작업분화의 결과 파생된 노동의 소외(의미를 상실한 노동과정), 컨베이어벨트처럼 판에 박힌 듯한 일상생활, 목적합리성이 지배하는 현대인의 의식세계와 복잡다단한 현실은 매우 복합적인 방식으로 우리의 건강을 위협하고 있다. 이와 같은 상황에서 재미없고, 지루하며, 외롭게 수행하는 소위 "건강스포츠"는 결코 건강에 도움이 되지 않는다. 스포츠가 건강에 도움이 될 수 있기 위해서는 무엇보다도 두 가지 전제가 충족되어야만 한다. 첫째는 건강관이 바뀌어야만 한다 오늘날 우리들은 소유지향적 건강관을 갖고 있다. 이와 같은 건강관을 존재지향적으로 바꾸어야만 한다. 둘째, 스포츠가 놀이적 성격을 회복해야만 한다. 스포츠가 건강이라든가 기록, 체력 등과 같은 "합리적인" 목적으로부터 자유로와 질 때 스포츠참여의 "부수적 효과"로서 건강이 찾아 올 것이다.

A study on the anti-doping communication from Niklas Luhmann`s systems theory, its` limits and tasks

( Hyeong Seok Song ) 한국체육학회 2016 국제스포츠과학 학술대회 Vol.2016 No.1

Purpose: This study has the objective which reviews the diagnosis and strategies of anti-doping communication under the perspective of the Luhmann’s social system theory. Result: Since the modern Olympics began, competitive sport has associated with the positive values such as health and fairness, and become a major area of modern society. But, since the late 20th century, the sport has been cited as a hotbed of deception because of all kinds of deviant behavior such as match-fixing and doping scandals. In particular, because of the doping, which has collapsed the image of a healthy sport in a moment, the social interest and favor of the sport has been dropped significantly. Eventually, IOC was declared a war against doping, has reinforced the surveillance and punishment for the doping prevention, and was expanded ethics education. However, the doping prevention efforts through control and education was not successful. In this situation, the argument that the existing measures should be more strongly performed, has appeared, but it is weak persuasive. Rather, it is necessary to review critically the existing problem diagnosis and problem-solving strategies. Conclusion: The existing anti-doping communication has adopted a personalization strategy, in which the causes and responsibilities of doping is attributed to persons. Therefore, the problem- solving measures are all most the individual-centered such as detection, punishment, education to enlighten. Such a strategy is not only to simplify the doping phenomenon, which is a result of the complex entanglement of the interests of the sport system and its surroundings functional systems, to a result of the individual decision-making according to free will, but also to contribute to hiding of the internal and structural problems of systems through the self-reflection blocking of sport system and its surrounding systems, and to inactivate the anti-doping efforts by imposing demand which player or trainer can’t easy accept. The effective strategy for combating doping should be conceptualized and executed in all levels of problems.