한국전쟁 초기 중국군 조기파병을 둘러싼 스탈린, 마오쩌둥, 김일성의 동상이몽

김동길 ( Dong Gil Kim ) 경남대학교 극동문제연구소 2014 한국과 국제정치 Vol.30 No.2

중국의 한국전쟁 참전에 관한 기존 연구는, 미국이 38선을 돌파하지 않았다면 중국의 참전도 없었을 것이란 주장이 주류를 이룬다. 그러나 최근 공개된 중국과 러시아의 당안 자료들은 유엔군과 한국군이 수세에 몰려있던 7~8월에 이미 마오쩌둥과 김일성이 중국군 파병을 적극 희망하고 있었음을 보여준다. 중국은 "미군의 38선 돌파 후 중국군 참전"이라는 스탈린과의 약속에도 불구하고, 혁명성과 보존, 대만문제 해결, 북한에 대한 영향력 확보 등을 위해 조기파병을 희망했고, 그 뜻을 북한과 소련에 전달했다. 마오쩌둥은 중국군 조기파병을 최소비용으로 최대효과를 낼 수 있는 수단으로 보았다. 그러나 유엔군의 인천상륙 이후 동요하기 시작했고, 38선 돌파 이후에는 참전 불가를 스탈린과 김일성에게 통보하기도 했다. 김일성을 비롯한 북한지도부는 미 공군의 폭격이 시작된 직후부터 자력으로 승리가 어렵다고 보고, 소련공군과 중국군의 참전을 스탈린에게 요청했다. 그러나 스탈린은 중국군 조기파병이 가져올 부정적 영향을 고려하여, 김일성과 마오쩌둥의 조기파병 요청에 동의하지 않았다. 주목할 것은 스탈린이 한국전쟁이 야기한 새로운 국제정세에 크게 만족하고 있었으며, 따라서 한국전쟁에 대한 목표를 속전속결에서 전쟁 장기화로 수정했다는 점이다. 이렇듯 스탈린, 마오쩌둥, 김일성은 한국전쟁 초기부터 각자 다른 꿈을 꾸고 있었다. Most of the existing researches on the intervention of China into the Korean War argued that if U.S. did not cross over the 38th parallel China would not intervene. But recently declassified China`s and Russia`s archive documents showed evidently that in July and August 1950 both Mao Zedong and Kim Il-sung wanted strongly to dispatch China`s troops to North Korea in period of U.S. and South Korean forces in extreme predicament. Notwithstanding the promise that only after the U.S. forces cross over the 38th parallel China would intervenes, Mao Zedong desired to send troops in early phase of the war, at aim of protecting China`s achieved revolution, solving Taiwan question, and acquiring influence on unified Korea. He regarded early dispatch of the China`s troops as a way of maximum gains with minimum costs. But after the landing of UN forces at Incheon, China`s determination for intervention was weakened gradually and sometimes decided even not to intervene. In the beginning of U.S. air force`s fire, North Korean leadership believed low possibility of victory through his own efforts and wanted for the participation of Soviet air force and China land force. However, considering negative effects of China`s early intervention, Stalin did not agree to Mao and Kim`s requests. It is noteworthy that Stalin satisfied with the new international situation produced after the war and changed his attitude towards the Korean War from quick victory to protracting it. In conclusion, Stalin, Mao Zedong, and Kim Il-sung dreamed different dreams respectively from the early phase of the Korean War.

소양호에서 인의 존개 형태별 분포에 관하여 : The Distribution of Phosphorus Fractions in Lake Soyang

김범철,허우명,황길순,김동섭,최광순 江原大學校 附設 環境硏究所 1996 環境硏究 Vol.13 No.-

The distribution of phosphorus in Lake Soyang from January 1985 to August 1992 was surveyed by the measurement of soluble reactive phosphorus(SRP), total dissolved phosphorus(DTP), and total phosphorus(TP) concentration. SRP concentration was in the range of 2~7㎎/㎥ in epilimnion, and 4~200㎎P/㎥ in hypolimnion. The vertical distribution pattern of SRP showed a large difference with the season. SRP concentration decereased during the growing season of phytoplankton in the epilimnion of Lake Soyang and increased in hypolimnion during the oxygen depletion. Higher concentration near the bottom implies they are diffused from the bottom sediment where organic particles are settled and degraded. SRP, DOP, POP and TP concentration was higher in the meralimnion of Lake Soyang in rainy season It might be related with storm runoff. General trend of TP variation is that the TP concentration of water column is increasing substantially from yeat to year. TP concentration in the surface water increased from 5㎎P/㎥ at 1985 to 20㎎P/㎥ at 1992.

