이혜구 박사의 무악 연구 성과 및 검증 -체계이론을 중심으로-

이보형 ( Bo Hyung Lee ) 한국음악사학회 2015 한국음악사학보 Vol.55 No.-

한국전통음악학의 태두이신 이혜구 박사는 수많은 한국전통음악의 논문을 썼지만 한국의 민속음악 부문의 논문은 적은 편이다. 이 가운데 한국의 무속음악 부문에 관한 논문은 오직 “무악연구”이라는 하나의 논문 밖에 없다. 그러나 이 논문은 몇 가지 점에서 주목되는 것이다. 첫째, 이 논문은 현지 조사한 하여 작성한 한국의 무속음악에 관한 최초의 논문이라는 것이다. 둘째, 이 논문은 지금은 전승이 끊어진 지역의 무속음악이라 1940년대 서울 강남 지역의 무속음악 특징을 밝혔다. 즉 도살푸리, 반설음, 겹마치와 같은 무속음악 용어를 처음 학계에 소개하여 이 지역의 무속음악이 한강 이북과 다르고 경기도 남부 무의식과 같다는 정보를 후학들에게 제공한 셈이다. 셋째, 이혜구 박사는 이 때 조사한 무의식을 통하여 상고시대 나라의 축제와 관련성을 찾아내었고, 이 무의식에서 연행되는 줄타기 등 광대희를 통하여 중세 한국 궁중 축제인 나례(儺禮)의 가무희와 관련성을 밝혔고 또 판소리 발생론 규명을 시사하는 의견을 제공하였다. 넷째, 이혜구는 이 논문을 위하여 1940년대에 현지 조사하였고, 1950년대에 논문으로 작성하여 발표하였으며, 1990년대에 여기에 단긴 체계 이론을 약간 수정하여 발표하였고, 2000년대에 한국전통음악의 체계이론을 비판하는 저서를 내었다. 이 세 가지 글을 통하여 이혜구 박사 당시의 한국음악학 체계이론의 수준과 그 변화를 검증할 수 있었다. 이혜구 박사는 근래에 두 개의 서양음악식 박자가 한국음악의 장단을 이룬다는 이론을 처음 내었다. 이것은 옳은 이론이다. 그러나 강약주기박자 (서양음악박자)와 장단주기박자가 어떻게 결정되는가 하는 이론이 없기 때문에 다음과 같은 오류를 볼 수 있다. 중중모리는 반 장단인 6/8이 서양음악 박자이고 중모리는 4분의 1/4 장단인 3/4이 서양음악 박자로 결정하는 오류, 박의 층위 이론이 없었기 때문에 엇모리와 터벌림(반설음)을 다 같이 5박자로 결정하는 오류는 당시 학문 기준으로는 어쩔 수 없었을 것이다. 이혜구 박사의 유일한 무속음악에 대한 논문 “무악연구”는 학계에서 별로 관심을 갖지 않았지만 후학들의 국악학 연구에 여러 가지 시사하는 점이 많은 주목할 만한 논문이라 할 수 있다. Despite many research results produced by Dr. Lee Hye-ku 李惠求 [YiHye-gu] (1909- 2010), one of major pioneers of Korean musicological study, those on folk music remain relatively few. Among these, especially related to Korean Shaman music, we have only one particular writing, which is entitled A Study of Shaman Music. However, this paper deserves attention in the following points. First, this is the first report on Korean shaman music based on a field research. Second, this study investigates into the shaman music of Kangnam 江南 region of Seoul in the 1940s and this tradition is non-existent today. The study first introduces to specialists in this field concepts unique to Korean shaman music, such as tosalp``uri 도살푸리, pansorum 반서름, and kyommach``i 겹마치, suggesting that shaman music of this region differs from that from Kangbuk 江北 region and is rather similar to the southern ritual music of Kyongdo 京畿道 (Kyonggi Province). Third, based on this particular study of shaman rituals Dr. Lee has discovered its connections with court festival music of the periods of Koryo 高麗 and Choson 朝鮮 Dynasties. He also found similarities between acrobatic performances such as rope-walking staged in this shaman ritual and the song-dance-performances of narye 儺禮 (annual exorcism), a Korean court festival held in the middle ages. Moreover, he suggests that this is related to the origin of p``ansori 판소리 (Korean folk operatic song). Fourth, Dr. Lee conducted his field research in the 1940s, based on which he wrote up his paper in the 1950s. Later, after 1990, he added some details to produce his system theory and since 2000 Dr. Lee has published some books criticizing existing system theories on Korean traditional music. These three stages of writing demonstrate the level of development of changdan 長短 (rhythmic cycle) system theory in respective periods of Korean musicology and its changes. Recently, Dr. Lee has suggested that rhythm in Korean music largely consists of two types of Western rhythm, which is plausible. However, in lack of any theory explaining the dynamic structures of both Western and Korean rhythmic system, we were apt to decide that, for instance, half of chungjungmori 중중모리 changdan, rhythmic cycle of shamanic music, is western 6/8 and that 3/4 of one chungmori 중모리 changdan (rhythmic cycle) is in Western rhythm. Since no one knew about the level-theory of rhythmic beats, scholars often thought that both ommori 엇모리 changdan and t``obollim 터벌림 changdan were in five beat pattern. Although A Study of Shaman Music,“ Dr. Lee``s only study on Korean shaman music, received little attention from other scholars in the field, it may safely concludes that it has many good points from which scholars in the next generation may receive benefit.

