한국해양오염방제조합 방제실행능력의 극대화 방안 연구

김성란 한국해양대학교 대학원 2006 국내석사

In Korean waters maritime typhoon or storms often form. Unexpected big marine accident is usually affected by natural factors such as typhoon, waves, wind and mist. The whole marine traffic amount is concentrated in the sea area around the harbor boundary and narrow waterway. The harbors on the southern and western seashore are surrounded by many islands, so the access route is complex. Besides the coastline is much indented. Especially the sea area joining Korean waters is geographically crowded with marine traffic between Korea/Japan, Korea/China, Korea/Russia. It also forms various fishing ground in the inshore so that the rate of maritime accident is very high. The total cases of pollution accident occurred in Korean coast are 3,911 for the past 10 years (‘95~’04). The yearly mean 390 cases have been occurring. It shows somewhat decreasing tendency at the peak of 2000. But the ship accident occupies more than 90% of all. The major control cases of domestic marine pollution accident are 3 except the Sea Prince. The accident of the Sea Prince was occurred in July 28, 1995 as unloading 260,000㎘ of crude oil at the Honam Jeongyoo harbor. Undergone the typhoon "FAYE", the part of stokehold was run against the island. The fire broke out inside, the ship was drifting; finally it ran on the sunken rock of the southern end of Sorido, Nammyon, Yeocheongun. The outflow of 5,035㎘ of crude oil polluted throughout the southern coast. Since the establishment of Korea Marine Pollution Response Corp., the case of the medium-mega pollution accident is the year mean 45 among 300~400 marine pollution cases a year. It means once a week control measure was carried out. In September, 2003, the marine accident caused by the storm "Memi" resulted in the maritime pollution by 4 ships (cargo ship and oil tanker) at the same time. The whole relevant member in the neighboring district was called out to recover the damage. And in December of the same year, the oil tanker Jeongyangho's left 4th tank was broken by the collision with other oil tanker at the port of Yeosoo Nakpo. The outflow of about 623 tons of bunker-C oil polluted throughout the coast including neighboring seashores. The rapid set-up of oil boom stopped the spreading of oil. As time went by, the viscosity of the outflown oil was going down affected by the temperature of water. So the oil collector was not available then, an excavator and other equipment were utilized to collect oil. It was the only domestic case of control operation occurred in winter. The estimation of domestic control ability is on the basis of capability in which the control ship and oil collector are able to collect one third of the maximum flow volume, 60,000tons, during marine accident of 200,000tons loadage's oil tanker. The rest is a treatment by oil disposer, oil absorbent and to collect sticking oil to coast. The estimation of control ability is relatively important against the mechanical collection and chemical control method preferentially. In the national control strategy and domestic marine environment, the control disposer is considered to be just an optional measure because of the 2nd pollution. Therefore we aim at the mechanical collection like USA and Japan, we utilize the mechanical efficiency (the efficiency of oil collector) by 20%. As introducing the notion of the maximum outflow volume, the maximizing measure of control execution capability, classifying the 12 branches' disposition of the current KMPRC into the following 4 scenarios, I have analyzed the optimum disposition and maximization. Scenario 1 has analyzed the disposition volume of oil collectors kept in each region, as evaluating its control execution capability. On the assumption that KMPRC takes charge 35% of the national control capability, I analyzed the volume of the current holding oil collectors according to its control execution capability. The case of pollution accident which could be settled by equipment and manpower contained in the branch ship is corresponding to the 1st step, it could be controlled by the maximum control execution capability of the relevant branch. In the 2nd step, the neighboring branch's control equipment is drawn to settle the pollution accident which could be handled by branch-kept equipment but needed the support of control manpower, or the accident which couldn't be controlled by branch-kept equipment. The treatment level of the 1st step is the value which the treated volume of KMPRC divided by the control execution capability in the 1st step of the relevant branch among the maximum outflow volume. If the value is below 1, it means the relevant branch can exclusively implement the control measure in the 1st step, if it is above 1, it explains the status needed to draw the support of neighboring branch beyond the 2nd step. Scenario 2 adjusts the control capability of 6 branches which are ineffectively disposed in the current control execution capability into the proper level 1 of the 1st step treatment level. Then as distributing the extra control capability into the 6 branches which are able to treat the 1st step above 1, the treatment level of the 1st step could be adjusted effectively. As the treatment level of the 1st step maintaining the branch which is satisfying the treatment of KMPRC among the maximum outflow volume, keeping the rate of insufficiency of 4 branches low, of which treated volume among the maximum outflow is beyond the 1st step treatment level. It shows the efficient redisposition of all disposition volume is required. Scenario 3 shows that if the relevant branch could exclusively settle 100% of the treated volume of KMPRC among the maximum outflow volume of the relevant branch, by regulating the 1st step treatment level of all branches to 1, the additional requirement is 24,347 tons of control execution capability. Scenario 4 shows that at the time of accident, by mobilizing the neighboring branch, to adjust the 2nd step treatment level to below 1 to be able to satisfy the treatment volume of KMPRC among the maximum outflow volume, the measure in which adjusting the 1st step treatment level to below 1, before adjusting the 2nd step one, is considered more advantageous than adjusting the 2nd step one to below 1 directly not considering the 1st step one. In this case the additional requirement is 15,890 tons of capability.

법인의 형사 책임과 처벌에 관한 연구 : 한·중·미의법제 비교를 중심으로

ZHAI ZHANMENG 한국해양대학교 대학원 2023 국내석사

경제가 빠르게 발전함에 따라 법인이 각종 사업활동을 통해 창조한 부는 국가와 사회에 거대한 공헌이 있다. 그러나 이익을 지나치게 추구하면 법인의 범죄행위는 국가 및 국민에게 예측할 수 없는 피해를 입히게 된다. 각국은 법인범죄에 관한 입법을 점점 중요시하고 있다. 그러나 한국 형법학계의 법인의 형사책임에 대한 연구에서는 법인의 범죄능력을 인정할 것인지에 대한 공감대가 형성되지 않고 있다. 또한 현재 한국은 법인 범죄에 대한 처벌에 관해서는 단지 벌금형만 존재하고 있다. 현대 사회의 발전 속에서 법인에게 선고되는 벌금형은 법인이 범죄 행위로 얻는 수익과 매우 일치하지 않아 법인 범죄의 발생을 효과적으로 억제하지 못하고 있다. 따라서 본고에서는 문헌연구법, 비교연구법 및 사례분석법을 통해 한국 법인의 범죄에 대한 형사책임과 처벌 문제를 연구하고 형사책임과 형사처벌의 두 가지 측면에서 법인범죄 입법을 제안한다. 한국 법인의 범죄제도를 더욱 정비하여 법인범죄의 발생을 억제 및 방지하고자 한다. 제1장은 본고의 연구 목적, 연구 범위 및 방법을 서술하였다. 제2장은 한국 법인 범죄의 형사책임과 형사처벌에 대해 분석하여 한국은 현재 법인 범죄를 부정하는 것이 주류이며 법인 범죄에 대한 처벌은 이중 처벌 제도를 채택하고 있고 그 처벌 방식은 단지 벌금형만 있음을 서술하였다. 제3장은 미국과 중국의 형사책임과 형사처벌을 분석하여 미국 법인범죄의 역사, 형사책임 이론 및 법인범죄에 대한 처벌방법을 이해하고, 다음은 현재 중국 형법의 법인범죄 형사책임 입법 현황 및 처벌 방법을 요약하였다. 이에 따라 한국 법인 범죄에 대한 미국과 중국의 입법 시사점과 처벌 방법을 모색한다. 제4장은 한국 법인에 대한 형사책임과 처벌제도의 개선방안이다. 제1절은 한국법상 법인의 독립성을 어느 정도 인정하면서도 범죄능력을 제한하고 있음을 밝혔다. 법인범죄에 대한 양벌규정에서 한국은‘선 자연인 후 법인’모델을 채택하고 있는데, 법인의 독립성을 통해 법인  범죄능력을 인정하고, 일부 범죄의 주체가 될 수 있다는 점을 일부 긍정하고 있다. 이러한 전제 하에 집단인식론과 이중적 메커니즘 이론을 결합하여‘자연인의 범죄를 위주로 하고 법인의 범죄를 부차적인 것으로 삼’는 법인 범죄의 논리 구조에 대한 이론적 증명을 하고자 한다. 제2절에서는 한국 형법에서 법인에 대한 형벌제도의 개선방안을 제시하였다. 이에 관한 구체적인 내용으로는 중국과 미국 법인범죄 처벌 방식을 참고하여 벌금형과 몰수형을 개선하고, 형사파산 및 특정 업무활동 제한의 두 가지 자격형과 집행유예제도를 추가하고자 하는 것이다. 제5장은 본고의 결론으로 전문을 요약하고 정리한다. The emergence and development of the theory of corporate crime have had a great impact on the traditional theory of criminal law.Legal personality is endowed with legal personality and natural person become legal subject and enter the real world. Legal personality plays a very important role in civil and commercial activities. A series of legal systems formed and established by legislators around legal persons occupy a particularly important position in the civil and commercial legal system.But for a long time, the legal person has been outside the scope of criminal law.The juridical person cannot be the subject of crime, which is the conclusion of criminal jurisprinciple.    Under the increasing criminal acts of legal persons, the traditional methods of intervention and restraining legal persons' illegal activities by relying on administrative law or civil and commercial coercive measures have had little effect. Under this situation, criminal legislation on legal person crime has been produced, and countries have made criminal law norms to curb and restrict the increasing legal person crime.With the promulgation and implementation of the current criminal law, various countries are debating whether to recognize the criminal capacity of legal persons. Nowadays, the criminal legislation on criminal responsibility of legal person crime in Korea is reviewed, and there are still many problems that have not been clarified. Under the background of legislation and theory, this paper compares the relevant legislation and theoretical research results of China and the United States, and studies the current criminal law on corporate crime punishment.  With the frequent occurrence of legal person's crime, countries attach more and more importance to the legislation of legal person's crime.However, there are many researches on the criminal responsibility of legal person in Korean criminal law field, but there is no consensus on whether to recognize the criminal capacity of legal person.How should the punishment be applied to the crime of legal person? The discussion on the criminal responsibility and punishment of legal person crime is of great value to the theory and practice of legal person crime in Korea. Based on the relevant theoretical data, the article analyzes the legal person's criminal liability and punishment from the perspective of criminal liability and criminal punishment, and puts forward some suggestions for future legislation.The thesis is divided into five chapters:The first chapter mainly introduces the aim, scope and method of this thesis.The second chapter mainly introduces the criminal responsibility and punishment of Korean corporate crime, analyzes the current situation of Korean corporate crime system, and probes into whether new theories can be introduced into Korean corporate crime. Chapter three understands and summarizes the criminal responsibility and punishment of legal person in China and America.The fourth chapter analyzes whether the theory of criminal responsibility and punishment system of China and the United States can be used to make perfect suggestions on the criminal responsibility and punishment of Korean legal person crime.The fifth chapter summarizes the core contents of this thesis.This paper puts forward some feasible suggestions to the Korean legal person crime system, hoping to make the Korean legal person crime system more perfect, restrain and prevent the occurrence of legal person crime.   

