한국사람 손등피부신경의 분포 양상

안동춘,황규성,백두진,한승호,정호삼 대한체질인류학회 1999 해부·생물인류학 (Anat Biol Anthropol) Vol.12 No.1

한국사람 손등피부신경의 분포양상을 알아보기 위해 59구(남자 39, 여자 20)의 시체에서 113예(오른손 58/ 왼손 55)의 손등을 해부하여 관찰하였다. 분포유형은 노선경의 분포영역을 기준으로 자신경과의 분포 범위에 따라 구분하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 노신경과 자신경으로 이루어진 손등피부신경의 분포양상은 10가지 유형이 관찰되었다. 2. 노신경이 셋째손가락 노쪽절반까지, 자신경이 셋째손가락 자쪽절반까지 이르는 경우(제VIII형)가 33.9%로 가장 많이 관찰되었다. 3. 노신경과 자신경이 셋째손샅에서 혼재하는 경우로, 노신경이 넷째손가락 노쪽절반까지, 자신경이 셋째손가락 자쪽절반까지 이르는 경우(제III형)가 25.7%, 노신경이 셋째손가락까지, 자신경이 셋째손가락 자쪽절반까지 이르는 경우 (제VI형)가 11.0%였다. 4. 노신경과 자신경의 등쪽손가락신경이 셋째손샅에서 합쳐져 하나의 신경가지를 이루는 경우(제IV형)가 12.8%로 나타났다. 5. 두 신경이 둘째손샅과 셋째손샅에서 혼재하거나 둘째손샅에서 합쳐져 분포하는 제III, VI, IX, X, XI 형은 새롭게 관찰된 유형이었다. 6. 근육피부신경이 노신경을 대신하였던 경우는 4가지 유형으로 각각 1예씩 관찰되었다. 7. 손등피부신경의 분포양상을 성별 및 왼손과 오른손에 따라 비교한 결과 통계학적으로 유의한 차이는 없었다. 이상의 결과로 보아 한국인의 손등피부신경은 노신경과 자신경이 셋째손가락 양쪽까지 이르는 경우가 가장 흔한 유형임을 알 수 있었다. In order to investigate the distribution patterns of the dorsal digital nerves of the radial and ulnar nerve in the Korean, authors dissect the 113 hands (right 58/left 55) of the 59 cadavers(39 males/20 females). The types were classified by the area of radial dorsal digital nerves and the ulnar digital nerves. The difference in the distribution pattern between males and females, right and left hands was analysed by x^(2)-test in the case presenting the prequency more than 10%. The results as follows; I. The ten types of the distribution patterns consisted of the radial and ulnar nerves were observed on the dorsum of the hands. 2. The case of the highest prequency was type VIII(33.9%), in which radial nerve supply the radial side of the 2½ of digits and ulnar nerve extends the ulnar side 2½ of digits. 3. In the cases of the both nerve mingling in the third digital web, the incidences in which the radial nerves extend to the radial half of ring finger and ulnar nerve to the ulnar half of middle finger(type III) were 25.7%, and that the radial nerves extend to the ulnar half of middle finger and ulnar nerve to the ulnar half of middle finger(type VI) were 11.0%. 4. Type IV as combined branch between the radial and the ulnar nerve extend to the third digital web was observed in the 12.8%. 5. The type III, VI, IX, X, XI showing the both nerves mingling in the third digital web and in the second digital web or combining in the second digital web were new observed in the Korean. 6. The musculocutaneous nerve replaces the superficial branch of the radial nerve in 4 cases. 7. There was no statistical difference in the distribution pattern between males and females, right and left hands. From the above results, it was suggested that the majority of the cases were that the ulnar digital nerves supplied the ulnar half of the middle finger in the Korean.