Functional Constraints Focused on Recoverability in Phonology

Lee, Bo Rim,Lee, Ki Jeong 대한언어학회 2000 언어학 Vol.8 No.3

Lee, Borim and Ki-jeong Lee. 2000. Journal of the Linguistic Association of Korea, 8(3), 47-63. In this paper we deal with some functional considerations behind phonological processes which appear to destroy the underlying contrasts. A series of truncation phenomena, in their nature, result in loss of underlying information, which in turn damages intelligibility in communication. From a functional point of view, there may exist certain processes which seem to compensate for the destruction caused by extensive truncation. We discuss a neutralization process, an influence of deleted segments over the remaining segments, a homonymy-avoiding process, and a case of restructuring in a suffix of a secret language of Lardil. We conclude, then, that all these phenomena deserve new interpretations in the context of recoverability of underlying contrasts, which is based on functional constraints in languages. (Wonkwang University and Hanyang University)

집적화된 실리콘 압력센서의 출력전압 보상파라미터 추출 및 그 특성

이보나,김건년,박효덕,신상모,이경탁,김찬,권혁채,이상조,박현주 경북대학교 센서기술연구소 1998 센서技術學術大會論文集 Vol.9 No.1

An integrated silicon pressure sensor has been designed, fabricated and tested. The signal conditioning circuits were designed to include calibration and temperature compensation of output voltage through trimming of diffusion and ion-implanted resistors. Before trimming of resistors, the compensation parameters such as pressure sensitivity, temperature coefficient of pressure sensitivity, temperature coefficient of piezoresistors and pressure sensitivity of piezoresistors were measured. Then offset voltage, span, and temperature coefficients of offset voltage and span were calibrated by trimming of resistors. The measured output voltage met our design specification and simulation value above room temperature. But, the measured output voltage at -30°C deviated from our design specification and simulation value because the offset voltages were found to vary randomly as a function of temperature.

한국인에서 혈소판 당단백 Ⅱb/Ⅲa 유전자 다형성과 관동맥 성형술 후 재 협착과의 관계

이민수,이정우,김보영,임대승,강정아,김정희,김윤철,성보영,최성준,성인환,전은석 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 2000 충남의대잡지 Vol.27 No.2

Platelet aggregation is the final pathway of acute coronary syndrome such as acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa is a membrane receptor for fibrinogen and yon Willebrand factor and it plays an important role in platelet aggregation and in the pathogenesis of acute coronary syndrome. It is known that polymorphism of the gene that encoding platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa(PI^A1/A2) is strongly related to acute coronary syndrome in Caucasian, but not in Koreans. We investigated relationship between platelet glycoprotein llb/Illa gene polymorphism and restenosis of coronary artery after angioplasty in Koreans. Total 371 patients(M=251. F=120) were enrolled. Angioplasty group comprised 143 patients who underwent coronary angioplasty, and in the angioplasty group, restenosis group comprised with the 65 patients who had restenotic lesion over 50% of luminal diameter in follow-up coronary angiography. Normal group comprised 153 patients who had no significant angiographic lesion and variant angina group comprised 75 patients who were positive in ergonovine test. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral arterial blood. To determine the frequency of P1^A1/A2 genotype, polymerase chain reaction(PCR) was done and the product was restricted with Mspl. 3%. agarrose gel electrophoresis showed restriction fragment length polymorphism. Clinical profile and risk factor were also reviewed. Among all 371 patients of study group, genotype of only one patients in restenosis group if is proven to be PI^A1/A2 heterozygote. All patients of normal study group, no restenosis group, and the other patients in restenosis group have an PI^A1 homozygote genotype. In our study, platelet glycoprotein IIb/Illa polymorphism has no relationship with restenosis of the coronary artery after angioplasty in Koreans. But the genotypic frequency of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa gene polymorphism in Koreans is concordant with that of previous studies.