천리안 해양위성의 대기보정 및 대리교정 연구

안재현 한국해양대학교, 해양과학기술전문대학원 2017 국내박사

본 학위논문은 세계최초의 정지궤도 해색 위성인 천리안 해양 위성 (GOCI : Geostationary Ocean Color Imager)에 표준으로 사용되는 대기보정 이론에 대하여 기술하고 있다. 타 극궤도 해색위성들이 1~2일 주기로 한 장소를 방문하며 전 지구를 관측하는 것과 달리 천리안 해양위성은 한반도를 포함한 동북아해역을 0.5 km 공간해상도로 낮 시간 동안 1시간의 시간간격으로 관측하고 있으며 (하루 8회 관측) 가시광~근적외파장대 (412, 443, 490, 555, 660, 680, 745, 865 nm) 영역에서 관측한다. 대기상층 위성궤도에서 일반적인 맑은 해역을 대상으로 관측된 가시광~근적외파장대 신호 중 90%이상은 대기신호이며, 해수신호의 크기는 10% 미만을 차지한다. 대기신호의 크기가 해수신호의 크기보다 10배 이상 크기 때문에 1%의 대기신호 추정 오차는 10%이상의 해수 광 스펙트럼 추정오류를 일으킨다. 이런 이유로 위성을 통한 해색원격탐사 임무는 높은 대기보정 정밀도를 요구하고 있으며 대기보정의 개발이 해색원격탐사 알고리즘 개발 중 가장 핵심이 된다. 천리안 해양위성 표준 대기보정은 NASA가 해색원격탐사 임무를 위해 개발한 SeaWiFS 표준 대기보정에 이론적인 기반을 두고 있다. SeaWiFS 방법은 우선 두개의 근적외 파장대 관측결과와 복사전달시뮬레이션 결과(조견표)를 서로 비교하여 대기 중 에어로졸 입자의 종류 및 농도 최적값을 추정해 내며 이 추정결과를 바탕으로 모든 가시광 파장의 에어로졸 반사도 스펙트럼을 다시 조견표를 이용하여 계산한다. 천리안 해양위성의 대기보정도 유사하게 두 근적외파장대 에어로졸 반사도 상관관계를 이용하여 에어로졸 종류 및 농도를 계산하는데, 이 연구를 통하여 SeaWiFS 및 다른 유사 대기보정 방법들과 비교하여 정확도 뿐 아니라 계산 효율 또한 개선하였다. 추가적으로 SeaWiFS에 적용된 수증기 흡광 보정 모델을 천리안 해양위성의 분광특성에 맞게 수정하여 적용하였으며, 탁도가 높은 해역에서 대기보정 오차를 줄이는 방법도 천리안 해양위성 관측영역의 해수 광 특성 및 반사도 정보들을 이용하여 개발하였다. 초기버전의 천리안 해양위성 표준 대기보정의 검보정 결과 탁도가 높은 연안해역에서는 10% 내외의 만족할 만한 오차수준을 보여주었으나, 탁도가 낮은 해역에서는 50% 이상의 오차를 발생되었다. 이는 대리교정 수행의 부재가 주된 요인이며, 본 연구에서는 이를 보완하기 위해 SeaWiFS 표준 대리교정 프로세스에 기반을 두고 천리안 해양위성에 맞게 대리교정을 수행하였다. 이 대리교정 방법에서는 특정 해역의 에어로졸 광특성이 항상 해양성 에어로졸이라 가정하고 이를 바탕으로 근적외 파장대 위성 관측 조도를 시뮬레이션 하여 두 근적외 파장대를 먼저 상대교정 한다. 이후, 상대교정된 두 근적외 파장대를 이용하면 맑은 해역에서 복사전달시뮬레이션을 통하여 가시광 파장대 대기조도를 모의 할 수 있게 되고, 여기에 맑은 해역의 현장 광 측정 자료가 추가되면 가시광파장대 위성관측조도의 시뮬레이션이 가능하다. 이 가시광파장대 모의 결과와 실제 위성관측조도와 비교하면 가시광파장대 대리교정을 완료할 수 있다. 본 대리교정 결과 대리교정 상수가 최대 3.2% 바뀌었으며 (490 nm 밴드) 새 대리교정 상수 적용 시 맑은 해역 대기보정 정확도가 최대 50% 이상 상승하였다. 본 연구에서는 천리안해양위성 대기보정의 성능을 평가하기 위해서 대기보정 결과 원격반사도 (remote-sensing reflectance: Rrs)를 한국해양과학기술원 해양위성연구센터에서 2010년 이후로 한반도 주변 해역 현장조사를 통해 수집한 원격반사도 자료들과 비교검정 하였으며, 검정결과 76, 84, 88, 90, 81, 82%의 정확도를 보여주었다. 추가로 현장자료가 아닌 시뮬레이션 자료를 통해 천리안 해양위성 알고리즘 뿐 아니라 다른 해색원격탐사 임무를 위해 개발된 주요 대기보정 알고리즘들 구현하여 함께 비교검증 하였고, 본 비교검증에서도 천리안 해양위성 표준 대기보정이 다른 대기보정 방법들과 비교하여 가장 낮은 오차율을 보여주었으며, 특히 다중산란 효과가 큰 작은 입자크기의 에어로졸 모델에서 더 좋은 성능을 보여주었다. 본 연구결과는 이론적으로 SeaWiFS 등 비슷한 밴드 특성을 가진 타 해색위성의 대기보정방법으로도 적용이 가능하며, 천리안 해양위성 자료처리시스템 (GOCI data processing system: GDPS) 1.5버전에의 적용될 예정이다.

