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Be-Insertion in Interlanguage: A Topic Marker, A Tense/Agreement Morpheme, or Both?
Bora Nam 서울대학교 언어교육원 2019 語學硏究 Vol.55 No.3
In L2 production, be-forms are often inserted before thematic verbs (e.g., She is study hard). There have been two hypotheses concerning the function of be-forms, that they are topic markers transferred from L1 or tense/agreement morphemes. This study examines the explanatory adequacy of the two hypotheses by comparing acceptability judgments and self-paced listening between Korean and Russian EFL learners. The results support neither hypothesis completely. Contrary to the Topic Marker Hypothesis, both L2 groups accepted be-insertion after non-topic as well as topic subjects. Against the T/AGR Morpheme Hypothesis, participants also accepted be-insertion after topicalized non-subjects. These results suggest that be-forms can have two functions simultaneously, and thus the two hypotheses must not be considered mutually exclusive. The data also call into question the role of L1 transfer, suggesting that the phenomenon may reflect a universal L2 strategy.
Nam Bora,Sung Yoon-Kyoung,Choi Chan-Bum,Kim Tae-Hwan,Jun Jae-Bum,Bae Sang-Cheol,Yoo Dae-Hyun,Cho Soo-Kyung 대한의학회 2021 Journal of Korean medical science Vol.36 No.41
Background: To evaluate the incidence of fractures and fracture risk factors in Korean patients with polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR). Methods: All PMR patients who visited a rheumatology clinic at a tertiary referral hospital between March 2005 and March 2018 were retrospectively assessed. We estimated bone mineral density (BMD) screening rate within 6 months of the first visit and classified the patients according to the performance and results of BMD screening. Incidence rates (IRs) of fractures were calculated in each group and risk factors for fractures were identified using Poisson regression analysis. Results: A total of 95 PMR patients with median (interquartile range) age of 64.0 (56.0–72.0) years were included. Baseline BMD was assessed in only 55.8% of these patients (n = 53); 24 patients with osteoporosis, 20 with osteopenia, and 9 with normal BMD. During 433.1 person-years (PYs) of observation, 17 fractures occurred in 12 patients (IR, 3.93 [95% confidence interval (CI), 2.46–6.26]/100 PYs); 8.32 (95% CI, 4.09–16.90)/100 PYs in the osteopenia group, 3.40 (95% CI, 1.30–8.90)/100 PYs in the osteoporosis group, and 3.37 (95% CI, 1.53–7.39)/100 PYs in the no BMD test group. Risk factors for fractures were female sex, advanced age (≥ 65 years), longer follow-up duration, initial glucocorticoid dose ≥ 10 mg/day, and higher cumulative glucocorticoid dose over the first 6 months. Conclusion: The incidence rate of fractures in Korean patients with PMR was 3.93/100 PYs. Female sex, advanced age, longer follow-up duration, and increased glucocorticoid dose are risk factors for osteoporotic fracture.
The Role of Explicit Knowledge on the Be-insertion Phenomenon
( Bora Nam ) 한국중등영어교육학회 2023 중등영어교육 Vol.16 No.2
This study investigates the role of explicit knowledge on the be-insertion phenomenon of Korean EFL learners. The study involved 62 participants who completed two production tasks (free and controlled writing) and two perception tasks (an aural acceptability judgment task and an explicit grammar correction task). The results indicate that when explicit knowledge was more likely to be deployed, use of be-insertion was encouraged and a greater proportion of the following verbs changed into non-stem forms. Additionally, using explicit knowledge does not enhance Korean EFL learners’ ability to judge be-insertion as ungrammatical, but it enables them to better recognize the absence of tense-marking on both be-forms and the subsequent verbs. The findings suggest that Korean EFL learners primarily use be-insertion to encode tense and/or agreement when using explicit knowledge, while the use as topic markers seem to be limited to implicit knowledge. This study emphasizes the significance of incorporating explicit knowledge into language instruction, and the findings have implications for language teachers who can design activities that promote explicit knowledge acquisition among learners.