폭풍시 사구의 침식각에 따른 해안단면의 침식에 관한 연구

이보형,표순보,이홍식,조원철 中央大學校 建設環境硏究所 1999 環境科學硏究 Vol.9 No.2

This EDUNE model developed by Kriebel was used for predicting storm-induced beach and dune erosion due to elevated water levels and waves. This model was based on the convolution integral involving a erosion-force function and an exponential erosion-response function. This numerical model adopted the equation of sediment continuity and a dynamic equation governing the cross-shore sediment transport due to a disequilibrium of wave energy dissipation levels. These equations are solved numerically by an implicit, double-sweep method to obtain the changes in position of elevation contours in the profile. In this study, the changes of a beach profile and dune erosion have been simulated for varying the dune erosion angle due to storm. The range of angle was 0.1~0.4 radian. It is shown that erosion rate is increasing according to the decrease of erosion angle.

고려수지요법을 이용한 손 마사지가 항암 화학요법을 받는 암 환자의 오심·구토 및 식욕부진에 미치는 효과

이현숙,성기월,손보경,김지선,이혜정,이순영 병원간호사회 2006 임상간호연구 Vol.11 No.2

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of hand massage through Korean hand acupuncture therapy on nausea, vomiting and anorexia induced by chemotherapy in cancer patients. Method: Subjects consisted of 40 patients with cancer who were hospitalized and had chemotherapy at D university hospital in D city, Korea. These subject were assigned randomly to a hand massage throght Korean Hand Acupuncture Therapy (experimental group: n=20, control group: n=20). The data were collected from April 1 to September 15 in 2005. All the patients were assessed for their nausea, womiting and anorexia; Nausea and vomiting were measured with Rhodes INVR(index of Nausea, Vomiting by Rhodes and McDaniel) and Anorexia was measured with VAS(Visual Analogue Scale). As an experimental treatment, the hand massage through Korean Hand Acupuncture Therapy was applied three times a day for three consecutive days. The data were collected at the time of 4 hours before the start of chemotherapy, 24hours and 48hours after hand massage respectively. The data were analyzed with SPSS/WIN 11.5 program using frequency, percentage, χ²-test, t-test, repeated Measures ANOVA. Reslt: Severity of nausea and vomiting in hand massage through Korean Hand Acupuncture Therapy group was significantly less than of control group(F=28.10, P=.000). Severity of anorexia in hand massage through Korean Hand Acupuncture Therapy group was also significantly less than that of control group(F=31.24, P=.000). Conclusion: Hand massage through Korean Hand Acupuncture Therapy is effective for relieving patients' nausea, vomiting and anorexia during chemotherapy. Therefore, it is proposed that hand massage through Korean Hand Acupuncture Therapy can be applied as a supportive as a supportive nursing arbitration method to relieve naussa, vomiting and anorexia in patients who are getting chemotherapy.

공기 정압 저어널 베이링에서 동강성 측정에 관한 실험적 연구

이종렬,이준석,이득우,김태형,박보선 한국공작기계학회 2001 한국공작기계학회 춘계학술대회논문집 Vol.2001 No.-

This paper has been presented the dynamic effect by the journal speed, eccentricity and source positions in order to overcome the defects of air bearing such as low stiffness and damping coefficient. Choosing two row sources position of air bearing is different from previous investigations in the side of pressure distribution of air film by the wedge effects. An experimental study was performed to compare theoretical analysis. The dynamic stiffness was measured in actual cutting. It helps predicting of air spindle's characteristic in machining of die more precisely. The results of investigated characteristics was applied to air spindle for high speed milling.

만성 B형 간염 환자의 급성 악화 후 발생한 피부 결절 다발동맥염과 류마티스관절염

이주현,김민,이준성,장선희,윤보영,이윤우 인제대학교 2009 仁濟醫學 Vol.30 No.-

Cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa(CPAN) is a rare vascular disorder that affects small and medium-sized arteries in the reticular dermis and subcutaneous tissue. It has been described as a distinct clinical entity with benign and a chronic prolonged course without systemic involvement. Hepatitis B virus-related polyarteritis nodosa (HBV-related PAN) is typical form of classic PAN. Its pathogenesis is not well known, but considered an immune complex-mediated disease. The patients with HBV-related PAN often present with malignant hypertension, orchitis, and vascular nephropathy. But, HBV-related CPAN has been rarely reported. Rheumatoid vasculitis is a complication of rheumatoid arthritis that can be lead to variety of clinically significant skin and systemic conditions, It has been reported before or at the time of rheumatoid arthritis diagnosis but is usually seen an average of 10 to 14 years after arthritis onset. The histological features of cutaneous vasculitis in rheumatoid arthritis overlapped both the characteristics of cutaneous necrotizing venulitis and cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa. But polyarteritis nodosa-like rheumatoid vasculitis has rarely been reported. We report a case of rheumatoid arthritis and cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa in a chronic hepatitis B with acute exacerbation.

