Strategic Services Policies and International Trade Integration in Vietnam

( Alberto Gabriele ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 (구 세종대학교 국제경제연구소) 2005 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.20 No.2

The aim of this paper is to analyze Vietnam`s services policies and to evaluate their effectiveness and consistency, in the framework of the country`s increasing international economic integration. Among the various services sectors, the paper focuses specifically on a sub-group, namely strategic services,(and on energy and telecommunications in particular. The paper is organized as follows. The introduction sketches a few basic facts about the Vietnamese economy. Section 1 underlines the key role of strategic services, and describes the main tenets of economic reforms in the domain of services. Section 2 analyzes the international trade dimension of services policies in Vietnam, presently characterized by the recent signing of the Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA) with the US and by the on-going multilateral negotiations aimed at accessing the WTO. Section 3 focuses on Vietnam`s policies in the area of strategic services, with particular attention for energy and telecommunications. Section 5 proposes a few conclusive remarks. The Annex reports a few basic facts and figures on Vietnam`s services sector.

Long Black: Export Controls as a Means of Addressing Coffee Price Instability

( Alberto Gabriele ),( David Vanzetti ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 (구 세종대학교 국제경제연구소) 2008 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.23 No.2

The global coffee market is characterised by repeated long term price declines interspersed with positive spikes. Numerous solutions to the coffee price instability have been suggested. Ultimately, diversification away from coffee production is likely to be necessary, but some form of supply constraint has been proposed as a means of raising incomes for many poor producers in times of significant price falls. Given the demand for coffee is fairly unresponsive to changes in retail prices, limiting production of raw coffee is likely to raise revenues to producers globally and perhaps even to those limiting their production. Without necessarily advocating this approach, in this paper we estimate the likely changes in coffee prices and export revenues under various supply reduction scenarios to provide policy makers with an illustration of the order of magnitude of the benefits that might accrue to coffee exporting countries. Results indicate that, assuming export controls could be implemented as envisaged, a 10 per cent reduction of exports in the four major producing countries is likely to increase world prices by 17 per cent and increase these countries` export revenues by 6 per cent in the long run. Other coffee exporters would increase their exports and therefore would gain proportionally more. Further gains would result from the additional production of alternative crops.

Exports of Services, Exports of Goods, and Economic Growth in Developing Countries

( Alberto Gabriele ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 (구 세종대학교 국제경제연구소) 2006 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.21 No.2

This paper explores quantitatively the nexus between GDP growth and the two components of total exports, focusing particularly on the role of services exports in developing and transition countries. The Introduction exposes some of the shortcomings and methodological problems affecting BOP statistics on international trade in services, and briefly describes the main trends in international trade in services. Econometric analysis in the following sections shows that, in the long run, services exports do have a positive impact on GDP growth in developing countries. Yet, for developing countries, the services exports/ GDP growth nexus is weaker than in the case of developed countries. Moreover, in most developing regions, the growth-enhancing impact of exports as a whole appears to have declined in the 1990s, although this decline appears to be due more to the merchandise component of exports rather than to the services component. In the conclusions, a tentative explanation for the aforementioned results is proposed. Export-oriented services activities in developing countries are often under the control of foreign economic agent, and they tend to be poorly integrated to the rest of the domestic economy. Thus, their potential as engines for growth is relatively weak. Moreover, many previously inward-oriented developing countries, under conditions of financial duress, diverted resources towards exports as a goal per se, rather than in the framework of a comprehensive long-term growth-maximizing strategy. Such opening-up reforms ended up facing diminishing returns.

International Trade in Services and the Evolving Postion of Developing Countries

Alberto Gabriele 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 2004 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.19 No.4