Bora Nam 한국중원언어학회 2021 언어학연구 Vol.- No.60
This study aims to explore how negation variation between short-negation (S-Neg) and long-negation (L-Neg) has changed in spoken Korean. Concerning the topic, two research questions were addressed: 1) how negation variation has changed in spoken Korean from the 17<sup>th</sup> century to the 2010s? 2) how can the change be explained linguistically? To answer these questions, 1,894 negative sentences were collected from oral literature and drama scripts between the 17<sup>th</sup> century and the 2010s and the proportion of L-Neg in the data was calculated along the time. The results revealed that 1) L-Neg has never spread widely in the Kyeongsang/Cheolla dialects while it had prevailed in the Seoul dialect and has declined until the 2010s; 2) A morpho-syntactic constraint of S-Neg, which was claimed to result in the spread of L-Neg in Middle Korean (Park, 2005, 2011) was lost in contemporary Korean. Based on the findings, I suggest that the decline of L-Neg in spoken Korean is ascribed to the loss of the S-Neg constraint and propose a morpho-syntactic change of the negative word an(i) in S-Neg.
Phytopythium and Pythium Species (Oomycota) Isolated from Freshwater Environments of Korea
( Bora Nam ),( Young-joon Choi ) 한국균학회 2019 Mycobiology Vol.47 No.3
Oomycetes are widely distributed in various environments, including desert and polar regions. Depending upon different habits and hosts, they have evolved with both saprophytic and pathogenic nutritional modes. Freshwater ecosystem is one of the most important habitats for members of oomycetes. Most studies on oomycete diversity, however, have been biased mostly towards terrestrial phytopathogenic species, rather than aquatic species, although their roles as saprophytes and parasites are essential for freshwater ecosystems. In this study, we isolated oomycete strains from soil sediment, algae, and decaying plant debris in freshwater streams of Korea. The strains were identified based on cultural and morphological characteristics, as well as molecular phylogenetic analyses of ITS rDNA, cox1, and cox2 mtDNA sequences. As a result, we discovered eight oomycete species previously unknown in Korea, namely Phytopythium chamaehyphon, Phytopythium litorale, Phytopythium vexans, Pythium diclinum, Pythium heterothallicum, Pythium inflatum, Pythium intermedium, and Pythium oopapillum. Diversity and ecology of freshwater oomycetes in Korea are poorly understood. This study could contribute to understand their distribution and ecological function in freshwater ecosystem.
Uncharted Diversity and Ecology of Saprolegniaceae (Oomycota) in Freshwater Environments
Bora Nam,Thuong T. T. Nguyen,Hyang Burm Lee,Sang Kyu Park,Young-Joon Choi 한국균학회 2022 Mycobiology Vol.50 No.5
The fungal-like family Saprolegniaceae (Oomycota), also called “water mold,” includes mostly aquatic saprophytes as well as notorious aquatic animal pathogens. Most studies on Saprolegniaceae have been biased toward pathogenic species that are important to aquacul- ture rather than saprotrophic species, despite the latter’s crucial roles in carbon cycling of freshwater ecosystems. Few attempts have been made to study the diversity and ecology of Saprolegniaceae; thus, their ecological role is not well-known. During a survey of oomycetes between 2016 and 2021, we investigated the diversity and distribution of culturable Saprolegniaceae species in freshwater ecosystems of Korea. In the present study, members of Saprolegniaceae were isolated and identified at species level based on their cultural, mor- phological, and molecular phylogenetic analyses. Furthermore, substrate preference and sea- sonal dynamics for each were examined. Most of the species were previously reported as animal pathogens; however, in the present study, they were often isolated from other fresh- water substrates, such as plant debris, algae, water, and soil sediment. The relative abun- dance of Saprolegniaceae was higher in the cold to cool season than that in the warm to hot season of Korea. This study enhances our understanding of the diversity and ecological attributes of Saprolegniaceae in freshwater ecosystems.
( Bora Nam ),( Jae Sung Lee ),( Hyang Burm Lee ),( Young-joon Choi ) 한국균학회 2020 韓國菌學會誌 Vol.48 No.1
Fungi are ubiquitous and indispensable components of nearly all ecosystems on earth, including freshwater environments. A survey of fungal diversity in freshwater environments of Korea led to the identification of four unrecorded Pezizomycotina (Ascomycota) species in 2016 and 2017, based on morphology and molecular phylogeny; these included Cladorrhinum australe, Curvularia muehlenbeckiae, Curvularia pseudobrachyspora (Dothideomycetes), and Diaporthe longicolla (Sordariomycetes).