해양경찰청 해양오염방제인력의 영향요인에 관한 연구

정재헌 한국해양대학교 대학원 2018 국내박사

이 논문은 해양오염사고의 대형화와 더불어 재난업무로써 그 비중이 날로 높아지는 해양오염방제업무에 있어서 그 업무를 담당할 방제인력에 영향을 주 는 결정요인을 밝히고자 하는 연구이다 . 조직에서의 인력관리는 인적자원의 수 요와 관련하여 중요한 부분이며, 따라서 적정 수요인력을 산정하는 기준을 마 련하는 것은 필수적이라고 할 수 있다. 그러나 해양경찰청 재난업무에 대해 방제인력의 필요성과 역할은 점차 커져 감에도 불구하고, 아직까지 이와 관련한 다양한 연구가 진행되지 않은 실정이 다. 따라서 현재까지 해양경찰청의 자체 노력의 부족과 더불어, 학계에서도 이 와 관련된 어떠한 연구도 존재하고 있지 않아, 해양오염방제 서비스가 실현될 수 있는 인력의 적정규모는 어느 정도인지를 제안하기 위하여 방제인력 표준정 원 모형을 시험적으로 도출하였다. 2004년부터 2016년까지의 통계 시계열적 수치를 기준으로 한 회귀분석 결과, 해양경찰청 해양오염방제인력에 결정적인 영향요인으로 해양오염 신고건수, 해 양환경관련 민원․신고건수, 방제정 척수, 유회수기 수로 나타났다. 해양오염 발 생건수는 실질적인 기름이 선박 및 육상으로부터 해난, 부주의, 고의, 파손 등 의 원인으로 인해 기름 및 폐기물 등의 오염물질이 바다로 유출된 건수를 의미 하며 해양환경관련 민원 신고건수는 현지 , ․ 대응기관인 해양경찰서의 해양오염방 제과 또는 상황실로 통해 접수된 현장 목격자 또는 행위자의 해양오염 신고를 의미한다. 방제정척수는 해양오염방제를 위해 장비를 갖춘 선박의 수를 말하며, 유회수기는 해양오염 시 기름을 회수하기 위한 장비를 말한다. 따라서 해양경 찰청 해양오염방제인력에 영향요인인 4개의 독립변수를 이용하여 이를 정원모 형으로 제시하면, 아래와 같다. Y(인력수) = 상수 + (B[비표준화 계수]×해양오염사고 발생건수) + (B[비표준화 계수]×해양환경관련 민원․신고 건수) + (B[비표준화 계수]×방제정 척수) + (B [비표준화 계수]×유회수기수) Y(인력수) = 104.969 + (.346×284.6) + (.192×1030.9) + (.081×26.0) + (.168×87.3) 이상의 표준정원모형에 따라 해양경찰청 해양오염 방제인력수를 산정하면 418.15명이 되는 것으로 나타났다. 2004년부터 2016년까지의 정원에 대한 방제인력의 평균 정원수는 268.38명으 로 나타났다. 본 연구의 정원 산정 방식에 따른 표준정원인 418.15명과 비교 할 때 149.77명이 부족하다는 것을 알 수 있으며, 2016년도 해양경찰청 직제에 따 른 법정정원 324명보다 94.15명이 부족하고, 2016년 현원 대비해서는 96.15명이 부족한 현실임을 알 수 있다. 이러한 연구결과는 해양경찰에서 해양오염 방제인력에 결정적으로 영향을 미 치는 독립변수 4가지 요인들을 강화하거나 보완하는 방향으로 국가 방제시스템 을 구축하여야 한다는 점을 시사한다. 본 연구에서 제시한 해양경찰청 해양오염 방제인력 산정지표 개발은 해양오 염 재난업무 분야에서 매우 중요한, 인력과 관련한 논의를 촉진시켜, 활발한 후 속 연구의 밑거름이 될 것이며, 본 연구에서 개발한 지표를 이용하여 실질적으 로 적정 인력을 산출할 수 있는 토대가 될 것으로 사료된다. The purpose of this study is to identify the influencing factors to determine the proper size of pollution control manpower in Korea Coast Guard, who are in charge of marine pollution control services which are becoming more important these days due to the increasing magnitude of marine pollution disasters and as disaster response services. Manpower management in an organization is an important issue, and the preparation of the criteria for calculating the proper size of the manpower is essential. For this reason, while there have not been any studies or efforts of Korea Coast Guard in this matter so far, the authors experimentally developed a standard model for calculating the proper manpower size, in order to suggest the proper manpower size for marine pollution control within Korea Coast Guard in order to realize marine pollution control services. For this reason, the authors reviewed existing studies related to manpower sizes in order to review the proposed criteria for the manpower size and overviewed the theories on the method to estimate the demands for manpower. Then, the authors analyzed the factors that could statistically be quantified for marine pollution control services and the functional relationship between these factors and the manpower for pollution control, using an empirical and quantitative manner using regression analysis model that calculates the factors for determining the manpower and extracts the manpower calculation model based on the result of such an analysis. For this study, the data from 2004 to 2016, totaling to 13 years, were analyzed. The result of the study showed that the influencing factors to determine an appropriate size of the manpower included the number of marine pollution events, number of reported complaints related to marine environment, and number of pollution control ships, and number of oil skimmeres. The number of marine pollution events meant the number of incidents where actual oil or other waste material spelt from a vessel or a ground facility leaked into the sea, due to a maritime accident, negligence, deliberate actions, or damages. The number of reported complaints related to marine environment means the number of marine pollution reports from the field witnesses or the person who committed the act, received by the situation room or the Department of Marine Pollution Control in a Coast Guard Station, which is a field response organization. The number of pollution control ship is equipped with equipment for the reponse of marine pollution accidents. The number of oil skimmer is equipment to recover oil in case of marine pollution accident. The result of the influencing factors of manpower for marine pollution control in Korea Coast Guard using the calculation model for the pollution control manpower for Korea Coast Guard showed that the standard manpower size was 418.15 persons. Compared to the average size of the manpower from 2004 to 2016, which was 268.38, it indicates that the manpower size is still 149.76 short of the proper size of 418.15. It is also clear that, compared to the legal manpower size for pollution control in 2016, which was 324, the agency still needs 96.14 more persons to be manned properly. Based on these findings, Korea Coast Guard should design the national control system in order to strengthen the four independent variables that affect the marine pollution control personnel. This implication of this study is that a standard manpower size calculation model for pollution control manpower was developed, while there have been scarcely any studies on the proper manpower size for marine pollution control for Korea Coast Guard so far. Therefore, it is difficult to assume that all of the results of this study were valid, and it is the hope of the authors that the experimental study may be used as an opportunity for follow up studies in the future.