네트워크 부하감지를 기반으로 한 확장 RED

김동춘,김은범,안기중 제주대학교 공과대학 첨단기술연구소 2002 尖端技術硏究所論文集 Vol.13 No.2

This paper addresses the extended RED to be adapted in various network conditions for congestion control. RED has some problems in various network conditions due to the fixed operation of parameters. P_max and TH_min. That is, if the traffic load is relatively small the link utility can be too low and if the load is too large the management of queue can result in various difficulties. In this paper we propose the long-term queue average method in which those parameters of P_max and TH_min can be automatically adjusted based on the variations of network load. The experimental result shows that the proposed method can overcome the problems caused by RED.

메쉬망 설계 알고리즘

김동춘,안기중 제주대학교 공과대학 첨단기술연구소 2001 尖端技術硏究所論文集 Vol.12 No.2

In this paper, we consider the problem of obtaining a minimum cost topology for mesh network with the cost of links between all node pairs of nodes and the internode requirement. We present a algorithm which works in general network design. The algorithm has small amount of computational complexity and the design reselts are better than MENTOR's in total cost and reliability. Also It easily gains good results in various design environments.

허혈 및 재관류후 흰쥐 앞정강근과 가자미근에서 나타나는 미세구조와 SOD 활성의 변화

백두진,안동춘,황규성,김혜주,박철홍,정호삼,조근열 대한체질인류학회 1999 해부·생물인류학 (Anat Biol Anthropol) Vol.12 No.2