이행성 협심증 환자에서 운동부하 심전도 검사

이정우,박형서,박용규,노상필,이유선,정승현,김보영,이재환,최시완,정진옥,성인환 충남대학교 의과대학 의학연구소 2003 충남의대잡지 Vol.30 No.1

목적 : 관상동맥의 경련에 의한 이형성 협심증환자에 있어서 운동부하 심전도 검사의 결과는 매우 다양하다. 이에 저자들은 충남대학교병원 순환기내과에서 관상동맥조영술상 이형성 협심증으로 확진된 환자를 대상으로 운동부하 심전도 검사를 시행하여 이에 대한 결과를 연구하였다. 방법 : 1995년 1월부터 2002년 3월까지 흉통을 주소로 충남대학교병원 순환기 내과에 입원하여 관상동맥조영술을 시행하여 관상동맥의 내경이 50% 미만의 협착이 있고, 에르고노빈(ergonovine) 유발검사도 이형성 협심증으로 진단을 받은 233명중 운동부하 심전도 검사를 시행 받은 183명의 환자를 연구 대상으로 하였다. 운동부하 심전도 검사 결과의 판독시 발생할 수 있는 오류를 줄이기 위해서 운동부하 심전도 검사를 시행하기전 심전도상 ST분절의 상승(5예)이나 하강(8예)이 있는 경우 EH한 T파의 역위(19예)가 있는 32명의 환자를 제외한 총 151명의 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 운동부하는 Marquette사의 case 15 답차를 이용하였고, Bruce protocol에 따라 증상이 나타날 때까지 최대로 실시하였으며 각 stage 및 운동후의 혈압을 측정하고 12 유도 심전도를 기록하였다. 결과 : 1) 임상적 특성 - 내원시 임상 상은 안정형 협심증이 39예(25.8%), 불안정형 협심증이 103예(68.2%), 심근경색증이 9예(6.0%)이었다. 운동부하 심전도 검사 결과 양성 군과 음성군간에 있어서 당뇨병, 고혈압, 비만도, 총 혈청콜레스테롤치, 현재의 흡연 여부, 병력상 운동시 흉통의 유무, 내원시 임상적 진단, 협착의 정도, 연축의 수 등을 조사하였는 바 어떠한 인자들도 유의한 차이를 발견할 수 없었다. 2) 운동부하 심전도 검사 - 운동부하 심전도 검사를 시행 받은 151명의 환자중 음성인 경우는 134예(88.8%)이었고, 양성인 경우는 17예(11.2%)이었다. 양성 소견을 보인 환자들중 ST 분절의 상승이 4예(2.6%), ST 분절의 하강이 13예(8.6%)이었다. 3) 관상동맥조영술 - 관상동맥조영술상에서 혈관 경력 위치는 우관상동맥이 70예(46.1%), 좌전하동맥이 44예(28.9%), 좌회선동맥이 17예(11.2%)의 순으로 나타났다. 운동부하 심전도 검사상 ST 분절의 상승이 있었던 예중 Ⅱ, Ⅲ, aVF에서 ST 분절의 상승이 있었던 1예는 관상 동맥조영술상 우관상동맥에서 경련이 발생하였고, V2-V4에서 ST 분절의 상승이 있었던 2예중 관상동맥조영술상에도 좌전하행동맥에서 경련이 나타난 예는 1예이었으며 다른 1예는 좌회선동맥에서 경련이 나타났고, V5-V6에서 ST 분절의 상승이 있었던 1예는 관상동맥조영술상에도 좌회선동맥에서 경련이 나타났다. 운동부하 심전도 검사상 V5 또는 V6에서 ST 분절의 하강이 있엇던 13예중 6예(46.1%)는 관상동맥조영술상 우관상동맥에서 경련이 발생하였고, 3예(23.1%)는 좌전하행동맥에서, 1예(7.7%)는 좌회선동맥에서, 나머지 3예(23.1%)는 2개의 혈관이나 기타 분지에서 경련이 발생하였다. 결론 : 1) 이형성 협심증 환자는 운동부하 심전도 검사에서 11.2%의 양성소견을 보였다. 이중 ST 분절의 상승은 2.6%이었고, ST 분절의 하강은 8.6%이었다. 2) 이형성 환자중 운동부하 심전도 검사를 실시하여 음성을 보이는 경우 다혈관 관상동맥질환이기 보다는 이형성 협심증일 가능성이 더 높다고 예측할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. 3) 이형성 협심증 환자중 운동부하 심전도 검사를 실시하여 ST 분절의 상승을 보이는 경우 다혈관 관상동맥질환이기 보다는 이형성 협심증일 가능성이 더 높다고 예측할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. 4) 운동부하 심전도 검사 결과에 대한 당뇨병, 고혈압, 비만도, 총 혈청콜레스테롤치, 현재의 흡연여부, 병력상 운동시 흉통의 유무, 내원시 임상적 진단, 협착의 정도 등 어떠한 인자들도 3그룹(ST 분절의 상승, ST 분절의 하강, 음성)간에 유의한 차이를 발견할 수 없었다. 5) ST 분절의 상승 부위와 관상동맥조영술상 관상동맥의 연축이 일어나는 혈관과의 상관관계는 매우 높았다. No reports in the literature describe the results of exercise testings in a large number of patients with pure variant angina(coronary stenosis <50%) in Korea. In this report, We present the results of treadmil exercise testing in 151 patients with variant angina. 151 patients with angiographically proven coronary artery spasm underwent a treadmil exercise test. The clinical characteristics of variant angina patients classified according to ST-segment response to exercise were analyzed. Of 151 patients underwent a treadmil exercise test, negative result was seen in 134 patients(88.8%) and positive result was in 17 patients(11.2%). Of 17 patients saw positive result, exercise-induced ST segment elevation was present in 4 patients(2.6%) and ST segment depression was seen in 13 patients(8.6%). There was not a significant relationship between the ST segment response to exercise and the clinical variables(diabetes, hypertension, obesity, total cholesterol, current smoking, effort angina, clinical diagnosis, and degree of stenosis) assessed. Of 4 patients with ST segment elevation in treadmil exercise test, 1 patient with ST segment elevation in Ⅰ,Ⅲ,aVF had spasm in right coronary artery(100%) on coronary angiography, of 2 patients in V2-V4 had spasm in left anterior descending coronary artery in 1 patient(50%) and 1 patient in V5-V6 had spasm in left circumflex artery(100%). Positive treadmil exercise test was present in 11.2% of variant angina patient. If we have negative treadmil exercise result in patients with clinical manifestation of unstable angina at admission, we may have a suspicion of variant angina rather than multi-vessel disease. If we have exercise-induced ST segment elevation in patients with clinical manifestation of unstable angina at admission, we have a suspicion of variant angina rather than multi-vessel disease. Our result suggests that the correlation between the site of the ST segment elevation and the artery involved is quite good.