중국과 한국의 손해보험산업 효율성 비교 연구 : - DEA와 Malmquist 모델을 중심으로 -

ZHANG JING 한국해양대학교 대학원 2021 국내석사

금융 산업의 3대 축 중 하나이자 국민 경제의 중요한 부분인 보험 산업은 사회 경제의 발전에 매우 중요한 역할을 하고 있다. 특히, 보험 산업의 핵심 주축인 손해보험도 경제 발전과 사회 발전에 크게 이바지하였다. 그 중에서도 중국과 한국의 손해보험 시장은 세계적인 수준이며, 특히 아시아 시장에서 큰 규모와 높은 성장률을 유지하고 있는 유일한 국가들이다. 그러나 현재와 같은 성과를 달성하기까지 두 국가의 성장 배경에는 차이점이 있다. 중국의 경우 정부의 주도로 자국 손해보험사를 보호하기 위한 정책들을 꾸준히 시행하였으며, 이로 인해 시장에 진입한 외국계 손해보험사들은 여러 가지 규제를 받았다. 반면, 한국의 경우 1988년부터 보험시장을 단계적으로 개방하기 시작하여 10년 뒤인 1998년부터는 시장을 완전히 개방하였다. 이후 한국의 손해보험사들은 외국계 손해보험사들과 치열한 경쟁을 하였고, 이런 경쟁 환경 속에서 지금의 양적 성장을 이루었다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 중한 양국의 손해보험사들의 효율성을 각각 분석하고, 27개 중국계 종합 손해보험사와 한국계 종합 손해보험사들의 효율성을 국가 간에 비교 분석하였다. 연구 방법으로는 자료 포락 분석(DEA)과 Malmquist 생산성 지수를 사용하여 중국과 한국의 손해보험회사에 관한 효율성 및 효율성의 변화와 상대적 수준을 분석하였다. 연구 대상은 중국의 27개, 한국의 11개 등 총 38개 종합 손해보험회사를 대상으로 하였으며, 자료포락분석(DEA)을 이용하여 손해보험사들의 기술효율성, 순수기술효율성과 규모효율성 등을 측정하였다. 그리고 Malmquist 생산성 지수를 사용하여 효율성 변화를 측정하였다. 본 연구에서 사용된 투입변수는 노동력(임직원 수+설계사 수), 자기자본, 순사업비이며, 산출변수는 수입보험료, 투자수익, 책임준비금 등으로 2014년부터 2018년까지 5년간의 자료를 수집하여 분석에 활용하였다. 우선 중국 손해보험사를 대상으로 분석한 결과 중소형 손해보험사들의 규모효율성이 전반적으로 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 규모의 비효율에 있는 손해보험사 중 중소형 손해보험사는 규모수확체증(IRS) 상태에 있어 규모의 확대를 통한 효율성 향상이 요구되며, 대형 손해보험사는 규모수확체감(DRS) 상태에 있으므로 규모의 축소를 통한 효율성 향상이 필요하다. Malmquist 생산성 지수의 경우 27개 손해보험사 중 9개사를 제외한 대부분의 중국계 손해보험사들의 효율성이 진보하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 다음으로 한국 손해보험사 대상 분석 결과, 대부분의 손해보험사들이 효율적으로 운영하고 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 특히 순수기술효율성(BCC)은 한화손해보험을 제외한 모든 보험사들이 효율 경계에 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 또한, 규모의 비효율에 있는 손해보험사 중 하나손해보험을 제외한 모든 보험사들이 규모수확체감(DRS) 상태에 있는 것으로 나타나 투입량에 대한 적절한 조절이 필요할 것으로 판단된다. Malmquist 생산성 지수의 경우 11개 손해보험사 중 3개사를 제외한 대부분의 한국계 손해보험사들의 효율성이 진보하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 중국과 한국 간 비교 분석 결과, 2014년부터 2018년까지 한국 손해보험사들의 기술효율성, 순기술효율성, 규모율성이 중국보다 상대적으로 높은 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 5년 평균값을 기준으로 분석한 Malmquist 생산성 지수의 경우 중국이 한국보다 약간 높은 것으로 나타났다. 특히, 중국의 경우 기술 진보가 효율성 향상을 촉진하였고, 한국의 경우 기술 진보 및 순기술효율성의 진보가 효율성 향상을 촉진한 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구 결과를 통해 자유로운 경쟁 체계 속에서 성장한 한국 손해보험사들이 효율적인 경영 체계를 갖추고 있음을 확인하였다. 한국 손해보험사들의 경우 외국의 유명 손해보험사들과의 치열한 경쟁 속에서 살아남기 위해 다양한 상품을 개발하고, 꾸준한 기술혁신을 추구해왔다. 이러한 노력들이 현재와 같은 한국 손해보험 시장을 형성했을 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 2020년부터 시작될 중국 손해보험 시장의 완전한 개방은 중국계 손해보험사들에게 새로운 자극제가 될 것이고, 거대하고 매력적인 중국 시장에 본격적으로 진입할 외국계 손해보험사와의 경쟁에서 승리하기 위한 다양하고 혁신적인 개혁이 이루어질 것으로 기대된다. As one of the three pillars of the financial industry, the insurance sector plays significant role in national economy. Non-life insurance, as a key component of insurance sector, makes great contributions to the social development. China and Korea are the only countries ranked in the first-tier non-life insurance markets with large scales and high growth rates, especially in Asian markets. Although they have similar market and growth rate, the social environments behind the scenes in the two counties are different. In China, local non-life insurers enjoy the domestic policy protection whereas foreign non-life insurers are strictly regulated. In comparison, the opening process of insurance market in Korea started in 1988 and achieved complete openness in 1998. The growth of insurance is achieved under the competitive environment among local and foreign non-life insurers. Therefore, this thesis focused on the efficiency of non-life insurers in China and Korea, comparing and analyzing the efficiencies of total 38 non-life insurers. Data envelope analysis (DEA) and Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) were adopted to analyze the efficiency change and estimate the relative efficiency level for the selected non-life insurance companies. The 38 companies, including 27 in China and 11 in Korea, were measured by DEA from three aspects which are technical efficiency, pure technology efficiency, and scale efficiency. In addition, the Malmquist productivity index was used to measure the efficiency change. Generally, the input variables employed in this study are formed with laboring force (number of employees + number of planners), proprietary capital, and Ratio of Net Operating Expenses. The output variables are income insurance premiums, investment income, and liability reserves. The data used for analysis are collected from 2014 to 2018 and three-folded findings are made in this thesis. First, by analyzing the non-life insurance companies in China, it was found that the overall scale efficiency of small- and medium-sized non-life insurers was low. Specifically, continuous expansion on scale (Increasing Returns to Scale) is necessary to further improve their efficiency. Besides, large scale companies are found in a state of scale reduction(Decreasing Returns to Scale) status,and scaled down strategy is needed to improve their efficiency. It is investigated by Malmquist Productivity Index that the efficiencies of 18 of the 27 Chinese companies are increasing. Second, by analyzing the non-life insurance companies in Korea, it was found that most of them are operating efficiently. Particularly, by analyzing the pure technology efficiency (BCC), it is investigated that all insurance companies except Hanwha Insurance are on the efficiency boundary. Moreover, apart from the non-life insurance, the diminishing return to scales (Decreasing Returns to Scale) of all non-life insurance companies with poor scale efficiency are seemed to be falling, rendering the need of appropriate adjustment to the input amount. With the Malmquist Productivity Index, it was found that the efficiency of 9 of the selected 11 Korean company are increasing. Third, with the comparative study between China and Korea, it was found that, from 2014 to 2018, Korean non-life insurers had higher technological efficiency, higher net technological efficiency, and higher scale ratio than China. However, the Malmquist productivity index analysis based on the five-year average obtained opposite conclusions. The efficiency improvement is promoted by technological advancement in China whereas is the technological advancement and advancement in net technological efficiency in Korea. Through this study, it was confirmed that Korean non-life insurance companies, which grew up in a free competition system, have more efficient management systems. In order to survive from the fierce competition with famous foreign non-life insurers, they have developed varieties of products and pursued steady technological innovation. It is believed that these efforts significantly contributed to form the current Korean non-life insurance market. Therefore, the complete opening of the Chinese non-life insurance market, which will begin in 2020, will be a stimulus for Chinese non-life insurers. Various innovative reforms are needed to be made to win the competition with foreign non-life insurers who will enter the huge and attractive Chinese market.