에너지 획득방법, 당원의 분포, 모세혈관의 분포 및 미세구조의 차이가 나는 백색근육섬유와 적색근육섬유에서 허혈시간에 따라 나타나는 미세구조의 변화와 SOD의 활성변동을 비교 관찰하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 앞정강근에서는 2시간 허혈시 사립체에서 바탕질의 전자밀도가 감소하고 사립체능선이 팽대하였고, 재관류 24시간 경과시에는 근육원섬유사이의 거리가 멀어지고 근육세포질세망의 수조와 종말수조가 팽대하였으며 재관류 72시간 경과시에는 정상대조군과 유사한 소견이 나타났다. 2. 가자미근에서 2시간 허혈시 사립체에서는 사렵체바탕질의 전자밀도가 감소하였으며, 재관류 24 시간 경과시는 근육세포질세망의 수조가 팽대하였고, 재관류 72시간 경과시에는 정상대조군과 유사하였다. 3. 4시간 및 6시간 허혈시 미세구조의 변화는 허혈시간과 재관류 시간경과에 따라 심해져 앞정강근에서는 사립체에서 바탕질의 전자밀도가 감소하고 사렵체능선은 불분명하고 소용돌이소체가 나타났으며 근육원섬유 용해와 곤육원섬유괴사가 관찰되었다. 가자미근에서는 근육원섬유에서 근육미세섬유의 배열과 끝가로막이 불규칙해지고 근육세포질세망의 수조가 팽대하였으며 근육원섬유용해가 나타났다. 4. 앞정강근에서 Cu, Zn-및 Mn-SOD 활성은 미약한 흑은 약한 양성반응을 나타내었고, 가자미근에서는 Cu, Zn-SOD는 미약한 양성반응을, Mn-SOD 는 미약한 혹은 약한 양성반응을 나타내었다. 허혈후 Cu, Zn- 및 Mn-SOD 의 활성은 허혈시간이 길수록 더욱 증가하였다. 5. Cu, Zn- 및 Mn-SOD 활성은 2시간 허혈 및 재관류 24 시간 경과시 약간 증가하였으며 72시간 경과시에는 앞정강근과 가자미근에서 정상대조군과 유사하게 나타났다. 6. 4시간 및 6시간 허혈 및 재관류후 두 근육에서 Cu, Zn- 및 Mn-SOD활성은 증가하였다. 두 근육에서 Mn-SOD의 활성변동은 유사하였으나 Cu, Zn- Mn-SOD의 활성증가는 앞정강근보다 가자미근에서 크게 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 종합하면 허혈 및 재관류 손상은 허혈시간과 재관류시간 경과에 따라 심하게 나타났고 가자미근보다 앞정강근에서 심하게 나타났으며, 손상의 차이는 두 근육에서 나타나는 SOD활성변동과 깊은 연관이 있는 것으로 생각된다. Skeletal muscles are known to have tolerance to ischemia, but a prolonged ischemia can cause damage to muscular tissues. The ischemia-reperfusion injury results from the oxygen free radicals released by leucocytes and formed by the reaction of hypoxanthine and xanthine oxidase. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), one of major antioxidant enzymes occurring in the various tissues of the body metabolizes or scarvanges the oxygen free radicals. Although many studies reported difference in tolerance to ischemia and reperfusion between white and red muscles, some other investigators failed in finding such difference. The present study was performed to examine effects of graded periods of ischemia and reperfusion on the cellular ultrastructure and activity of SOD in white and red muscles. The Sprague-Dawley rats (200~250 g) were used as experimental animals. Under pentobarbita] (50 mg/kg IP) anesthesia, incision was made on lower abdomen and left common iliac artery was occluded by means of a vascular clamp for 2, 4 and 6 hour (hrs). Thereafter, the superficial portion of mid-belly of anterior tibial muscle and soleus muscles were excised at 0, 24 and 72 hrs after onset of reperfusion. The specimens were sectioned into slices, 2 mm in length, 1 mm in width and thickness. Some specimens were prepared for electron microscopic observation and others for determination of SOD activity by using antihuman CU, Zn- and Mn-SOD antibodies. The results obtained were as follows. 1. In anterior tibial muscle, areas with loose electron-density and dilated cristae were observed in the mitochondria immediately after 2 hrs of ischemia, while widened intermyofibrillar spaces and dilated cisternae of sarcoplasmic reticulum were seen after 2 hrs and 24 hrs reperfusion. When subjected to 2 hrs ischemia and 72 hrs reperfusion, no significant change was found in the cellular ultrastructure. 2. In soleus muscle, electron density was loose in the matrix of mitochondria immediately after 2 hrs of ischemia, while cisternae of sarcoplasmic reticulum were dilalated after 2 hrs of ischemia and 24 hrs reperfusion. Following 2 hrs of ischemia and 72 hrs repeifusion, the electron microscopic findings were similar to those of normal rats. 3. The changes in cellular ultrastructure were more prominent in both the 4 hrs and 6 hrs ischemia groups, in which degree of ultrastructural changes were proportional to duration of reperfusion. 4. In anterior tibial muscle, trace or weak immunoreactivities of Cu, Zn- and Mn-SOD were seen, whereas trace immunoreactivity of Cu, Zn-SOD and trace or weak immunoreactivity of Mn-SOD were observed in soleus muscle. 5. The immunoreactivities of CU, Zn- and Mn-SOD were not altered in 2 hrs ischemic and 72 hrs reperfused group, while they were increased slightly in 2 hrs ischemic and 24 hrs reperfused group. 6. In both muscles, the activity of SOD increased following 4 hrs or 6 hrs ischemia and 24 hrs or 72 hrs reperfusion. The changes in immunoreactivity of Mn-SOD were not different between two muscles, whereas immunoreactivity of Cu, Zn-SOD were higher in anterior tibial muscle. Consequently, it is suggested that significant ischemia reperfusion injuries are produced after 4 ~ 6 hrs ishemia followed by 24 hrs or 72 hrs reperfusion, that anterior tibial muscle is more susceptible to ischemic reperfusion injury and that the ischemic-reperfusion injury is closely related with activity of SOD.

