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- 검색키워드
- 저자 : ( Astha Mishra ) (검색결과 4 건)
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( Astha Mishra ),( Anand Mishra ) 고려대학교 법학연구원 2012 Korea University Law Review Vol.11 No.-
International investment law is the fastest growing area of international law, but also a field that faces considerable challenges and criticism. The obligation to provide fair and equitable treatment under which investment must be observed in good faith, is often stated, together with other standards, as part of the protection due to foreign direct investment by host countries, It is an absolute standard of treatment, i.e. a standard that states the treatment to be accorded in terms whose exact meaning has to be determined, by reference to specific circumstances of application, as opposed to the relative standards embodied in national treatment and most favoured nation principles. It is to be noted that the obligation of the parties to investment agreements to provide to each other`s investments fair and equitable treatment has been given various interpretations based on the specific terms of a particular treaty, its context, negotiating history or other indications of the parties` intent. So meaning of the standard varies from treaty to treaty. . Thus sometimes the vagueness among the phrases in treaties is given intentionally to give arbitrators the possibility to articulate the range of principles necessary to achieve the treaty`s purpose in particular disputes. The paper provides factual elements of information on jurisprudence, literature and state practice related to the fair and equitable treatment standard. It examines the origins of the standard and its use in international agreements and state practice. The authors in the paper outline a public law approach to international investment law in which it has been suggested to adopt specific methodology for conceptualizing international investment law and thereby examine relationship of fair and equitable treatment with the minimum standard of the international customary law and discussing the elements of its normative content as identified by arbitral tribunals. Also the paper deals with the circumscribing of power and the role of the arbitrators in the international investment disputes.
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Astha Singh,Sonalika Sonal,Rohit Kumar,Brijesh Kumar Mishra 대한환경공학회 2020 Environmental Engineering Research Vol.25 No.2
Chlorhexidine digluconate (CHD) in the aquatic environment causes irreversible change to microbes, making them resistant to biodegradation, which needs remediation other than biological process. Adsorption study was performed for the removal of CHD on fly ash (FA) as a function of pH and ionic strength. Experimental result has been validated by characterization using Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller. CHD adsorption with FA showed an increasing trend with an increase in pH. Variation in pH proved to be an influential parameter for the surface charge of adsorbent and the degree of ionization of the CHD molecules. The adsorption capacity of CHD decreased from 23.60 mg g-1 to 1.13 mg g-1, when ionic strength increased from to M. The adsorption isotherms were simulated well by the Freundlich isotherm model having R2 = 0.98. The Lagergren’s model was incorporated to predict the system kinetics, while the mechanistic study was better explained by pseudo-second order for FA. On the basis of operational conditions and cost-effectiveness FA was found to be more economical as an adsorbent for the adsorption of CHD.
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Astha Singh,Brijesh Kumar Mishra 대한환경공학회 2023 Environmental Engineering Research Vol.28 No.1
Photoactive Ni-TiO₂ was synthesized through green hydrothermal method with preferential photocatalytic performance in visible and solar light for synthetic and formulated wastewater treatment. Incorporation of this transition metal into TiO₂ was examined by XRD, FTIR, UV–visible DRS, XPS, SEM-EDS and HRTEM analysis. According to the Langmuir–Hinshelwood model, the photodegradation of the chlorhexidine digluconate under solar (R²=0.986) and simulated visible light (R²=0.982), follows a pseudo-first-order kinetics. The interaction of operational fractions, such as S/C ratio, irradiation time, and pH of the reaction mixture, were evaluated using the RSM. Although complete mineralization of CHD was not achieved using Ni-TiO₂ under visible light, but the parent compound was mineralized to some extent, as demonstrated by TOC reduction (85.71%-synthetic wastewater and 61.17%-formulated wastewater), UV<SUB>254</SUB> (89.91% synthetic wastewater and 55.39%-formulated wastewater) and UV<SUB>280</SUB> (68.23%-synthetic wastewater and 68.23%-formulated wastewater) absorbance variations. Based on the identified transformed products, the possible degradation pathway was proposed and bacterial susceptibility test on Bacillus cereus DPAML065 was performed to evaluate the toxicity of oxidation intermediates. Comparative studies about energy consumption and removal efficiency during simulated visible light/Ni-TiO₂ and sunlight/ Ni-TiO₂ mediated treatment system for formulated wastewater revealed that sunlight/ Ni-TiO₂ mediated treatment system was high energy efficient (1.67 kWhKg<SUP>-1</SUP>) system.
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Astha Singh,Brijesh Kumar Mishra 대한환경공학회 2023 Environmental Engineering Research Vol.28 No.1
Photoactive Ni-TiO2 was synthesized through green hydrothermal method with preferential photocatalytic performance in visible and solar light for synthetic and formulated wastewater treatment. Incorporation of this transition metal into TiO2 was examined by XRD, FTIR, UV–visible DRS, XPS, SEM-EDS and HRTEM analysis. According to the Langmuir–Hinshelwood model, the photodegradation of the chlorhexidine digluconate under solar (R2=0.986) and simulated visible light (R2=0.982), follows a pseudo-first-order kinetics. The interaction of operational fractions, such as S/C ratio, irradiation time, and pH of the reaction mixture, were evaluated using the RSM. Although complete mineralization of CHD was not achieved using Ni-TiO2 under visible light, but the parent compound was mineralized to some extent, as demonstrated by TOC reduction (85.71%-synthetic wastewater and 61.17%-formulated wastewater), UV254 (89.91% synthetic wastewater and 55.39%-formulated wastewater) and UV280 (68.23%-synthetic wastewater and 68.23%-formulated wastewater) absorbance variations. Based on the identified transformed products, the possible degradation pathway was proposed and bacterial susceptibility test on Bacillus cereus DPAML065 was performed to evaluate the toxicity of oxidation intermediates. Comparative studies about energy consumption and removal efficiency during simulated visible light/Ni-TiO2 and sunlight/Ni-TiO2 mediated treatment system for formulated wastewater revealed that sunlight/Ni-TiO2 mediated treatment system was high energy efficient (1.67 kWhKg−1) system.
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