동아시아의 해양안보 위협에 따른 한국 해군의 대비방안에 관한 연구

신강석 한국해양대학교 대학원 2016 국내박사

With the ocean being mankind’s last store of resources, it is also becoming the site of sharp conflict and competition, and the seas of East Asia are no exception. Disputes over islands, namely the Spratly and Paracel Islands, are intensifying in the South China Sea between China and Southeast Asian nations. In the East China Sea there are severe disputes between Japan and China over the Senkaku Islands and resource development. In Northeast Asia, there are disputes over the sovereignty of Dokdo and jurisdiction of the waters off Ieodo. Moreover, there are rampant piracy, terrorism at sea that is highly likely to happen, natural disasters, sea pollution, and illegal fishing in parts of the region, demonstrating the vulnerability of East Asian waters to transnational threats. In addition, competition for maritime hegemony among states in the region is intense. In particular, the People’s Liberation Army Navy(and the“PLAN”) and Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force(and the“JMSDF”) are strengthening their maritime power projection capabilities which could apply political pressure on neighboring countries. China is accelerating naval power build-up in order to secure maritime hegemony in East Asia with its anti-access/area denial(A2/AD) formulated to oppose U.S. presence in the region. Currently, it is estimated that the PLAN can exert sea control out to the first island Chain, but its maritime operation capability will be expanded to the second island chain by around 2020 with the acquisition of two to three carrier battle groups. Japan is discarding its former exclusively defense concept and developing a dynamic defense concept which advances the range and degree of its defense activities. Recently, Japan legislated new security laws expanding the operating area of the JMSDF abroad. The JMSDF, the second largest naval force in the Asia-Pacific region after the U.S. 7th Fleet, is demonstrating its cutting edge naval power by building the newest advanced ships including large, light carrier-class vessels. The extra-regional hegemon the United States is deploying 60 percent of its naval capabilities to East Asia as it proceeding to its rebalancing strategy in accordance with its Asia-Pacific-focused policy. In addition, North Korea is engaging in maritime provocations, varying their degree from severe such as with the sinking of the ROKS Cheonan and the shelling of Yeonpyeong Island to temporary crossings over the Northern Limit Line. In particular, it is developing asymmetric capabilities such as submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBM) and undertaking far-reaching provocations such as missile launches and nuclear tests. Going forward, it is predicted that North Korea will commit provocations at sea at any time in order to achieve its political objectives. In this way, while East Asia’s maritime disputes and non-military threats are“soft” issues, they tend to be easily turned into“hard”issues due to historical problems, national sentiments, and political and military sensitivity; and these hard or soft issues are appearing with mixed qualities. That is, these are complex threats in which military and non-military factors are intertwined, and as these threats are likely to grow in mutual linkage with one another, it is inevitable that they exert tremendous influence on national security. Despite this security situation, because South Korea is focused on responding to the present threat of North Korea’s military, it has payed poor attention to the more fundamental task of protecting the national strategic interests. This is due to poor recognition of the fact that maritime security threats in East Asia have a profound influence on the nation’s existence and interests because South Korea is de-facto maritime nation with practically no means to move out via land though it is geographically classified as a peninsula. In recognition of this problem, this paper was written to explore the overall plan that South Korea must follow, including the national-level strategy for responding to East Asian maritime security threats, the maritime strategy and force development that the Republic of Korea (ROK) Navy must pursue, development of the Navy’s role, and maritime security cooperation. For this research, the following problems are raised. First, what is the nature of East Asia’s maritime disputes and non-military maritime security threats? Second, how is the maritime strategy of each regional power changing and developing? Third, how is North Korea’s naval power developing and what is its level of provocation? This research revealed the following results. First, our national security and maritime strategies require a paradigm shift because maritime security is not subordinate to national security but is almost equal. For this, the national security strategy should be developed by reassessing security threats and challenges in order to put emphasis on maritime security threat and develop our understanding of threats to maritime territoriality and sea lines of communication as threats to our vital interests. According to this perspective, I have proposed a“balanced maritime defensive strategy” as the ROK Navy’s maritime strategy. This is tailored through choices and focus and employs maritime control, maritime containment, and maritime cooperation strategies to respond to the diverse maritime threats in East Asia. Second, to deal with the various maritime threats at the same time, the required ROK Navy forces must be urgently acquired. The appropriate level of naval power must as a priority be gained in order to have the forces be able to respond to crises related to Dokdo and Ieodo and to the maritime strategies of neighboring great powers while at the same time respond effectively against the North Korean threat. Regarding the development of South Korea’s naval capabilities, there is a need to build social consensus based on the lessons of history on naval 21세기의 해양은 인류에게 남은 마지막 자원의 보고로서 국가간의 이익이 첨예하게 대립하는 각축장이 되고 있으며 동아시아 해양도 예외가 아니다. 즉, 남중국 해역에서는 남사군도와 서사군도를 둘러싼 중국과 동남아 국가들 간의 도서영유권 분쟁이 격화되고 있다. 동중국 해역에서는 센카쿠 열도 및 자원개발 문제로 일·중간의 심각한 분쟁이 있다. 동북아에서도 한·일간의 독도 영유권 문제와 한·중간에는 이어도 주변해역의 관할권 이견이 존재하고 있다. 또한 일부 해역에서는 해적행위가 빈번히 발생하고 해상테러의 가능성이 높게 예견되고 있으며 대규모 자연재해, 해양오염, 불법어로 등도 발생하고 있어 동아시아의 해양은 초국가적 위협에도 취약한 상태에 있다. 아울러 주변국들의 해양패권 다툼이 치열하게 전개되고 있다. 특히 중국과 일본 해군은 주변국에 정치적 압력을 가할 수 있는 해양투사 전력을 강화하고 있다. 즉, 중국은 A2/AD 전략을 바탕으로 미국에 대항하여 동아시아의 해양패권을 장악하기 위해 강한 해군력 건설에 박차를 가하고 있다. 현재 중국 해군의 해양작전 능력은 제1도련권 이내일 것으로 추정되고 있으나, 2020년경에는 2~3개 항모전투단 확보와 함께 제2도련권으로 확장될 것으로 전망된다. 일본은 과거 1,000해리 전수방위라는 수세적 개념에서 벗어나 그 범위와 강도를 역동적으로 전진시키는 동적방위 개념을 발전시키고 있다. 최근에는 신안보법을 제정하여 해상자위대의 활동 영역을 해외로 확대시키고 있다. 해상자위대는 경항모급의 대형함정을 비롯하여 최신예 함정을 건조하는 등 아·태 지역에서 미 7함대에 버금가는 규모로서 최첨단 해군력을 과시하고 있다. 역외 패권국인 미국은 아･태 지역 중시 정책기조에 따라 재 균형 전략을 추진하면서 미 해군력의 60%를 동아시아에 배치를 추진하고 있다. 더구나 북한은 천안함 폭침, 연평도 포격과 같은 고강도 수준의 도발에서부터 일시적인 북방한계선 월선에 이르기까지 위협의 수위를 조종하여 끊임없이 해상도발을 야기하고 있다. 특히 잠수함 발사 탄도미사일(SLBM) 등 비대칭 전력을 확보하고 미사일 발사와 핵 실험 등의 파급력이 큰 도발을 기습적으로 감행하고 있다. 앞으로도 북한은 한반도 안보정세를 고려하여 언제든지 정치적 목적 달성을 위해 해상에서 도발을 감행할 것으로 예상된다. 이와 같이 동아시아의 해양분쟁 및 비군사적 해양안보 위협은‘연성적(軟性的)’성격의 이슈이면서도, 역사문제와 국민적 감정, 정치·군사적 민감성 때문에 쉽게‘경성적(硬性的)’으로 변질되는 현상을 보이고 있으며,‘경성적’혹은‘연성적’이슈가 혼재되어 나타나고 있다. 즉 군사적·비군사적 요소가 직·간접적으로 긴밀하게 연계되어 있는 복합적 위협이고 이들 위협이 상호 연계되어 확대될 가능성이 매우 크므로 국가안보에 지대한 영향을 미칠 수밖에 없다. 이러한 안보적 상황에도 불구하고 한국은 북한의 군사적 위협이라는 현존 위협 대응에 초점을 맞추고 있어서 보다 근원적인 국가 전략적 이익 보호에 소홀한 측면이 있다. 이는 한국이 지형적으로 반도 국가이지만 지정학적으로는 육상진출이 거의 불가능하여 해양국가나 다름이 없음에도 불구하고, 동아시아의 해양에서 발생하는 안보위협이 국가 존립과 이익에 심대한 영향을 미칠 수 있다는 인식이 부족하기 때문이다. 이러한 문제인식에 따라 본 논문은 동아시아의 해양안보 위협에 대응할 수 있는 국가차원의 전략과 한국 해군이 추구해야 할 해양전략 및 전력발전, 그리고 해군의 역할 발전, 해양안보 협력 등 종합적인 대비방안을 모색하기 위해 작성하였다. 연구를 위해 다음과 같이 3가지 문제를 제기하였다. 첫째, 동아시아의 해양분쟁 및 비군사적 해양안보 위협의 실체는 무엇이며, 그것이 한국의 해양안보에 미치는 영향은 어떠한가? 둘째, 역내 주요국들의 해양전략은 어떻게 변화하고 있고 해군력은 어떠한 형태로 발전하고 있는가? 셋째, 우리나라의 안보와 직결된 북한의 해군력은 어떻게 발전하고 있으며 도발의 수위는 어떠한가? 연구를 통해 얻은 결과로는 첫째, 오늘날 해양안보는 국가안보의 하위개념이 아니라, 거의 대등한 수준이므로 우리의 국가안보 전략과 해양전략의 패러다임 전환이 필요하다는 것이다. 이를 위해 국가안보 전략은 안보위협과 도전요소를 재평가하여 해양안보에 대한 위협을 중시하고 무엇보다 해양영유권과 해상교통로에 대한 위협을 우리의 사활적 이익으로 간주할 수 있도록 발전시켜야 한다. 이러한 관점에 따라 연구자는 한국 해군의 해양전략으로‘균형적 해양방위전략’을 제시하였다. 이 전략은 동아시아의 다양한 해양안보 위협에 대응하여 선택과 집중을 통해 해양통제, 해양견제, 해양협력 전략을 구사하는 맞춤형 전략이다. 둘째, 동아시아의 다양한 해양안보 위협에 동시에 대처할 수 있도록 한국 해군의 소요 전력은 요구 능력을 기반으로 시급히 확보되어야 한다. 주변 강대국들의 해양전략과 해군력 발전 그리고 독도 및 이어도 문제로 인한 위기 발생시 이에 대응할 수 있

외국 해양대학 항해학과 교과과정의 개발에 관한 연구 : 케냐해양대학의경우

홍준기 한국해양대학교 일반대학원 2016 국내석사

This study deals with the development of curriculum for navigation science department of Kenya maritime college, which is planned to be established in near future. To achieve the goal of study, various investigations are performed as follows. Firstly, in chapter 2 the present state of Kenya in relation to education and maritime industry and JKUAT university and it’s curriculum are investigated. In chapter 3, IMO requirements of maritime education for navigation officers and IMO model courses are investigated, respectively. In chapter 4, curriculums of navigation science department for foreign major maritime universities such as USMMA and CMA in USA, PMMA and MAAP in Philippine, KMOU in Korea, DMU in China and VIMARU and HCMUT in Vietnam are investigated. Finally, in chapter 5 the curriculum of Kenya maritime college and the teaching syllabuses of maritime major subjects are proposed. The proposed curriculum in this study is based on 5 year education program which is composed of 10 semesters with 2 semesters every year including 1 year onboard training. Total credit hours to be completed are 200. The subjects in curriculum are composed of basic subjects, maritime subjects, major subjects and onboard training subject with the weight ratio of 25:40:15:20. The onboard training subject is a single subject which takes 40 credit hours with Pass/Fail score. The basic subjects are chosen primarily from JKUAT curriculum, because it is to get the teaching helps from JKUAT professors. The proposed teaching syllabuses of maritime subjects are developed based on IMO model courses and those are minimum teaching contents to be taught. The more detailed syllabuses and teaching aids can be seek in relevant IMO model courses. The deficient parts in this study is that the investigation to the curriculum of foreign major maritime universities is performed insufficiently due to the lack of relevant syllabuses and the investigation to the curriculum of european maritime universities can not be performed due to no relevant curriculums.

