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해방전 이북지역 개신교 주요인물 및 종교지형 연구: 주요인물의 상호관련성 및 ‘기독교 민족주의’ 사상 공유를 중점으로
정교진 ( Kyo Jin Jung ),임호정 ( Ho Jung Lim ) 기독교학문연구회 2022 신앙과 학문 Vol.27 No.1
개화 계몽기 이후 이북지역에서 성리학에 반하는 진보의 매개가 된 것은 다름 아닌 개신교였다. 본 연구가 구체적으로 다룬 이북지역의 주요세력의 지도자들인 안창호, 조만식, 한경직, 김교신, 김재준은 한국개신교 민족주의자들로 지칭할 수 있을 것이다. 어떤 측면에서는 ‘기독교 민족주의’가 이들 개신교 지도자들의 공통분모라 할 수 있다. 이 사상은 성리학을 기반으로 하는 ‘배타적 민족주의’의 대항마 성격이 강하다. 물론, 안창호와 같은 초기 민족주의자들은 성리학의 영향 아래 있었다. 하지만 이들이 기독교를 접하면서, 기독교 신앙에 민족주의를 접목시키며 ‘기독교 민족주의’를 주창하게 된 것이다. 보수주의 신학의 영향 아래 있던 초기 기독교 민족주의자들이 구축한 ‘기독교 민족주의’는 자유주의 신학을 추구했던 개신교 지도자들에게도 일정부분 영향을 미쳤다는 사실이다. 그것은 민족의 주체성 확립 및 실력배양 운동으로 나타났다. 하지만, 그들이 서 있던 종교지형은 분명하게 달랐고, 이 영향으로 오늘날 한국개신교 안에는 보수주의와 자유주의가 여전히 대척점을 이루고 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 양쪽 초기 개신교 지도자들은 ‘기독교 민족주의’ 정신으로, 더 큰 범주로는 ‘민족주의’ 사상을 바탕으로 인격수양 및 실력양성을 통한 개인개조 및 사회개조, 더 나아가 민족개조, 국가개조를 동일하게 꿈꾸었던 인물들이었다는 점이다. 오늘을 사는 우리에게 던져주는 시사점은 무엇인가. 오늘날 한국교회가 성도들에게 인격함양의 개인개조를 통한 사회개조 및 국가개조(남북통일)에 대한 사명감을 심어주고 있는가. 민족교육을 통한 민족정신이 발현되고 이것이 ‘기독교 민족주의’로 승화될 때 한국교회는 진정으로 한반도 통일에 주역이 될 수 있을 것이다. It was none other than Protestantism that became the medium of progress against Neo-Confucianism in the northern region after the enlightenment period. The leaders of the major forces in the northern region specifically addressed in this study, such as Ahn Chang-ho, Cho Man-sik, Han Kyung-Chik, Kim Kyo-shin, and Kim Chai-joon, can be referred to as Korean Protestant nationalists. In some respects, “Christian nationalism” can be said to be the common denominator of these Protestant leaders. This ideology has a strong antagonistic character to 'exclusive nationalism' based on Neo-Confucianism. Of course, early nationalists like Ahn Chang-ho were under the inf luence of Neo- Confucianism. However, as they came into contact with Christianity, they grafted nationalism into the Christian faith and advocated “Christian nationalism.” It is a fact that the “Christian nationalism” established by early Christian nationalists under the influence of conservative theology also had some influence on the Protestant leaders who pursued liberal theology. It appeared as a movement to establish a national identity and capacity-building movement. However, the religious landscape in which they stood was clearly different, and due to this influence, conservatism and liberalism are still on the opposite side until today in Korean Protestantism. Nevertheless, both early Protestant leaders dreamed the same dream which is self-reconstruction and society-reconstruction, further national-reconstruction, and nation-reconstruction through Personality discipline and capacity-building based on the spirit of 'Christian nationalism' and in a larger category 'nationalism'.
Anomalous Beam Splitting Phenomena Based On Negative Refraction in Photonic Crystals
Chung, Kyo-Bang,Kim, Ahyoung Research Institute of Science and Technology HONGI 2005 Hongik Journal of Science and Technology Vol.9 No.-
We report an anomalous Y-branching phenomenon for normal incidence of light, in a 2D photonic crystal composed of dielectric rods arranged on a square lattice in air. From the calculation of the band structure and the corresponding equi-frequency contour, we examine the origin of this anomalous beam splitting. By performing the finite-difference time-domain simulation, we present the time evolution of the electromagnetic wave for the Y-branching phenomenon.