청년기 한국인 얼굴에 대한 계측적 연구 Ⅱ

백두진,안동춘,고기석 대한췌담도연구회 2000 대한췌담도연구회지 Vol.5 No.4

Propylthiouracil 투여에 의한 갑상선 기능저하 흰쥐 조직에서 알코올 탈수소효소 활성의 변화

백상현,김동선,이창범,박용수,안유헌,김태화,기춘석,강주섭 한양대학교 의과대학 2001 한양의대 학술지 Vol.21 No.2

Background: Thyroid hormone has been known to affect hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity. Although the liver is the principal site of ethanol metabolism, stomach is also responsible in part for ethanol oxidation. The effects of thyroid hormone on ADH activity in gastric mucosa and other tissues of rats had not been previously examined. Method: The effects of thyroid hormone on liver, stomach, lung, and kidney ADH activities (nM of NADH/min/mg of cytosolic protein) have been investigated in male Sprague Dawley rats treated with propylthiouracil (50 mg/kg) for 14 days. Results: Whereas hepatic ADH activities were not changed by treatment with PTU(42.9(8.6 vs 45.2 (10.1), gastric ADH activities in PTU-treated rats increased by 258.8% of control rat (6.3 ( 0.6 vs 2.2 ( 1.2, p〈0.001). In the activities of other tissues, PTU treatment decreased lung ADH activity by 59.7% of control, and increased kidney ADH activities by 247.1% of control rats. Conclusion: These data suggest that hypothyroidism causes an increase of gastric alcohol metabolism, and that the increase of gastric ADH activity can partly restore the first pass metabolism of ethanol in hypothyroid rats.

가토 외고정 모델을 이용한 치밀체형 세라믹스의 골결합능 평가

이재협,이동호,이재학,공현식,안영준,류현승,서준혁,홍국선,김환,장봉순,이춘기 대한정형외과연구학회 2003 대한정형외과연구학회지 Vol.6 No.2

예측기반 RED 알고리즘

김복심,김동춘,김대영,안기중 제주대학교 공과대학 첨단기술연구소 2001 尖端技術硏究所論文集 Vol.12 No.2

In Internet, the management of traffic congestion involves the policy which drops a packet in advance. In this case, router drops one or more packets to improve the network performance before when its output buffer becomes full. RED(Random Early Detection) is a good example for this technique. A new congestion avoidance algorithm, predictive RED is proposed to estimate the queue length variation and applied to the packet drop probability to control the traffic congestion proactively. And it showed me it can improve the performance by simulation.

일측 자골신경의 절단 및 재연결 후 흰쥐 척수에서 신경세포 접착분자(NCAM)의 면역조직반응의 변화에 관한 형태학적 연구

황세진,전복관,안동춘,조원길,김승현 대한신경과학회 1999 대한신경과학회지 Vol.17 No.1

허혈양상화, Adenosine 및 Pinacidil이 허혈 및 재관류후 흰쥐넙다리곧은근에서 Superoxide dismutase발현에 미치는 영향