北極海 環境變化로 인한 韓國의 海洋安保政策 硏究

강희승 韓國海洋大學校 大學院 2015 국내박사

The Arctic marine environment is changing from moment to moment. The factors which affect the Arctic environment are changes in weather, oceanic conditions and the Arctic's own geographical features. Furthermore, widened human access to navigation within the Arctic Ocean has drastically increased the number of ships and aircraft in the area, and this is expected to lead to a new era of exploration; it is said that the discovery of new shipping routes in the Arctic is of the same worth as the discoveries of Columbus. On the other hand, some say that the changes caused by human activities will not only provide benefits, but also the possibility of unexpected disasters and calamities. There is no doubt that international cooperation is integral to the performance of policies relating to the Arctic area, which have been successfully developed for the last 10 years. Therefore, this study will look into the following factors: ● Pending issues for drastic changes in the Arctic and solutions to these ● Settlement of territorial disputes between Arctic coastal states ● Advantages and disadvantages of the discovery of new maritime routes ● Role of the Arctic Council and its future tasks The Republic of Korea acquired a formal position as an observer at the 8th ministerial meeting of the Arctic Council held in Kiruna, Sweden in 2013. The Republic of Korea is considered to be poor in resources but it is, however, one of the most favoured nations in "trade". The potential of the Arctic, which may be examined following the discovery of new shipping routes has intrigued The Republic of Korea to turn its gaze on the trade situation within the Arctic area. Accordingly, the government of Republic of Korea has attracted cooperation within its own ministries in order to push forward its Arctic policies and to incarnate challenging issues while doing so. Spelled out in the following paragraphs are the details of Arctic potential due to the discovery of the new maritime routes. Firstly, costs for international shipping are expected to downtrend sharply as the new shipping routes decrease shipping distances covered e.g. freight charge for international shipping are expected to be decreased by 25 per cent. Furthermore, the Arctic, owing to its inclement weather and environmental conditions, has until now never been an easy place to explore. The situation is different at the present time, allowing the tremendous supply of natural resources which rests under the ice of the Arctic to become more accessible; a quarter of the undiscovered petroleum and other natural resources such as nickel, copper, iron ore are to be found within the rock strata of the Arctic. Such potentials of the region will fulfil a role as a new growth engine for The Republic of Korea. In addition to the bullet points above, this report will also investigate Korea's maritime security policy and strategies for the changes in the Arctic, and consider the resolution of these by diagnosing the situations of other coastal states. Other suggestions of this report regard diverse aspects of Arctic changes illustrated above, including effective ways of providing airspace management, ratification of new Arctic treaties, the operation of naval power of countries in the Arctic Council. These will be followed by the identification of the probable role of the Korean Navy in the Arctic and national policies dealing with Arctic issues. Having said this, solutions to the four main topics of this report are outlined by four different terms: ● International cooperation on Arctic management ● Governmental proposals of Arctic strategic development (in the case of The Republic of Korea) ● Identifying and promoting the role of an observer state in the Arctic Council ● Advance Arctic strategies in collaboration with other coastal states : the USA, Canada, Russia, etc. To begin with the first term, there are a number of issues that need to be treated internationally. For example, territorial disputes including the continental shelf and the demarcation of territorial waters should be handled peacefully under terms of UNCLOS, which will deter any drastic action from countries involved in such disputes. Terminating conflicts between such countries is eventually aimed at enhancing maritime security in the Arctic. Other elements of oceanic security issues comprise ensuring the safety of navigation in the Arctic area and exploitation of mineral resources, which are the results derived from the new shipping routes. Concerning this discovery of new shipping lanes, it is strongly suggested that international military cooperative systems be launched with the support of the UN. In addition, free navigation has to be assured to every rightful country as it is strictly stated in the UNCLOS. Some countries, unsurprisingly, try to obtain exclusive possession of shipping routes and this cannot be overlooked. Every country related to the Arctic, regardless of distance, should legislate domestic laws on Arctic activities taking the peace of humanity into account. In addition, maritime observation systems capable of transmitting real-time maritime conditions, should be developed for those navigating in the region. The government of Republic of Korea recommended to take the following action regarding Arctic issues. Firstly, government-led Scientific research and international cooperation activities should be enhanced. The government has recently re-established the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries and shown their intention to focus on the Arctic. The hot potato, however, is that their current level of scientific research and frequency of participation in international Arctic activities still remains low. There exist countless threats throughout the Arctic region and it is imperative that Korean naval power be strengthened in case of salvage and other rescue operations. Methods may include building icebreakers and the foundation of a military base in the Arctic. Establishing a consultative body for maritime policies would also help Korea play a role as an observer. Apart from the governmental dimension, supporting nongovernmental organisations should also be considered as this would assist in constructing a national information exchange infrastructure. Furthermore, Korean officials promulgated a plan for processing integrated Arctic policies in 2013. For example, Korea is ambitious for transforming Busan into a 'hub' for shipping in North-east Asia. Details of this project include collaborating with Russia. In terms of the Arctic Council, coastal states expect observer states to participate positively in their activities with financial resources and the sharing of scientific knowledge. The Republic of Korea should set a business model for the Arctic so as to precede competing countries. The Korean peninsula is directly affected by the Siberian air mass and, therefore, the precise prediction of climate changes in the Arctic is necessary. Lastly, the development of human resources is one of the most urgent tasks as Korea's contribution to Arctic activities will mainly relate to exporting its competitive manpower resources. As discussed above, The Republic of Korea managed to obtain observer status in the Arctic Council in 2013 and experts argue that succeeding in the following policies would help Korea make its position secure. In the first place, observer countries including Korea should scrutinize progress when working groups of the Arctic Council aim to achieve common interests of humanity. If so, observer countries should actively participate in the activities of the groups so that Arctic can be protected both environmentally and economically. To give an example of such activities, observer countries can become involved when members of the Arctic Council make deliberations on new treaties or agreements affecting the Arctic. Secondly, Korea should seek SLOC security as well as raise the quality of the Korean Navy's sea rescue capability, which may be achieved if there is collaboration with other states. The next policy is the improvement of governance between states and understanding of the characteristics of the Arctic region. As the Ocean does not belong specifically to certain people or organizations, thus, it is necessary for us all to work together to protect it. Denuclearization in the area could be the first thing to process. The last policy is to make the full use of the extension of mutual exchange between EU countries and North Asian countries. Although North Korea's policy of seclusion prevents Northern Asia from achieving faster growth, this connection between two different continents is expected to raise Korea's economic potential. Discussed from this point onward is the last topic: collaboration with other countries related to the Arctic either directly or indirectly. To start with countries whose concern towards the Arctic is more intense than other countries, due to their geographical attributes, Russia is regarded to be the top-rated country for investment from the position of Korea since the two countries are adjacent to each other, and President Putin of Russia is now pushing forward a business in energy development throughout Eastern Siberia and the Far East. For instance, Russia currently concentrates on development of oceanic resources; crude oil, natural gas, mineral resources, fishery resources and so on, and they have also entered into a business in construction and management of new shipping routes. Probable areas where Russia and Korea can process a joint investment may include a newly-launched system of transporting crude oil from West Siberia using the ESPO oil pipeline, which a long-term project of cooperative resource exploitation in Eastern Siberia and the Far East. The same can apply to a port construction business, a mapping project for sea beds in the Barents Sea, Loften and Vesteralen areas, the establishment of Kirkenes airport and port, cooperation in research into an integrated surveillance system for Arctic navigation, expansion of infrastructure and conclusion of MOU with eminent universities. Canada is known to be a country whose political interest in the Arctic is very high and is a place with rich mineral resources. They have recently started the Mackinzie Gas Project whose objective is to construct a 1,200km length natural gas pipeline. If successfully processed, 1.2 billion cubic feet of gas will be distributed through the pipeline and the official start of sales is expected to be in 2018 when every legal and financial problem has been solved. Cooperation between Korea and Canada is necessary for the following policies. Firstly, it is expected that Korea will be able to help Russia build VTS and communications management information systems in the Arctic, which are to be prepared for the new shipping routes. Additionally, the necessity for collaboration in port and resource development industries, development of high-tech vessels fit for polar expeditions, environmental protection and supporting indigenous people cannot be overlooked. Alaska is renowned for rich resources buried in it; 10% of world coal reserves and a vast range of mineral and fishery resources from the Siberian Ocean take up to half of the total American fishery resources. Korea should refer to American's advanced knowledge of the Arctic and the reliability of their naval power, for example, in participation in the Arctic training program conducted from 2011 which would enhance the capability of the Korean Navy. Norway, located adjacent to the Arctic, implemented the High North policy since 2006 and contributed to Arctic management to a large extent. Korea would benefit from consultation with the Norwegian Barents 202 Education Program, which comprises Arctic knowledge of vast scope. In addition to Norway, Greenland, due to its geographical nature, is believed to hold 48 billion barrels of petroleum and natural gas with a number of other natural resources. Greenland is said to have competitive knowledge in digital mapping and geographic intelligence. Possible collaborative strategy between Korea and Greenland would establish an Arctic information intelligence centre, which would enhance Korea's understanding of Arctic and Greenland's business capability. In contrast to the countries discussed so far, illustrated below are non-Arctic countries (in terms of geography). To begin with China, seems to have a similar position to that of Korea, but is ready for the upcoming new shipping routes and their results, such as resource exploitation. Both countries may work together regarding these opportunities, while they will also be in competition. Japan, Korea's neighbouring country, is alleged to be the most prepared country for an imminent golden age of the Arctic. Their North Ocean program; ANSROP-2 and geographical information system; JANSROP-GIS are the most competitive ones compared to other countries' and the Ministries of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan established JAMSTEC; Japan Agency Marine-Earth Science and Technology to supervise and analyse the Arctic Ocean in real time. Korean research organizations should strengthen relationships with such Japanese scientific organizations in order not to be left behind. Non-Arctic EU countries include the United Kingdom, Spain, Germany, Netherlands, France, Poland, Italy, Belgium and others. Their common interest in these matters are concerned with the Arctic environment and energy preservation policies. Being a member country of 유엔해양법협약, they count themselves responsible for conformation to oceanic laws, international airspace and environmental changes. Therefore, it is not too much to say that there is room for Korea and those countries to cooperate in a number of areas such as guarantee of the right to fish in international oceans, the conservation of biological resources, the safety of navigation in international shipping routes, and the legislation of international law for Arctic activities, and other matters arising from the new discoveries.

