Lithium - A Critical Metal for Clean Energy Technologies: A Comprehensive Review on Challenges and Opportunities for Securing Lithium from Primary and Secondary Resources

Basudev Swain,김민석,이찬기,정경우,이재천 한국자원리싸이클링학회 2019 資源 리싸이클링 Vol.28 No.5

Due to the increasing demand for clean energy, the consumption of lithium ion batteries (LIBs) is expected to grow steadily. Therefore, stable supply of lithium is becoming an important issue globally. Commercially, most of lithium is produced from the brine and minerals viz., spodumene, although various processes/technologies have been developed to recover lithium from other resources such as low grade ores, clays, seawaters and waste lithium ion batteries. In particular, commercialization of such recycling technologies for end-of-life LIBs being generated from various sources including mobile phones and electric vehicles (EVs), has a great potential. This review presents the commercial processes and also the emerging technologies for exploiting minerals and brines, besides that of newly developed lithium-recovery-processes for the waste LIBs. In addition, the future lithium- supply is discussed from the technical point of view. Amongst the emerging processes being developed for lithium recovery from low-grade ores, focus is mostly on the pyro-cum-hydrometallurgical based approaches, though only a few of such approaches have matured. Because of low recycling rate (<1%) of lithium globally compared to the consumption of lithium ion batteries (56% of lithium produced currently), processing of secondary resources could be foresighted as the grand opportunity. Considering the carbon economy, environment, and energy concerns, the hydrometallurgical process may potentially resolve the issue.

Separation of Pt and Pd from chloride solutions by liquid–liquid extraction using Alamine 308 and analysis of their mechanism: A possible recovery from spent auto catalysts

Swain Basudev,Lee Jae-Chun 한국자원공학회 2022 Geosystem engineering Vol.25 No.4

This paper addresses the separation of platinum and palladium from the chloride solutions by liquid–liquid extraction using Alamine 308 as an extractant. The effect of different process parameters such as the concentrations of HCl, NaCl, platinum, and palladium in the aqueous solution, and the concentration of Alamine 308 in the organic phase, on the separation behavior, was evaluated. While selective stripping of platinum was achieved using NaSCN, palladium was selectively stripped with (NH2)2CS. The process can ensure the separation and recovery of both platinum and palladium with 99.99% purity from a mixed solution of platinum and palladium chlorides.

Development of Eco-efficient and Cost-effective Valorization Technology for Various E-(industry) waste

( Basudev Swain ),( Jin-ho Yoon ),( Kyung-soo Park ),( Seyul Kim ),( Chan Gi Lee ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회(구 한국폐기물학회) 2019 ISSE 초록집 Vol.2019 No.-

Techno-economic environment-friendly commercial valorizations processes have been developed for various values recovery from different e-(industry) waste, such as Indium-Tin-Oxide (ITO) etching industry wastewater, ITO of waste LCD glass, waste light-emitting diode (LED), low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC), waste thermoelectric chips and metal-organic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD) dust to address environment, waste, energy and circular economy. Mainly hydrometallurgy or hydrometallurgy focused process has been developed for metal values recovery like In, Ga, Ag, Be, and Te. Mainly, the e-waste was treated two different strategies like; (i) leaching-solvent extraction-stripping, and (ii) leaching-precipitation-wet chemical reduction. From ITO glass for indium recovery the optimum conditions are such; lixiviant of 5 M HCl, a pulp density of 500 g/L, a temperature of 75 °C, agitation speed of 500 rpm, and a process time of 2 h. From ITO leach liquor using D2EPHA impurities, metal can be separated leaving In in solution, which can be purified using Cyanex 272, then recovered by HCl stripping. From MOCVD waste, Ga and In were leached using 4 M HCl, solid/liquid ratio of 50g/L, 100 oC and stirring rate of 400 rpm. Subsequently, high pure Ga-In can be recovered by solvent extraction. From LTCC, the Ag was recovered by leachingprecipitation- wet chemical reduction process and valorized through the synthesis of Ag nano-powder.

Treatment of indium-tin-oxide etching wastewater and recovery of In, Mo, Sn and Cu by liquid–liquid extraction and wet chemical reduction: a laboratory scale sustainable commercial green process

Swain, Basudev,Mishra, Chinmayee,Hong, Hyun Seon,Cho, Sung-Soo The Royal Society of Chemistry 2015 GREEN CHEMISTRY Vol.17 No.8

<▼1><P>A sustainable commercial green process for treatment and recovery of ITO etching wastewater by liquid–liquid extraction and wet chemical reduction.</P></▼1><▼2><P>A laboratory scale sustainable commercial green process for treatment of indium-tin-oxide (ITO) etching wastewater and total recovery of In, Mo, Sn and Cu by combination of liquid–liquid extraction and wet chemical reduction has been developed. The ITO etching wastewater is a threat to the ecosystem and human health, containing significant amounts of valuable metals like In and Cu. Metals and 100 nm Cu nanopowder with 5N purity have been recovered. The developed process concurrently treats the ITO etching wastewater and recovers pure metals. By this process, Mo and Sn are recovered by liquid–liquid extraction, and In is recovered through liquid–liquid extraction followed by wet chemical reduction. Value added semiconductor industry grade Cu nanopowder is recovered through wet chemical reduction using ascorbic acid. After a series of treatments, the wastewater is free of pollutants, worthy of use in the same industry or can be disposed of. The process is a sustainable, green, versatile and flexible process.</P></▼2>

The E-waste Monster is out to Get Us; How Big the Evil Is?