백두진,유영미,황규성,안동춘,정호삼,강봉균 대한체질인류학회 2000 해부·생물인류학 (Anat Biol Anthropol) Vol.13 No.1

본 실험은 흰쥐에서 나타나는 허혈양상화의 효과와 그 발생기전을 규명하고자 하였다. 실험동물로는 300-350g 내외의 숫흰쥐를 사용하였으며 온엉덩동맥을 2시간 결찰한 후, 3시간, 6시간, 12시간, 24시간 및 72시간 재관류시켰으며, 온엉덩동맥을 5분간 결찰하고 5분간 재관류시키는 과정을 3회 반복하여 허혈양상화시키거나 시술적전 adenosine 혹은 pinacidil을 투여하고 같은 방법으로 허혈 및 재관류시켰다. 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine 혹은 glibenclmide 투여하고 허혈양상화시킨 다음 허혈 및 재관류시키고 넙다리곧은근을 적출하여 파라핀절편을 제작하고 in situ hybridization 조직화학법으로 Cu, Zn 및 Mn-SOD mRNA의 발현을 비교관찰하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 모든 실험군 넙다리곧은근에서 Cu, Zn 및 Mn-SOD mRNA는 단면적이 작은 근육섬유에서만 발현되었다. 2. 정상대조군 넙다리곧은근에서 Cu, Zn- 및 Mn -SOD mRNA는 약하게 발현되였다. 3. 허혈 및 재관류군에서는 재관류 시간경과에 따라 넙다리곧은근에서 CU, Zn-SOD mRNA는 중등도로 발현되었고, Mn-SOD mRNA는 재관류 3시간 및 6시간 경과시 약하게 혹은 중등도로 발현되었으며 재관류 12시간 경과시 약하게 혹은 미약하게 발현되었고, 24시간 경과시에는 중등도로 발현되었으며 72시간 경과시에는 약하게 혹은 중등도로 발현되었다. 4. 허혈양상화 처치로 넙다리곧은근에서는 Cu, Zn-SOD mRNA의 발현이 증가하여 12시간 경과시 중등도로 발현되었고 24시간 경과시 약하게 혹은 중등도로 발현되었으며 72시간 경과시에는 약하게 발현되었다. Mn-SOD mRNA 는 처치후 12시간 경과시 중등도로 발현되였고 24시간 경과시 중등도 혹은 강하게 발현되었으며 72시간 경과시 약하게 발현되었다. 5. 허혈양상화 허혈 및 재관류군에서 Cu, Zn-SOD mRNA는 재관류 6시간까지 중등도로 발현되었으며 재관류 12시간 및 24시간 경과시에는 약하게 혹은 중등도로 발현되였고 72시간 경과시에는 약하게 발현되였다. Mn-SOD mRNA는 재관류 12시간까지 중등도로 발현되었고 24시간 경과시 중등도 혹은 강하게 발현되었으며 72시간 경과시에는 약하게 발현되었다. 6. Adenosine 투여후 허혈 및 재관류시에는 넙다리곧은근에서 Cu, Zn-SOD mRNA는 재관류 12시간 경과시까지 중등도로 발현되었고 재관류 24시간 경과시에는 약하게 혹은 중등도로 발현되였으며 재관류 72시간 경과시에는 약하게 발현되었다. 7. Pinacidil 투여후 허혈 및 재관류시에는 넙다리곧은근에서 Cu, Zn-SOD mRNA는 재관류 6시간까지 중등도로 발현되었고 재관류 12시간 경과시에는 약하게 혹은 중등도로 발현되었으며 재관류 24시간 및 72시간 경과시에는 약하게 발현되었다. 8. 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine 투여후 허혈양상화 허혈 및 재관류시 넙다리곧은곤에서 Cu, Zn-SOD mRNA는 재관류 3시간까지 중등도로 발현되였고 재관류 6시간 및 12시간에는 약하게 흑은 중등도로 발현되었으며 재관류 24시간 및 72시간 경과시에는 약하게 발현되였다. Mn-SOD mRNA를 재관류 3시간까지 약하게 발현되었고 재관류 12시간까지 중등도 혹은 약하게 발현되였으며, 재관류 24시간 경과시에는 약하게 발현되었고 재관류 72시간 경과시에는 중등도로 발현되었다. 9. Glibenclamide 투여후 허혈양상화 허혈 및 재관류시에는 넙다리곧은근에서 Cu, Zn-SOD mRNA는 재관류 24시간까지 중등도로 발현되었고, 재관류 72시간 경과시까지는 약하게 혹은 중등도로 발현되었다. Mn-SOD mRNA는 재관류 기간을 통하여 중등도로 발현되었다. 이상의 소견을 종합하면 허혈 및 재관류시 Cu, Zn- 및 SOD mRNA의 발현은 증가하였고 허혈양상화로 특히 Mn-SOD mRNA의 발현이 증가하였으며, 허혈양상화의 효과는 adenosine A_(1) 수용체와 K_(ATP) 통로의 자극과 밀접한 연관이 있는 것으로 결론 지을 수 있다. A brief episode of ischemia and reperfusion termed 'ischemic preconditioning' has been established as rendering muscle tolerance to damage during a subsequent prolonged ischemia. The effects of ischemic preconditioning in the cardiac muscle are related to the stimulation of adenosine A, receptor and the opening of KATP channel. The effect and mechanisms of ischemic preconditioning in the skeletal muscle are not known clearly. The superoxide radical injures the skeletal muscle during the ischemia and reperfusion. There are two types of SOD, which metabolizes the superoxide radicals to H_(2)O_(2) and O_(2), in the cell. One of them is Cu, Zn-SOD in the cytoplasm and the other is Mn-SOD in the mitochondria. The activities of SOD are increased against the formation of superoxide radical during the reperfusion. The author performed the present study to investigate the effect and the mechanisms of ischemic preconditioning by measuring the expression of SOD mRNA on timely reperfused ischemic muscles. The healthy Sprague-Dawley rats weighing from 300g to 350g were used as experimental animals. Under pentobarbital(50 mg/kg) anesthesia, lower abdominal incision was done and left common iliac artery was occluded by vascular clamp for 2 hours. Rectus femoris muscles were obtained respectively at 3, 6, 12, 24 and 72 hours after reperfusion. The ischemic preconditioning group underwent three episodes of 5minute occlusion and 5minute reperfusion of common iliac artery followed by 2hours of ischemia and timely reperfusion. Adenosine (50 ㎍/kg) or pinacidil(1 mg/kg) was administered intravenously before ischemia. 