Detection of Puumala and Hantaan Viruses among Bats in Korea by Nested RT-PCR

Lee, Yun-Tai,Yun, Bo-Kyoung,Yoon, Jeong-Joong The Korean Society of Virology 1998 Journal of Bacteriology and Virology Vol.28 No.2

Hantavirus is a genus of the Bunyaviridae family consisting following serotype groups: Hantaan, Seoul, Puumala, Prospect Hill, Thailand, Belgrade, Thotta palayam, Sin Nombre. Most of Hantavirus group have been associated with many clinically similar disease known collectively as hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). Hantaan virus is the prototype of the genus hantavirus, originally isolated from Apodemus agrarius. Bat was found as a natural host for Hantaan virus in Lee's lab for the first time. Then, Hantaan-like virus was isolated Hantaan-like virus from bat. To identify hantaviruses that are present in Korea among bats, bats were collected from Jeong-Sun, Won-Joo, Chung-Ju and Hwa-Cheon area, RNA was isolated from lung and serum. RT-PCR was performed with a universal primer from M segment. Nested RT-PCR was carried out to differentiate Hantaan, Seoul and Puumala virus using serotype specific primers. As we expected, Hantaan viruses were detected in bats and Seoul virus was not detected. Interestingly, Puumala viruses were also detected in bats from Won-Ju, but not in other areas. Puumala virus is originally isolated from Clethrinomys glareolus, and cause light HFRS. Recently, Paradoxomis webbiana, a wild bird turn out to be a reservoir for Puumala virus in Korea. These data indicate that bat is a new natural reservoir of Puumala virus.