On Relative Clause Instruction in L2

Lee, Dami 이화영어학회 1999 영어학 연구 Vol.- No.4

This paper reports on a pilot study testing the hypothesis that maximal generalization of learning will result from the acquisition of more marked structures. The purpose of the study is to see whether Korean speakers, of L2 English generalize instruction on relative clauses to other related structures when they are taught more marked structure. The result shows that L2 learning on relative clause does not n proceed from more marked to less marked structure.

UG-Accessibility in Second Language Acquisition

Lee Dami 한국영어교육학회 1994 ENGLISH TEACHING(영어교육) Vol.- No.49

What Is the Best Predictor for L2 Attrition?

Dami Lee 한국영어교육학회 2001 ENGLISH TEACHING(영어교육) Vol.56 No.3

The Acquisition of English Morphology by Korean-English Bilinguals

Dami Lee 한국응용언어학회 1996 응용 언어학 Vol.- No.11

The Development of Wh-Questions in Korean-English Bilinguals

Lee, Dami 이화영어학회 1996 영어학 연구 Vol.- No.1

This paper examines the relationship between L1 and L2 acquisition by investigating the development of English wh-questions by Korean- English bilingual children. Korean-English bilingual children were found to make developmental errors similar to those in L1 acquisition: They produced chunck-learned wh-questions in the early stage and "telegraphic" and "preposing weak" type questions in the intermediate stage. However, they did not show any evidence of L1 influence in producing English wh-questions.

Phase Penetration and L2 Korean Relative Clauses : A Proposal against the Structural Distance Hypothesis

Lee, Il-Jae,Lee, Dami 한국중앙영어영문학회 2007 영어영문학연구 Vol.49 No.4

This article brings up theoretical shortcomings of the Structural Distance Hypothesis (SDH), claimed in O'Grady et al. (2003). The SDH alleges that there exists a syntactic dependency between the head noun (filler) of relative clause (RC) and the Case position (gap) of the operator (OP) in L2 RC. This dependency accounts for the processing difficulty captured within the RCs of the NPAH (Noun Phrase Accessibility Hierarchy, Keenan & Comrie, 1977). This article, however, submits the arguments against the SDH: (i) The role of filler seems to be pointless because the position of gap is sufficient to calculate processing difficulty. (ii) The gaps in SUB RCs and DO RCs have different syntactic properties for fair comparison. (iii) The role of OP is crucial during relativization, but it is completely overlooked in the SDH. And, (iv) the SDH cannot predict processing difficulties for homogeneous RCs. In contrast, the phase analysis under the minimalist framework (Chomsky, 1998, 1999, 2001) provides an alternative account for determining the processing difficulty for SUB RCs and DO RCs as well as for other RCs on the lower end of the NPAH. The alternative account hinges on the occurrences of phase penetration by the target features, as being probed and agreed by C and T and merged into Spec-C and Spec-T. By restricting the processing difficulty within the conditions of phase penetration, L2 acquisition studies can be shed light on with a more principled insight into anticipating the UG-constrained developmental order in RCs.

Chitosan: a novel platform in proton-driven DNA strand rearrangement actuation

Lee, Dami,Singha, Kaushik,Jang, Mi-Kyeong,Nah, Jae-Woon,Park, In-Kyu,Kim, Won Jong Royal Society of Chemistry 2009 Molecular bioSystems Vol.5 No.4

<P>Nanometre-scaled DNA machine based on molecular recognition properties of DNA has now become a powerful tool in nanodevices, miniaturized structure, and nanofabrication. The common principle behind designing a DNA nanomachine is DNA strand exchange or rearrangement, which is solely controlled by the stabilization through associative and dissociative forces arising from base pair interaction of DNA molecules. Thus, highly effective DNA reaction actuator will make DNA nanomachine more flexible, controllable, and powerful device. Here, we report the novel polymer-mediated platform in proton-driven DNA strand rearrangement actuation. This cationic low molecular weight water-soluble chitosan (LMWSC) exhibited pH-dependent complexation with oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN). It formed complex with ODN only at low pH and accelerated the DNA strand exchange (or rearrangement) reaction between dsDNA and its complementary ssDNA at pH 5.0. However, no complexation was observed between LMWSC and ODN at neutral pH. We assume that at physiological pH, LMWSC is not protonated enough for formation of complex with ODN. Therefore, it can not diminish the electrostatic repulsion among the negatively charged DNA strands of the three-stranded intermediate formed during the strand exchange reaction. In contrast, LMWSC becomes positively charged at acidic pH, and it stabilizes the three-stranded intermediate by spreading out the accumulated counter-ions and increasing the entropy of the system. This fascinating observation prompted us to believe that this intelligent proton-driven DNA reaction actuator has a potential for the precise control of DNA nanomachine and would be applied for operating and controlling nanoscaled machine.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>Low molecular weight water-soluble chitosan (LMWSC), a pH-responsive cationic polymer, controlled the on–off of the DNA strand exchange reaction, which is a common principle behind DNA nanomachines. LMWSC operates the DNA strand exchange reaction by stabilizing the reaction intermediate only at low pH but not at neutral pH. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=b818982j'> </P>

L2 Retention and Attrition of Korean Numeral Classifiers

Dami Lee 한국응용언어학회 2006 응용 언어학 Vol.22 No.2

This study examined L2 maintenance and loss of Korean numeral classifiers to see if the regression hypothesis (Jacobson, 1941; 1968) holds. The regression hypothesis states that language components learned first will be lost last. Taking the regression hypothesis as a theoretical starting-point, we used both comprehension and production tasks to measure 82 L2 attriters’ knowledge of Korean numeral classifiers. The results showed that while the recall of classifiers declined rather quickly and precipitously after L2 disuse, the recognition of classifiers remained stable for a considerable period of time. The results also demonstrated that the attrition of numeral classifiers tended to occur in an reverse order in which they had been learned. That is, the classifiers retained longest were those learned earliest. Such classifiers were the human classifier myeng and neutral classifier kay. These findings appear to be consistent with the predictions made by the regression hypothesis.

A Sentence Processing Study of Relative Clauses in Korean with Two Attachment Sites

Dami Lee(이다미),Soo-Ok Kweon(권수옥) 담화·인지언어학회 2004 담화와 인지 Vol.11 No.2

In the literature of relative clause (RC) attachment preferences with two antecedents, cross-linguistic differences have been reported. While abundant empirical studies have confirmed that English shows low attachment preference (LA), research on Korean, theoretically predicted to prefer high attachment preference (HA) has been scarce. Empirical support of the theory is in need for this language. Regarding the methodology, it has been shown that online and offline experiments produce consistent attachment preference for head-initial languages (e.g. English, Spanish). However, Japanese, a head final-language has shown an asymmetry between online and offline experiments. The purpose of the present study is twofold: First, to determine whether Korean is indeed an HA preference language, as is predicted by general psycholinguistic processing principles. Second, whether different kinds of methodology provide different attachment preferences in Korean, as in Japanese, but not in English. In the current study, a written survey test (offline) and a self-pace reading task (online) provided consistent results: HA preference for Korean. Therefore, we suggest that Korean indeed prefers HA and does not show the asymmetry to attachment preference, observed in Japanese. Cross-linguistic differences based on word order and test methodology are discussed.

The Critical Period Hypothesis and the Acquisition of English Pronouns by Korean Speakers

Lee Dami 한국영어교육학회 1996 ENGLISH TEACHING(영어교육) Vol.51 No.1