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine(15 mg/kg) or glibenclamide(0.5 mg/g) was administered intravenously before ischemic preconditioning. Paraffin sections with 4 ㎛ thickness in all groups were obtained. The expression of Cu, Zn- and Mn-SOD mRNA was observed by use of in situ hybridization. The results obtained were as follows. I. The expression of SOD mRNA was seen only in small muscle fibers of the rectus femoris muscle of the rat. 2. Weak expressions of Cu, Zn- and Mn-SOD mRNA were observed in the normal control rat. 3. After 2 hours of ischemia, moderate expression of Cu, Zn-SOD mRNA was observed until 72 hours of reperfusion. Weak or moderate expression of Mn-SOD mRNA at 3 hours and 6 hours of reperfusion, weak or trace expression at 12 hours of reperfusion, moderate expression at 24hours of reperfusion and weak or moderate expression at 72hours of reperfusion were observed. 4. After ischemic preconditioning, moderate expressions of Cu, Zn-SOD mRNA were seen in the groups of 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours of reperfusion. Moderate expressions of Mn -SOD mRNA were seen in the group of 0, 3, 6 and 12hours of reperfusion and strong expression was seen in the group of 24hours of reperfusion after ischemic preconditioning. 5. After 2 hours of ischemia with ischemic preconditoining, moderate expressions of Cu, Zn-SOD mRNA were seen in the groups of 0, 3, 6, 12, 24 hours of reperfusion. Moderate expressions of Mn-SOD mRNA were observed in the groups of 0, 3, 6, and 12 hours of reperfusion and moderate or strong expression was seen in the group of 24 hours of reperfusion. 6. After 2 hours of ischemia with the pretreatment of adenosine, moderate expressions of Cu, Zn-SOD mRN A were seen in the group of 0, 3, 6, 12 and 24hours of reperfusion. Moderate expression of Mn-SOD mRNA in the groups and 3 hours of reperfusion, strong expression in the group of 6 and 12 hours of reperfusion and moderate expression in the group of 24hours of reperfusion were seen. 7. After 2 hours of ischemia with the pretreatment of pinacidil, moderate expressions of Cu, Zn-SOD mRNA were seen in the groups of 0, 3, 6 and 12 hours of reperfusion and those of Mn-SOD mRNA were seen in the groups of 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours ofreperfusion. 8. After 2hours of ischemia with ischemic preconditioning and the pretreatment of 8 -cyclopentyl- l,3dipropylxanthine, moderate expression of Cu, Zn-SOD mRNA were observed in the groups of 0, 3, 6. and 12hours of reperfusion and those of Mn-SOD were seen in the groups of 6, 12 and 72hours of reperfusion. 9. After 2hours of ischemia with ischemic preconditioning and the pretreatment of glibenclamide, moderate expressions of CU, Zn-and Mn-SOD mRNA were seen in all groups of reperfusion. Consequently, these results suggest that the expression of Cu, Zn and Mn-SOD mRNA increases during 2hours ischemia and reperfusion with or without ischemic preconditioning. The effects of ischemic preconditioning are closely related to the stimulation of adenosine A₁receptor and K.ATP channel.