This paper illustrates the main trends in international trade in services during the last two decades of the last century, focusing particularly on developing and transition countries. The Introduction briefly exposes some of the shortcomings and methodological problems affecting statistics on international trade in services, and explains why BOP data, albeit inadequate, are the only source available so far to carry out a comprehensive comparative and historical analysis in this domain. Section 2 describes basic trade trends for each of the 10 services sectors, identifies the major exporters of services among developing and transition countries and analyzes the evolution of their relative position in international trade in services. It shows that most of them are either large semi-industrialized Asian countries or European transition countries. Yet, there are also cases of other developing countries exhibiting a strong tendency towards specializing in one or few specific services sub-sectors. Section 3 examines global trade trends for services as a whole. They show that services exports have been the most dynamic component of world trade and the world market share of developing countries has been on the rise. However, a generalized deceleration in the expansion of world trade in services occurred in the late 1990s. The growth rate of services exports from developing countries slowed down, and their ability to import services also declined, with a negative impact on their development prospects. In the Conclusions, a tentative explanation for the aforementioned results is proposed. Most export-oriented services activities in developing countries are concentrated in traditional services sectors. They are also poorly integrated to the rest of the domestic economy. Thus, their potential as engines for growth is relatively weak. The weight of these structural weaknesses was magnified by an economic policy bias. Under conditions of financial stress, many previously inward-oriented developing countries felt compelled to divert resources towards exports as if they were a goal per se, rather than a component of a comprehensive long-term growth-maximizing strategy. In the services sector as well, imports were sacrificed and exports intensely encouraged. As liberalizing reforms aimed at accelerating developing countries' trade and financial integration in the world economy were often carried out in an unbalanced and hasty fashion, their results turned out being less than fully satisfactory. This paper illustrates the main trends in international trade in services during the last two decades of the last century, focusing particularly on developing and transition countries. The Introduction briefly exposes some of the shortcomings and methodological problems affecting statistics on international trade in services, and explains why BOP data, albeit inadequate, are the only source available so far to carry out a comprehensive comparative and historical analysis in this domain. Section 2 describes basic trade trends for each of the 10 services sectors, identifies the major exporters of services among developing and transition countries and analyzes the evolution of their relative position in international trade in services. It shows that most of them are either large semi-industrialized Asian countries or European transition countries. Yet, there are also cases of other developing countries exhibiting a strong tendency towards specializing in one or few specific services sub-sectors. Section 3 examines global trade trends for services as a whole. They show that services exports have been the most dynamic component of world trade and the world market share of developing countries has been on the rise. However, a generalized deceleration in the expansion of world trade in services occurred in the late 1990s. The growth rate of services exports from developing countries slowed down, and their ability to import services also declined, with a negative impact on their development prospects. In the Conclusions, a tentative explanation for the aforementioned results is proposed. Most export-oriented services activities in developing countries are concentrated in traditional services sectors. They are also poorly integrated to the rest of the domestic economy. Thus, their potential as engines for growth is relatively weak. The weight of these structural weaknesses was magnified by an economic policy bias. Under conditions of financial stress, many previously inward-oriented developing countries felt compelled to divert resources towards exports as if they were a goal per se, rather than a component of a comprehensive long-term growth-maximizing strategy. In the services sector as well, imports were sacrificed and exports intensely encouraged. As liberalizing reforms aimed at accelerating developing countries' trade and financial integration in the world economy were often carried out in an unbalanced and hasty fashion, their results turned out being less than fully satisfactory.

International Trade in Services and the Evolving Position of Developing Countries

( Alberto Gabriele ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 (구 세종대학교 국제경제연구소) 2004 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.19 No.4

This paper illustrates the main trends in international trade in services during the last two decades of the last century, focusing particularly on developing and transition countries. The Introduction briefly exposes some of the shortcomings and methodological problems affecting statistics on international trade in services, and explains why BOP data, albeit inadequate, are the only source available so far to carry out a comprehensive comparative and historical analysis in this domain. Section 2 describes basic trade trends for each of the 10 services sectors, identifies the major exporters of services among developing and transition countries and analyzes the evolution of their relative position in international trade in services. It shows that most of them are either large semi-industrialized Asian countries or European transition countries. Yet, there are also cases of other developing countries exhibiting a strong tendency towards specializing in one or few specific services sub-sectors. Section 3 examines global trade trends for services as a whole. They show that services exports have been the most dynamic component of world trade and the world market share of developing countries has been on the rise. However, a generalized deceleration in the expansion of world trade in services occurred in the late 1990s. The growth rate of services exports from developing countries slowed down, and their ability to import services also declined, with a negative impact on their development prospects. In the Conclusions, a tentative explanation for the aforementioned results is proposed. Most export-oriented services activities in developing countries are concentrated in traditional services sectors. They are also poorly integrated to the rest of the domestic economy. Thus, their potential as engines for growth is relatively weak. The weight of these structural weaknesses was magnified by an economic policy bias. Under conditions of financial stress, many previously inward-oriented developing countries felt compelled to divert resources towards exports as if they were a goal per se, rather than a component of a comprehensive long-term growth-maximizing strategy. In the services sector as well, imports were sacrificed and exports intensely encouraged. As liberalizing reforms aimed at accelerating developing countries` trade and financial integration in the world economy were often carried out in an unbalanced and hasty fashion, their results turned out being less than fully satisfactory.