한국미학의 미적 범주 연구

박지은 한국해양대학교 대학원 2018 국내박사

Since Korean aesthetics was formed, the aesthetic categories of the discipline has been being discussed. Firstly created by Yanagi Muneyoshi and Koh Yu-seop, the theory of Korean aesthetic categories was gradually expanded to different arguments that were subjective and independent. Recently, there have been increased demands for integrating those arguments. However, there’s still little or no research to meet the demands. The purpose of this study was to suggest the categories of Korean aesthetics in more probable and systematic ways by comprehensively researching them and comparing between Western and East Asian aesthetics. So far, the categories of Korean aesthetics have been researched in a variety of disciplines including art, bibliography, religious science and cultural studies. However, such prior research have limitations in that they are inconsistent depending on their author or they deal with only some particular categories. Of course, no prior research on correlations between aesthetic categories of the East and the West is found. This study wasdesigned to investigate aesthetic categories of three East Asian countries, especially focusing on Korean aesthetics, and then compare them with those of the West. For this, the study borrowed Dessoir’s circular categorical system based on which this research could analyze categories of which aesthetics of each East Asian nation consists. The analysis found that Chinese aesthetics has yet to be categorically systematic, reflecting Chinese scholastic trends of orienting being non-systematic. Chinese aesthetic categories greatly vary depending on period and scholar. In contrast, Japanese aesthetics has its categories systematized under the early introduction of Western disciplines. Aesthetic categories have no boundaries to make them clearly separate from one another. They are, rather, correlated or interactively influential. Mutual development under confrontation is a relationship found between the categories of Korean aesthetics like Han(恨), Heung(興), Sinmyung(神命) and Meot(멋). Such relationship may be the case for the categories of Chinese aesthetics like vigorousness, daam, jaryeon, jangmi, biheung and goa and those of Japanese aesthetics like yooukeng, aware, okashi, sabi and wabi. These aesthetic categories of the three East Asian nations all orient harmony under diversity. However, the extent of the orientation is different among the three countries. From the view of Dessoir’s circular categorical system, Chinese aesthetic categories have lack of tragic or comic beauty, but put more emphasis on harmony with the universe that dwells in life. They don’t separate between man and nature, but admire the sublimity of nature, pursuing a moderate beauty of elegance. From the perspective of Dessoir’s framework like above, Japanese aesthetic categories put much more importance on elegant or tragic beauty. This is true to all of the Japanese categories like yooukeng, aware, wabi and sabi, except okashi that focuses on comic beauty. Considered from the view of Dessoir’s circular categorial system, aesthetic categories of the three East Asian countries have elegant beauty in common. The categories of Korean aesthetics cover from elegant beauty, which is based on naturalism, to comic beauty. They pursue balance and harmony under coexistence of the extreme opposites. In Korean aesthetics, it’s not that negative categories unilaterally lead positive ones and vice versa, but that the opposite categories interact in balance between synchronization and non-synchronization. All things exist and move together, according to Korean aesthetics. Both outer coexistence centering around taste and inner combination or harmony are found in the categories of Korean aesthetics, where if one category becomes extremely negative, it gives way to another category that is positive and vice versa. Korean aesthetics is so unique that it allows opposite aesthetic emotions to get along and mix with each other in discussing Korean beauty. That such opposite emotions mix together into new aesthetic categories represents how dynamic Korean aesthetic categories are. Taste is, from an aesthetic view, life of the universe itself that is not artificial but natural. It can exist only when having natural balance of itself. In Korea, taste has been highly recognized as an aesthetic category into which possible sub-categories like truth, good and beauty are integrated. It deserves to keep remaining as a key characteristic of Korean culture. Today, conflict and harmony are important issues in relationships between humans as well as between man and nature. Amid a rapid Westernization of our society, we haven’t had time to properly learn the principles of Yi and Yang with the spirit of balance and harmony. In association with this,Korean aesthetics has so far failed to make its confronting categories balanced and harmonized with one another. Now it’s time to try converting the categories of Korean aesthetics into those closer to daily life by applying taste as the very core of the aesthetic categories in practical ways. From the perspective of aesthetics, taste is like sort of simplicity that results not from the instant explosion of pain and distress we human beings have inside, but from the final discharge of power that we have long accumulated and finely nurtured. Taste seeks to harmonize itself with each aesthetic category. Aesthetically, taste keep reminding us of the facts that every environment around us is natural vitality itself and that the vitality is with us as it is always available in our life. 한국미학의 형성 이후 미적 범주에 대한 논의가 지속되었다. 야나기 무네요시(柳宗悅)와 고유섭으로부터 시작한 범주론은 주관적이고 개별적인 형태로 이어지다 최근에 이르러 이를 종합해야 한다는 요구가 커졌다. 그럼에도 이러한 요구를 충족할 연구는 부족한 것이 사실이다. 본 연구는 한국미학의 미적 범주에 대한 종합적인 연구를 수행하고 서양과 동아시아 미학의 상호 비교를 통해 가능한 미적 범주의 체계를 도출하는 데 목적이 있다. 한국미학의 미적 범주 연구는 그 동안 예술장르뿐만 아니라 문헌학, 종교학, 문화연구 등의 다양한 측면에서 진행되어 왔다. 그럼에도 논자에 따라 체계 없이 기술되거나 개별 범주에 집중하여 한계를 보였다. 더불어 서구와 동아시아의 미적 범주들이 가지는 상관관계를 논의한 연구는 찾기 어렵다. 본 연구는 한국미학의 미적 범주를 중심에 두면서 동아시아 삼국의 미적 범주를 연관시키고 서양의 체계와 비교를 시도하였다. 이를 위해 데스와르의 원환적 체계를 원용하였는데 이는 동아시아 미적 범주의 분포를 살펴볼 수 있는 계기를 부여하였다. 그런데 중국의 미적 범주는 아직 체계를 형성하고 있지 못하다. 비체계의 체계를 지향하는 중국의 학적 경향을 반영하는가 하면 시대와 학자에 따라 광범위하게 나열되고 있기 때문이다. 이에 비하여 일본은 서양 학문의 수용으로 미적 범주가 일정한 체계를 형성하고 있다. 미적 범주들은 분명한 경계를 지니면서 분리되지 않는다. 오히려 상호 연관되거나 영향을 주고받는 운동성을 지닌다. 한국의 미적 범주인 한, 흥, 신명, 멋은 상반상성의 관계 속에서 길항한다. 이는 기운생동, 담(淡), 자련, 장미, 비흥, 고아 등의 중국 미적 범주와 유우겡, 아와레, 오카시, 사비, 와비 등의 일본 미적 범주와 겹쳐 읽을 수 있다. 동아시아 삼국은 모두 화해(和諧)를 지향하면서 그 지향과 운동에서 차이를 드러낸다. 이를 데스와르의 원환적 체계 위에서 고찰하면 중국의 미적 범주는 비장미와 골계미가 약화된 경향을 보이면서 생명 내부에 깃든 우주와의 화해를 강조한다. 인간과 자연을 나누지 않고 자연의 숭고함을 경배하는 가운데 절제된 우아미를 추구한다고 볼 수 있다. 일본의 미적 범주는 데스와르의 도식에 따를 때 우아미와 비장미 쪽으로 치우쳐 있다. 골계미에 속하는 오카시를 제외하고 유우겡, 아와레,와비, 사비는 비슷한 분포를 가진다. 데스와르의 원환 체계에 준하여 살펴보았을 때 동아시아 세 나라의 공통 범주는 우아미에 해당하며, 한국은 자연주의를 기본으로 이러한 우아에서 골계에 이르는 영역의 진폭을 보인다. 한국 미학의 미적 범주 체계는 극과 극의 상생하는 움직임 속에서 균형과 조화의 화해를 추구한다. 하나의 음의 범주와 하나의 양의 범주는 어느 한쪽이 일방적으로 주도하는 불균형적인 것이 아닌 비동시적인 동시성을 가진다. 일체의 사물은 모두 같이 공존하거나 운동성을 가진다. 한국의 미적 범주는 멋을 중심으로 바깥으로 상생하고 안쪽으로 상반되는 범주들이 교합하면서 조화를 이룬다. 한국의 미적 범주는 하나의 범주가 음이 극에 달하면 양을 위해 물러가고 양이 극에 치달으면 음이 물러가는 것으로 움직인다. 한국미를 논할 때 서로 반대가 되는 정서가 어울려서 뒤섞일 수 있는 미적 감정은 아주 특별하다. 반대편의 감정들이 한곳에 뒤섞여서 새로운 미적 범주를 만들어낸다는 것은 한국의 미적 범주가 역동적인 운동성을 가지고 있다는 의미이다. 멋은 인공적이지 않은 자연스러운 우주 생명의 자체로서 나타나며, 그 자체로 자연스러운 균형을 이룰 때 비로소 멋이 존재하게 된다. 한국의 멋은 진·선·미를 아우르는 한국의 미적 범주로서 가치를 지녀왔으며 앞으로도 한국문화의 특징이 되어야 함이 분명하다. 오늘날 사람과 사람, 인간과 자연의 관계 속에서 갈등과 화합이 중요시 되고 있다. 그 동안 사회는 급속도로 서구화되어 가는 가운데 균형과 조화의 마음으로 음양의 이치를 제대로 익힐 시간을 갖지 못했다. 미적 범주의 차원에서 한국 사회는 각각의 범주들이 조화를 이루면서 화합하는, 서로 반대되는 범주들 간의 적절한 균형을 잃었다. 한국 미학의 미적 범주의 중심에 있는 멋을 실용주의 미학으로 전환하여 일상미학의 토대로 만들어가야 할 시점이다. 우리 안에 있는 고단함과 힘듦을 즉시 폭발해 내는 것이 아니라, 쌓은 것을 갈고 닦아서 마지막 순간에 그 힘을 응축시켜서 터져 나오는 담담함이 멋이다. 이는 또한 각각의 미적 범주들과의 어울림을 지향한다. 멋은 우리 주변의 모든 환경들이 자연의 생명력 그 자체이며, 우리의 삶 속에 꿈틀거리는 자연의 생명력이 우리와 함께 존재한다는 의미를 지속적으로 발산한다.