( Basudev Swain ),( Chan Gi Lee ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회(구 한국폐기물학회) 2019 ISSE 초록집 Vol.2019 No.-

The global electrical and electronic equipment market has grown exponentially and is growing. Because of lifestyle and rapid development of technology the lifespan of these products has become increasingly shorter. Most of these products are ending up as waste, posing tremendous challenge around the world. Our e-waste is giving birth to a deadly monster, the evil is a global killer, spread in all continent over the world and spreading. Current discussion highlights the size of e-waste, the evil associated with e-waste, the disasters caused by e-waste directly and indirectly. Currently, to the tune of ~50 million metric tons of e-waste generated yearly which could be equivalent to 5000 Eiffel tower. In general, the brutal consequence of the waste includes DNA, brain, kidney, liver, and respiratory damage. The more particularly harmful effect of individual metal is even more extensive. The harmful effects of exposure to Mo most apparent damage the bones, liver, and kidneys. Environment concern of Cu includes Wilson’s Disease, characterized by hepatic cirrhosis, brain damage, demyelization, renal disease, and Cu deposition in the cornea. The uptake of tin is associated with several long term effects such as depressions, liver damage, malfunctioning of immune systems, chromosomal damage, shortage of red blood cells and brain damage (causing anger, sleep disorders, forgetfulness, and headaches). Al is a neurotoxin, able to cause brain disorder (encephalopathy).

Recycling of metal-organic chemical vapor deposition waste of GaN based power device and LED industry by acidic leaching: Process optimization and kinetics study

Swain, Basudev,Mishra, Chinmayee,Kang, Leeseung,Park, Kyung-Soo,Lee, Chan Gi,Hong, Hyun Seon,Park, Jeung-Jin Elsevier 2015 Journal of Power Sources Vol.281 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Recovery of metal values from GaN, a metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) waste of GaN based power device and LED industry is investigated by acidic leaching. Leaching kinetics of gallium rich MOCVD waste is studied and the process is optimized. The gallium rich waste MOCVD dust is characterized by XRD and ICP-AES analysis followed by aqua regia digestion. Different mineral acids are used to find out the best lixiviant for selective leaching of the gallium and indium. Concentrated HCl is relatively better lixiviant having reasonably faster kinetic and better leaching efficiency. Various leaching process parameters like effect of acidity, pulp density, temperature and concentration of catalyst on the leaching efficiency of gallium and indium are investigated. Reasonably, 4 M HCl, a pulp density of 50 g/L, 100 °C and stirring rate of 400 rpm are the effective optimum condition for quantitative leaching of gallium and indium.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Recycling of GaN a MOCVD waste of LED industry is investigated. </LI> <LI> Addresses waste of GaN based power device industry and environmental directives. </LI> <LI> A leaching process has been optimized and leaching kinetics is investigated. </LI> <LI> A techno-economical feasible, environment friendly and occupational safe process. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Recycling and Valorization of Polyvinyl Butyral from Waste Automotive Laminated Glass through Mechanochemical Separation

( Basudev Swain ),( Jae Layng Park ),( Chan Gi Lee ),( Hyun Seon Hong ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회(구 한국폐기물학회) 2015 한국폐기물자원순환학회 3RINCs초록집 Vol.2015 No.-

Stringent environmental directive, higher land cost eliminates land filling option, needs a sustainable, environment friendly technology to recycle end-of-life automotive laminated glass. In our current study, we have developed a mechanochemical separation process to separate PVB resins from glass and characterized the separated PVB through various techniques, i.e., scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), infrared spectroscopy (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Commercial nonionic surfactants D201 used for the mechanochemical separation purpose. Through parameter optimization following conditions are considered to be the optimum condition; 30 Vol % D201, stirring speed of 400 rpm, 35 ℃ temperature, operation time 1 h, and dilute D201 volume to waste automotive laminated glass weight ratio of □ 25. The technology developed in our laboratory is sustainable, environment friendly, techno-economical feasible process, capable of mass production (recycling).