가토에서 일측 요관 부분 및 완전폐색시 신장과 요관의 조직학적 변화

김상현,김용웅,육승모,한동석,노안식,임재성,김홍식,나용길,설종구 충남대학교 의학연구소 2003 충남의대잡지 Vol.30 No.2

This study was designed to clarify histologic changes in the experimental rabbit kidney and ureter after unilateral partial or complete ureteral obstruction. A total of 20 adult white rabbits were divided into 4 subgroups in the partial obstruction followed by 2 weeks, the partial obstruction followed by 4 weeks, the complete obstruction followed by 2 weeks, and the complete obstruction followed by 4 weeks. The normal control group was consisted of 5 adult white rabbits. The kidneys and ureters for light microscopy were fixed in 10% neutral formalin, embedded in paraffin and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Abnormal histologic fingings showed in ipsilateral kidney and ureter of all subgroups(such as dilatation of uriniferous tubule, focal necrosis and desquamation of epithelium, interstitial fibrosis, glomerular congestion, widening of Bowman's space, dilatation of ureter, epithelial cell atrophy or loss, interstitial fibrosis and interstitial inflammation). These findings were most severe in the group of the complete-obstructed ureter for 4 weeks. No significant changes showed in contralateral ureter of all subgroups. The degree of obstruction was severe and period of obstruction was long, the histological changes in ipsilateral side were severe. Despite of changes in ipsilateral side no abnormal findings showed in contralateral side. We suggest that long term experimental investigation of histologic changes in ipsilateral side and compensatory changes in contralateral side have to be studied.

치아의 발육 및 맹출에 따른 신경지배의 발달

김동길 慶北大學校 齒科大學 1995 慶北齒大論文集 Vol.12 No.2

치아의 발육 및 맹출에 따른 신경지배의 발달을 관찰하기 위하여 출생후 1,5,10,15,20,25,35일 된 백서 및 성장이 완료된 백서 각 5마리씩 총 40마리의 하악 구치를 대상으로 neurofilament protein(NFP)과 calcitonin gene-related peptide(CGRP)의 항체를 이용한 면역조직화학적방법을 사용하였으며 결론은 아래와 같다. . NFP 면역반응 신경섬유보다 CGRP면역반응 신경섬유의 분포밀도가 높게 나타났다. 그러나 NFP 면역반응 신경섬유는 비교적 선이 명확한 외형을 나타내는 반면 CGRP 면역반응 신경섬유는 외형이 거칠면서 염주알 모양을 나타냈다. . 치수내 신경섬유의 진입은 상아질 형서이 시작되는 시기였다. Raschkow plexus는 치근형성시기 부터 발달하여 치아가 구강내로 맹출되면서 보다 발달되었다. 조상아세포층으로 진입하는 신경섬유도 치아가 구강내로 맹출하면서 밀도가 높아졌다. . 치조점막상피의 신경지배는 치아의 발육 및 맹출과 관련하여 발달하였다. 치주인대의 신경지배도 치근 형성과 함께 발달하였다. . 신경지배 발달은 역연령(chronological age)보다 치아연령(dental age)에 따르는 것으로 나타났다. The purpsoe of this study was to investigate the postnatal development of dental innervation with the tooth development and eruption process in developing rat mandibular molars(postnatal 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 35day-old and adult rats). Immunohistochemical method was carried out for the detection of nerve fibers, using the antibodies against neurofilament protein(NEP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide(CGRP). The results were as follows: 1. The distribution of CGRP immunoreactive(IR) nerve fibers was more densely detected than the NFP-IR nerve fibers. The feature of CGRP-IR nerve fibers were shown in a bead-like appearance and that was more frequently revealed in nerve terminal and immature stages of development. 2. The time of nerve entering into the dental papilla of tooth follicle began at the occured advanced dentinogenesis. The development of Raschkow plexus began at the formative stage of the roots and was accelerated at the stage of the crown emerged into the oral cavity. The number of nerve fibers entering the odontoblastic layer increased with the tooth eruption and mastication. 3. The development of the innervation in the alveolar mucosa was represented associated with dental development and erupiton. The innervation of preiodontal ligament developed according to the eruption of tooth. 4. The development of innervation was shown to be related with the stage of the development of individual teeth rather than the chronological age of the rat.