Numerical analysis of a hydraulic gear micro motor

Alberto Flores-Márquez,Fernando Velázquez-Villegas,Gabriel Ascanio 대한기계학회 2013 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.27 No.5

This study investigates the critical parameters that have the most impact on the structural capacity of hydraulic gear micro motors,namely, motor configuration, output torque, and speed. Seven different motor configurations were evaluated in terms of output speed and torque, which depend on the number and size of gears. During motor operation, reactive loads generated by drag forces, viscous damping forces, and oil pocketing within two adjacent teeth in contact were numerically calculated. Stress analysis using the finite element method was also performed to evaluate the structure of the aforementioned gear motor configurations. The results demonstrated that the structural capacity of a hydraulic motor does not necessarily increase when using larger gears or by increasing the number of gears. Reactive loads increase as rotational speed and gear size increase. Higher lubricant pressure is also required to attain the required output torque and velocity.

Acupuncture and Dry Needling in the Reduction of Peripheral Acute Fatigue Induced in the Biceps Braquii: Protocol for a Single-blinded Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

Gabriel Barreto Antonino,Ana Paula de Lima Ferreira,Eduardo Jose Nepomuceno Montenegro,Alberto Galvão de Moura Filho,Arthur Felipe Freire da Silva,Maria das Graças Rodrigues de Araújo 사단법인약침학회 2020 Journal of Acupuncture & Meridian Studies Vol.13 No.5

The present study aims to propose a protocol to verify the efficacy and acute effects of traditional Chinese acupuncture, dry needling, and the rest in peripheral acute fatigue (PAF) induced by intermittent isometric contractions of the nondominant biceps brachii (BB) of nonphysically active men in a randomized, single-blind clinical trial assessed with surface electromyography, contraction time in seconds, infrared thermal imaging, and visual analog scale applied to the PAF. These instruments will evaluate the median frequency, endurance time, temperature (°C), and perceived fatigue in BB of the volunteers. The measurements will be collected in four moments (Test 0, 01, 02, and 03) divided between the beginning and the end of two sets of exercises (Exercises 01 and 02) of intermittent isometric contractions. Trial identifier: NCT03448120 in www.clinicaltrials.gov.

Stability of the prosthetic screws of three types of craniofacial prostheses retention systems

Antonio Gabriel Lanata Flores,Eder Alberto Sigua Rodriguez,Douglas Rangel Goulart,Veber Luiz Bomfim Azevedo,Sergio Olate,José,Ricardo de Albergaria Barbosa 대한구강악안면외과학회 2016 대한구강악안면외과학회지 Vol.42 No.6

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the stability of prosthetic screws from three types of craniofacial prostheses retention systems (bar-clip, ball/O-ring, and magnet) when submitted to mechanical cycling. Materials and Methods: Twelve models of acrylic resin were used with implants placed 20 mm from each other and separated into three groups: (1) bar-clip (Sistema INP, São Paulo, Brazil), (2) ball/O-ring (Sistema INP), and (3) magnet (Metalmag, São Paulo, Brazil), with four samples in each group. Each sample underwent a mechanical cycling removal and insertion test (f =0.5 Hz) to determine the torque and the detorque values of the retention screws. A servo-hydraulic MTS machine (810-Flextest 40; MTS Systems, Eden Prairie, MN, USA) was used to perform the cycling with 2.5 mm and a displacement of 10 mm/s. The screws of the retention systems received an initial torque of 30 Ncm and the torque values required for loosening the screw values were obtained in three cycles (1,080, 2,160, and 3,240). The screws were retorqued to 30 Ncm before each new cycle. Results: The sample was composed of 24 screws grouped as follows: bar-clip (n=8), ball/O-ring (n=8), and magnet (n=8). There were significant differences between the groups, with greater detorque values observed in the ball/O-ring group when compared to the bar-clip and magnet groups for the first cycle. However, the detorque value was greater in the bar-clip group for the second cycle. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that all prosthetic screws will loosen slightly after an initial tightening torque, also the bar-clip retention system demonstrated greater loosening of the screws when compared with ball/O-ring and magnet retention systems.