용매추출에 의한 코발트 분리 기술

( Basudev Swain ),조성수 ( Sung Soo Cho ),이계호 ( Gae Ho Lee ),이찬기 ( Chan Gi Lee ),엄성현 ( Sunghyun Uhm ) 한국공업화학회 2015 공업화학 Vol.26 No.6

용매추출에 의한 코발트 분리 기술에 대해 리뷰하였고 특히 다양한 시약을 사용한 코발트의 분리 및 상용 추출용제를사용하여 스크랩으로부터의 코발트 회수기술에 대하여 분석하였다. 코발트 분리 능력은 phosphinic > phosphonic > phosphoric acid 순으로 정리되며, 이것은 유기상내에 추출용제와 존재하는 코발트의 사면체 배위 화합물의 안정성이증가하기 때문이다. 용매의 조성에 따라 달라지지만 주로 Cyanex 272, D2EPHA 및 PC 88A와 같은 상용 추출용제 등이상용 추출 공정에서 우선적으로 사용되어야 하며, 다양한 조합을 효과적으로 관리한다면 코발트 함유 스크랩과 관련한 다양한 분리기술 문제점들을 해결할 수 있을 것이다. Extraction/separation of cobalt by solvent extraction is reviewed. Separation of cobalt using various reagents and also cobalt recovery from scrap using commercial extractant were analyzed. The separation ability for cobalt followed the order of phosphinic > phosphonic > phosphoric acid due to the increasing stabilization of tetrahedral coordination of cobalt complexes with the extractant in the organic phase. Depending upon the solution composition, commercial extractants like Cyanex 272, D2EPHA and PC 88A should primarily be used for commercial extraction processes and also the efficient management of their combination could address various separation issues associated with cobalt bearing scrap.

Selective recovery of silver from waste low-temperature co-fired ceramic and valorization through silver nanoparticle synthesis

Swain, Basudev,Shin, Dongyoon,Joo, So Yeong,Ahn, Nak Kyoon,Lee, Chan Gi,Yoon, Jin-Ho Elsevier 2017 waste management Vol.69 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Considering the value of silver metal and silver nanoparticles, the waste generated during manufacturing of low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) were recycled through the simple yet cost effective process by chemical-metallurgy. Followed by leaching optimization, silver was selectively recovered through precipitation. The precipitated silver chloride was valorized though silver nanoparticle synthesis by a simple one-pot greener synthesis route. Through leaching-precipitation optimization, quantitative selective recovery of silver chloride was achieved, followed by homogeneous pure silver nanoparticle about 100nm size were synthesized. The reported recycling process is a simple process, versatile, easy to implement, requires minimum facilities and no specialty chemicals, through which semiconductor manufacturing industry can treat the waste generated during manufacturing of LTCC and reutilize the valorized silver nanoparticles in manufacturing in a close loop process. Our reported process can address issues like; (i) waste disposal, as well as value-added silver recovery, (ii) brings back the material to production stream and address the circular economy, and (iii) can be part of lower the futuristic carbon economy and cradle-to-cradle technology management, simultaneously.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Silver rich LTCC an e-waste has been recycled and valorized. </LI> <LI> Selectively, Ag was leached and recovered as nanopowder. </LI> <LI> The process can circulate the Ag within the industry in a close loop. </LI> <LI> Brings back the material to production stream and address the circular economy. </LI> <LI> Can be part of cradle-to-cradle technology and lower the futuristic carbon economy. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Mechanical beneficiation of ITO concentrates from waste LCD panel for industrial scale indium valorization

( Basudev Swain ),( Jae Ryang Park ),( Jong Hyun Park ),( Chan Gi Lee ),( Eun Duck Park ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회 2022 ISSE 초록집 Vol.2022 No.-

Currently, more than 55% of global indium production is consumed for indium tin oxide (ITO) production because of its excellent display properties mainly driven by demand for flat panel displays (FPDs) or LCDs. At the end of life, the waste LCD flows to the e-waste stream, accounts for 12.5% of the global e-waste, and is forecasted to be increasing progressively. These waste LCDs are potential wealth for indium that poses a threat to the environment. The volume of waste LCD generation is a global as well as national concern from a waste management perspective. Techno-economical recycling of this waste can be a panacea to the challenges associated with the lack of commercial technology and extensive research. Hence, a mass production capable beneficiation and classification of ITO concentrate from waste LCD panels has been investigated. The mechanical beneficiation process for waste LCDs consists of five steps of operation, i.e., (i) size reduction by shredding by jaw milling, (ii) further size reduction to feed for ball milling, (iii) ball milling, (iv) classification and (v) characterization ITO concentrate and confirmation. The bench-scale process developed is intended to integrate with our indigenously developed dismantling plant (which can handle 5000 tons per annum) to handle separated waste LCD glass for indium recovery. Once scaled up it can be integrated for continuous operation synchronized with the LCD dismantling plant. In the current investigation waste LCD panel, which were separated from waste LCD TV in an indigenously developed plant (which can handle 5000 tons per annum) classified and beneficiated to enrich the ITO concentrate. Followed by ITO enrichment, ITO bearing waste LCD concentrate was conformed through extensive characterization. The novelty of the current research is the developed process can easily to scaled up to match our indigenously developed LCD dismantling plant (which can dismantle 5000 tons per annum) to handle separated waste LCD glass for indium recovery.