용접비드 형상예측 시스템 개발에 관한 연구

김일수,손준식,박창언,서주환,장경천,이동길 朝鮮大學校 機械技術硏究所 2005 機械技術硏究 Vol.8 No.2

Generally, the use of robots in manufacturing industry has been increased during the past decade. GMA(Gas Metal Arc) welding is an actively growing area and many new procedures have been developed for use with high strength alloys. One of the basic requirement for welding applications is to study relationships between process parameters and bead geometry. The objective of this paper is to develop a new approach involving the use of neural network and multiple regression methods in the prediction of bead geometry for GMA welding process and to develop an intelligent system that enables the prediction of bead geometry using Rapid Prototyping(RP) in order to employ the robotic GMA welding processes. This system developed using MATLAB/SIMULINK, could be effectively implemented not only for estimating bead geometry, but also employed to monitor and control the bead geometry in real time

성인 물질남용 환자의 치료결과와 관련된 요인

김길숙,박용천,남정현,안동현,오동열 大韓神經精神醫學會 1998 신경정신의학 Vol.37 No.5

목 적 : 본 연구는 성인 물질남용 환자의 치료프로그램 탈락율, 치료결과 및 예후에 영향을 미치는 요인을 알아보기 위해 시행되었다. 방 법 : 1992년 9월 1일부터 1997년 4월 15일까지 국립서울정신병원 물질남용 입원치료프로그램에서 치료를 받고 퇴원한 환자 97명을 대상으로 병록지 검토를 통해 인구학적 특징, 물질남용상의 특징, 입원전 위험 행동력, 치료기간중의 특징이 치료완료여부와 관련이 있는지 분석해 보았고, 이중 전화추적조사가 가능했던 53명을 대상으로 물질남용 중단여부를 조사하고, 이와 관련된 요인을 알아보았다. 결 과 : 1) 퇴원형태에 따라 59명의 탈락군(60.8%)과 38명의 완료군(39.2%)으로 나누어 비교한 결과 탈락군은 입원기간이 짧고, 자의 입원율이 낮으며, 난폭행동의 과거력이 많고, 규칙위반의 횟수가 많은 것으로 나타났다(p〈.05), 프로그램에서 탈락한 주 이유는 병동내 규칙위반(45.3%), 산책중 도망(23.7%), 외출, 외박중 미귀원(15.2%)의 순이었다. 2) 전화로 추적조사가 가능했던 53명중 32명이 물질남용을 중단했고(60.4%). 21명이 아직 남용중인 것으로(39.6%) 나타났다. 남용군은 공존정신질환의 빈도가 높고, 과거 정신과적 입원 횟수가 많으며, 자살기도력의 빈도가 높은 것으로 나타났다(p〈.05). 3) 물질남용을 중단하게 된 계기는 국립서울정신병원의 치료프로그램에 참여하고 난 후가 45.3%로 가장 많았고, 치료를 완료한 환자일수록 퇴원후 치료결과가 좋은 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 물질남용을 중단한 환자일수록 직업을 가지고 있는 경우가 더 많았다(p〈.05). 결 론 : 물질남용 여부는 공존정신질환, 과거정신과적 입원횟수, 자살기도력등 동반된 정신과적 문제와 관련이 많은 것으로 나타나 이런 요인들에 대한 철저한 평가 및 치료가 필요할 것으로 추측되고, 환자의 동기는 치료를 완료하는 중요한 요인으로 나타나 입원 과정에서 치료에 대한 동기를 강화시킬 수 있는 정신과적 면담이나 전략이 필요할 것으로 생각된다. Objectives : We investigated the factors related to the treatment outcome for substance abuse inpatients. Methods : We reviewed the medical records of 97 patients who were discharged from the substance abuse treatment unit in Seoul National Mental Hospital. We then had follow-up telephone interview with 53 family members and / or patents of 97 patients. Results : 1) Among 97 discharged patients, 59 patients were dropped out, 38 patients graduated successfully from the treatment program. The dropout group had shorter treatment period, were more often admitted involuntarily, had greater incidence of violence history and violated ward rules more often(P<0.5). The main reasons for dropout were violation of rules(45.3%), escape during outdoor activities(3.7%), and refusal of return to the hospital(15.2%). 2) At the follow-up interview, 32 patients were abstaining from substances whereas 21 patients resumed use. The abuser group had more previous psychiatric admissions, more comorbid psychiatric disorders, and higher percentage of history of suicide attempts than the abstaining group(P<0.5). 3) After the discharge from the hospital, 45% of patients showed to discontinue substance. Treatment graduates were more in recovery from substance abuse. The abstaining group had a higher percentage of employment than the abuser group(P<0.5). Conclusion : The treatment outcome was more likely to be related with co-existing psychiatric problems such as previous psychiatric admission, comorbid psychiatric disorders, and history of suicide attempts. Therefore it is suggested that careful evaluation and appropriate treatment for such factors are needed for better treatment outcome. And psychiatric interview to enhance the motivation of patients is needed for completion of treatment.