한국과 우즈베키스탄의 은행의 효율성 비교 분석: DEA와 SFA 방식을 적용한 다투입-다산출모형을 중심으로

Asamov Ravshan 한국해양대학교 대학원 2018 국내박사

이 논문에서 우즈베키스탄과 한국 은행의 효율성을 측정하기 위해 데이터 포락 분석 (Data Envelopment Analysis, DEA), 확률적 프론티어 분석 (Stochastic Frontier Analysis, SFA) 을 사용했다. 분석 기간은 2010 년부터 2014 년까지 5 년간이며,이 연구는 14 개의 한국 및 우즈베키스탄 은행을 분석했다. 분석을위한 투입물은 종업원수, 총자산 및 자본이었으며, 산출물은 총대출, 총이익이었다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같이 요약되었다. 첫째, 한국과 우즈베키스탄 은행의 효율성 비교 분석 결과. 기술 효율성 측면에서 한국 은행은 분석 기간 동안 불변규모수익(Constant Returns to Scale) 과 규모의 증대 (Increase Return to Scale) 추세를 보였으, 우즈베키스탄 은행의 기술 효율성은 규모의 축소(Decrease Return to Scale) 추세를 보였다. 규모 효율성 측면에서 볼 때 한국 은행은 CRS가 대폭 증가한 반면 우즈베키스탄 은행의 효율성은 2010 년에서 2013 년까지 2014 년에 감소했다. 둘째, 한국과 우즈베키스탄의 은행 간 규모의 경제를 비교 분석 한 결과. 우즈베키스탄의 많은 은행들이 규모의 축소 (DRS)를 경험하는 동안 한국 은행은 규모의 증대 (IRS)를 경험했다. 셋째, SFA 분석을 이용한 한국과 우즈베키스탄의 은행 효율성은 한국 은행의 효율성이 2010 년에서 2012 년까지 증가하였고 2013 년부터 2014 년까지 지속적으로 나타났다. 2010 년부터 2014 년까지 우즈베키스탄 은행의 효율성은 일반적으로 감소하였다. 넷째, DEA와 SFA의 효율성을 비교한 결과. DEA에서 계산 한 CCR 값과 SFA의 효율성 간에는 통계적으로 유의미한 차이가 없기 때문에 비슷한 추세가 있음을 알 수있다. 다섯째, 2010 년과 2014 년 사이에 생산성 지수를 사용하여 한국과 우즈베키스탄 은행의 효율성 변화를 조사하였다. 한국의 은행 효율성 제고 측면에서 생산성 지표는 2010-2011 기간과 2013 년 사이에 1을 초과하였다. 2014년 효율성이 전년도보다 증가했다. 그러나 2010-2012년 생산성 지수는 1 미만이었고 효율성은 전년도에 비해 감소하였다. 우즈베키스탄 은행의 경우 생산성 지수는 2011-2011년에서 2013-2014년까지 1을 초과했으며 효율성은 전년 대비 증가했다. 여섯째, 포트폴리오는 기술 분석 및 생산성 지수를 비교하는 데 사용되었다. 대부분의 한국 은행은 높은 성장 잠재력을 지니고 있었다. 우즈베키스탄의 Aloqa Bank, People 's Bank, Hamkor Bank 는 높은 경쟁력과 높은 성장 잠재력을 가진 은행으로 가장 발전 가능성이 높다. 한국에서 경쟁력이 낮고 성장 잠재력이 낮은 은행은 신한 은행과 우리 은행이었다. 이 연구에서는 다음과 같은 한계점이 있다: 첫째, 효율성 분석을 위한 DEA와 SFA는 상대효율을 분석하기 때문에 은행의 절대 효율을 측정 할 수 없다. 따라서 효율성과 그 변화는 입력 및 산출 변수에 따라 달라질 수 있다. 은행의 효율성 변화는 더 많은 변수가 추가되고 더 정확하게 측정되어야 하지만, DEA와 SFA에는 변수의 수뿐만 아니라 결정 단위의 수를 고려해야한다는 한계가있다. In this paper we used Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), The Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) to measure the efficiency of the Uzbekistan and South Korean banks. The analysis period was from 2010 to 2014 for five years and the study analyzed 14 South Korean and Uzbekistan banks. The inputs for the analysis were the number of employees, total assets and equity and the outputs were total loan, operating revenue and total profit. The results of the research are summarized as follows: First, the results are from the comparative analysis of efficiency of South Korean and Uzbekistan banks. In terms of technical efficiency, the banks of South Korea showed CRS and IRS trends within the analysis period, but technical efficiency for the Uzbekistan banks showed DRS trends. In terms of scale efficiency, the banks of South Korea increased and showed mostly CRS, whilst scale efficiency of the Uzbekistan banks decreased from 2010 to 2013 bur rose in 2014. Second, the results are from the comparative analysis of economies of scale between the banks in South Korea and Uzbekistan. South Korean banks experienced increasing return to scale (IRS) while many banks in Uzbekistan experienced decreasing return to scale (DRS). Third, the efficiency of the banks in South Korea and Uzbekistan by using the SFA analysis shows that the efficiency in the South Korean banks increased from 2010 to 2012 and showed constant from 2013 to 2014. The efficiency in the Uzbekistan banks from 2010 to 2014 generally decreased. Fourth, the efficiency of DEA and SFA are compared. Since there is no statistically significant difference between the CCR value calculated by DEA and the efficiency of SFA, it shows that there is a similar trend. Fifth, we examined the changes in efficiency of South Korea and Uzbekistan banks by using productivity index between 2010 and 2014. In terms of the changes in efficiency of the banks in South Korea, the productivity index value exceeded 1 between 2010-2011 periods and 2013-2014 periods, indicating that the efficiency increased from the previous year. However, the productivity index was less than 1 during 2010-2012 period and the efficiency decreased from the previous year. In the case of Uzbekistan banks, the productivity index exceeded 1 from 2011-2011 periods to 2013-2014 periods and the efficiency increased from the previous year. Six, the portfolio was used to compare the technical analysis and productivity index. Most South Korean banks were high growth potential. And for Uzbekistan banks, Aloqa Bank, People’s Bank, Hamkor Bank was the most likely banks with high competitiveness and high growth potential. There were no banks with high competitiveness and low growth potential. The banks with low competitiveness and low growth potential were Shinhan Bank and Woori Bank. In this research we suggest the following limitations. First, DEA and SFA for efficiency analysis only analysis relative efficiency, so banks’ absolute efficiency cannot be measured. Therefore, the efficiency and its changes can vary depending on input and output variables. The efficiency changes of banks can be measured more accurately when more variables and added. However, for DEA and SFA have limitations that not only the number of variables but also the number of decision units should be taken into consideration. Therefore, both input and output variables need to be carefully considered in order to measure the efficiency and the efficiency changes for conducting a comparative analysis, such as the number of banks, the global financial environment variable during the analysis period, and economic policy of both countries.