Di-boson signatures as standard candles for partial compositeness

Belyaev, Alexander,Cacciapaglia, Giacomo,Cai, Haiying,Ferretti, Gabriele,Flacke, Thomas,Parolini, Alberto,Serodio, Hugo Institute of Physics Pub 2017 The journal of high energy physics Vol.2017 No.1

Unprecedented Tris-Phosphido-Bridged Triangular Clusters with 42 Valence Electrons. Chemical, Electrochemical and Computational Studies of their Formation and Stability

Funaioli, Tiziana,Leoni, Piero,Marchetti, Lorella,Albinati, Alberto,Rizzato, Silvia,Fabrizi de Biani, Fabrizia,Ienco, Andrea,Manca, Gabriele,Mealli, Carlo American Chemical Society 2013 Inorganic Chemistry Vol.52 No.8

<P>This paper presents the synthesis and structural characterization of the unprecedented tris-phosphido-bridged compounds Pt<SUB>3</SUB>(μ-PBu<SUP><I>t</I></SUP><SUB>2</SUB>)<SUB>3</SUB>X<SUB>3</SUB> (X = Cl, Br, I), having only 42 valence electrons, while up to now analogous clusters typically have 44e<SUP>–</SUP>. The new species were obtained by an apparent bielectronic oxidation of the 44e<SUP>–</SUP> monohalides Pt<SUB>3</SUB>(μ-PBu<SUP><I>t</I></SUP><SUB>2</SUB>)<SUB>3</SUB>(CO)<SUB>2</SUB>X with the corresponding dihalogen X<SUB>2</SUB>. Their X-ray structures are close to the <I>D</I><SUB>3<I>h</I></SUB> symmetry, similarly to the 44e<SUP>–</SUP> analogues with three terminal carbonyl ligands. The products were also obtained by electrochemical oxidation of the same monohalides in the presence of the corresponding halide. In a detailed study on the formation of Pt<SUB>3</SUB>(μ-PBu<SUP><I>t</I></SUP><SUB>2</SUB>)<SUB>3</SUB>I<SUB>3</SUB>, the redox potentials indicated that I<SUB>2</SUB> can only perform the first monoelectronic oxidation but is unsuited for the second one. Accordingly, the 43e<SUP>–</SUP> intermediate [Pt<SUB>3</SUB>(μ-PBu<SUP><I>t</I></SUP><SUB>2</SUB>)<SUB>3</SUB>(CO)<SUB>2</SUB>I]<SUP>+</SUP> was ascertained to play a key role. Another piece of information is that, together with the fully oxidized product Pt<SUB>3</SUB>(μ-PBu<SUP><I>t</I></SUP><SUB>2</SUB>)<SUB>3</SUB>I<SUB>3</SUB>, the transient 44e<SUP>–</SUP> species [Pt<SUB>3</SUB>(μ-PBu<SUP><I>t</I></SUP><SUB>2</SUB>)<SUB>3</SUB>(CO)<SUB>3</SUB>]<SUP>+</SUP> is formed in the early steps of the reaction. In order to extract detailed information on the formation pathway, involving both terminal ligand substitutions and electron transfer processes, a DFT investigation has been performed and all the possible intermediates have been defined together with their associated energy costs. The profile highlights many important aspects, such as the formation of an appropriate couple of 43e<SUP>–</SUP> intermediates having different sets of terminal coligands, and suitable redox potentials for the transfer of one electron. Optimizations of 45e<SUP>–</SUP> associative intermediates in the ligand substitution reactions indicate their possible involvement in the redox process with reduction of the overall energy cost. Finally, according to MO arguments, the unique stability of the 42e<SUP>–</SUP> phosphido-bridged Pt<SUB>3</SUB> clusters can be attributed to the simultaneous presence of three terminal halides.</P><P>This paper presents the synthesis and structural characterization of the unprecedented tris-phosphido-bridged compounds Pt<SUB>3</SUB>(μ-PBu<SUP><I>t</I></SUP><SUB>2</SUB>)<SUB>3</SUB>X<SUB>3</SUB> (X = Cl, Br, I), having only 42 valence electrons, while up to now analogous clusters typically have 44e<SUP>−</SUP>. The new species were obtained by an apparent bielectronic oxidation of the 44e<SUP>−</SUP> monohalides Pt<SUB>3</SUB>(μ-PBu<SUP><I>t</I></SUP><SUB>2</SUB>)<SUB>3</SUB>(CO)<SUB>2</SUB>X with the corresponding dihalogen X<SUB>2</SUB>. According to MO arguments, the unique stability of the 42e<SUP>−</SUP> phosphido-bridged Pt<SUB>3</SUB> clusters can be attributed to the simultaneous presence of three terminal halides.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/inocaj/2013/inocaj.2013.52.issue-8/ic400251y/production/images/medium/ic-2013-00251y_0014.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/ic400251y'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>