수분흡수가 섬유강화 고분자 복합판의 기계적 성질에 미치는 영향

김혁,한길영,이동기 조선대학교 생산기술연구소 1995 生産技術硏究 Vol.17 No.1

Nowadays, it is common and becoming more popular to use fiber-reinforced polymeric composites(FRP) in order to reduce the lightweight of the structures such as marine vehicles, automobiles and airplane. It investigates the residual strength characteristics of composite under the environment of high temperature and humidity. The residual strength of FRP is known to be greatly influenced by temperature, humidity etc. In this context, the hygrothermal effect of changing the fiber contents and orientation are investigated in order to provide better residual strength characteristics. When exposed long terms in high temperature and humidity, the randomly oriented composites is to be more stable than the unidirection one.

출생후 흰쥐 구치의 발육에 따른 치수의 신경지배 발달에 관한 면역조직화학적 연구

김영진,남순현,배용철,김동길,김현정 大韓小兒齒科學會 1996 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.23 No.4

The purpose of this study was to investigate the postnatal development of pulpal innervation with the tooth development and eruption process in developing rat mandibular molars (postnatal 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 35day-old and adult rats). Immunohistochemical method was carried out for the detection of nerve fibers, using the antibody against calcitonin gene-related peptide(CGRP). The results were as follows: The feature of CGRP-IR nerve fibers were shown in a bead-like appearance. The time of nerve entering into the dental papilla of tooth follicle began at the occured advanced dentinogenesis. The development of Raschkow plexus began at the formative stage of the roots and was accelerated at the stage of the crown emerged into the oral cavity. The number of nerve fibers entering the odontoblastic layer increased with the tooth eruption and mastication. The development of innervation was shown to be related with the stage of the development of individual teeth rather than the chronological age of the rat.

국악감상수업을 위한 멀티미디어 학습자료개발 : 초등학교 3, 4학년을 중심으로

김동현,채길룡,오한숙 光州敎育大學校 初等敎育硏究所 2002 初等敎育硏究 Vol.17 No.-

Emphasis of Korean classical music has been greatly placed on the music course since the 6th curriculum, and it is more laid in the 7th curriculum; the content is more detailed and Korean classical music of materials in music textbook amounts to 38% - increased 10% compared to the 6th curriculum. Now is rather to devise data to enable 'esthetical experience' of Korean classical music by providing certain 'experience activity' program and develop data to be effectively used in the field than to discuss weight of Korean classical music education. Therefore, this study attempts to develop appreciation data with computer and multimedia to be used as teaching and learning data in the appreciation area, which specially teachers suffer from how to guide, among several areas of Korean classical music. For such objective, the music course of the third and fourth grader was analyzed to draw a teaching and learning objective and a viewpoint of appreciation, materials of Korean classical music were examined in textbook, and various multimedia data and related website to improve teaching effect were surveyed, arranged and made into PowerPoint data. In addition, students' interest in learning and results of the performance evaluation were compared by application of the produced multimedia data to the actual field class to verify effect of data use. As a result of comparison of results of students' interest in Korean classical music appreciation class before and after application of the produced data, use of the data influenced improvement of students' interest in Korean classical music class. Also, as a result of making the field teachers who are interested in Korean classical music class examine the data, they responded that the data is very useful for improvement of the field Korean classical music class. Results of this study are summarized as follows; A. In Korean classical music class, data enabling broad experience and musical practice through application of the varied multimedia dta out of monotonous listening-centered class was developed. B. Out of the limited educational environment by improvement of teaching and learning method with ICT, self-directional learning was enabled in consideration of learner's level and interest.

화상처리에 의한 춉트 스트랜드 섬유배향의 분포측정

김혁,윤성운,한길영,심재기,이동기 조선대학교 생산기술연구소 1995 生産技術硏究 Vol.17 No.2

In order to examine the accuracy of intensity method, the fiber orientation distribution of chopped strand reinforced polymeric composites is measured using image processing. Theoretical and experimental results of fiber orientation function are compared with each other for the composites having different fiber content and fiber orientations. An intensity method is used for the experimental investigation and the measured fiber orientation function is compared to the calculated one. The results show that, firstly, the feature of fiber orientation can be represented and identified by the fiber orientation function J measured and theoretical fiber orientation functions, J_(M) and J, respectively and related as J_(M)=0.73J. Secondly, as far as the measuring of fiber orientation is concerned, the intensity method is, in general, found to be quite effective due to its feature of using the intensity difference in the measuring ranges. Finally, the accuracy of the method increases when the fiber with less clash is considered.