Supercritical Nano-Plating 시스템에서 전기도금된 니켈 막의 표면특성에 관한 연구
홍교민,김문선,정재관 한국공업화학회 2003 응용화학 Vol.7 No.2
In this study, experiments of a nickel electroplating were performed in a supercritical nano-plating(SCNP) system using CO₂as a supercritical fluid. Surface properties of nickel film electroplated by the electrolyte solution with 0.2 vol% surfactant and volume ratio of CO₂and electrolyte as 1:9 was the best in the plating properties, where surface roughness(Ra) of nickel film plated for 30 min by SCNP was 0.021 ㎛. The property of plated film with this new method was better than that by a conventional method.
최교원,박건실 東新大學校 1997 論文集 Vol.9 No.-
Main concerns of this study are to compare Behavioral Corporate Culture with Conscious Corporate Culture through Corporate Culture Gap Analysis and to analyze organizational performance. Therefore, this study focuses on the establishment course of Ideal Corporate Culture. The major reference on which this study is based on is Park's(1994) Strategic Corporate Culture Model, which proved that the main instrument of Corporate Culture Gall Analysis is useful. 455 questionnaire papers were adopted to 6 manufacture business and 7 financial business in Kwangju and Chonnam Area. Major hypotheses to be tested in this study are based on the Park's(1994) Strategic Corporate Culture Model. Statistical Analysis System was used for data analyses. To verify hypotheses, various statistical method (t-test, regression analysis and correlation analysis) were used. The results of this study are as follows. First, In the emperical study, I verified Behavioral Corporate Culture and Conscious Corporate Culture differential according to type of enterprise. Second, a smallor Gap Group of Behavioral Corporate Culture and Conscious Corporate Culture showed a better organizational performance. Third, organizational factor and environmental factor have a great influence on the Organizational Performance. Finally, this study focuses on suggesting a desirable change direction of corporate culture through the cultural gap analysis of Behavioral Corporate Culture and Conscious Corporate Culture
池敎憲 淸州敎育大學校 1972 論文集 Vol.8 No.-
According to ancient historical records there was a time when Korean women had a superior social position in relation to men. But in the age of following the end of Koryeodynasty when Juja-hak(朱子學) came to Korea from China Korean women suffered under the new role of a distorted Confucian morality; what are called the Seven Divorce Reasons(七去之惡), the Three Following Rules(三從之義) and the Husband's Autocracy(夫爲婦綱). This new morality brought about the philosophy of the Predominance of Man over Women(男尊女卑) and it formed a more rigid feminine moral pattern in the Yi-dynasty. As a matter of fact Korean women received serious sexual discrimination and were deprived of human considerations such as subjectivity, personal freedom and responsibility. It was much more serious in the large family systems. Korean women were not able to get the opportunity to attend public classes or schools of any kinds. Even those who belonged to high society (what is called Yang-ban) learned the women's Four Readers(女子四書讀本), Samkanghaengsildo-Eonhae(三綱行實圖諺解) Hyokyeong-Eonhae(孝經諺解), Yeolnyeojeon(烈女傳) at home from their parents and from other families privately and informally. Traditional Confucian Morality forced the Korean women to keep certain commandments For example going out and talking with men were not permitted. Obedience for parents-in-law was required as was intimacy with brothers-and-sisters-in law, and working hard in the home. A women was not allowed to remarry if she was widowed and no jealousy allowed in the case of poligamy. Despite these kinds of traditional feminine morality Korean women have improved their social position in the 20th century. Especially since 1960 when they received equal status with men from the Constitution and Civil Law. This has been a great improvement in Korean feminine morality. Now we have to do away with the remaining vestiges of swayed traditional Confucian morality which as an underlying philosophy of modern society continues to disturb social mondernization in Korea.
진공포장한 한우와 홀스타인 도체 B₂및 D등급 냉장육의 품질특성
이교연,문윤희 慶星大學校 1998 論文集 Vol.19 No.2
This study was conducted to investigate the quality characteristics of vacuum-packaged and chilled beef. Four kinds of beef prepared from carcass grade B2, D of Korean native cow and Holstein. The physicochemical characteristics and palatability of beef loins were compared on the 30th day chilled with vacuum-package. The pH of Korean native beef B2, D grade on the 30th day chilled with vacuum-package were 5.74 and 5.92, Hostein beef B2, D grade were 5.71 and 5.83 by Korean native beef. D grade was highest. the lactic acid contents of Korean native beef B2, D grade were 295.30 and 290.63, Holstein beef B2, D grade were 307.33 and 369.02㎎/100g by Holstein beef D grade was highest. The hardness of Korean native beef B2, D grade on the 30th day chilled with vacuum-package were 109.12 and 165.42, Holstein beef B2, D grade were 105.27 and 167.15㎏/㎠ by Holstein beef B2 grade was lowest, and chewiness of Korean native beef B2, D grade on the 30th day chilled with vacuum-package were 187.11 and 213.62, Holstein beef B2, D grade were 111.38 and 207.62g by Holstein beef B2 grade was lowest, and myofibilar fragmentation index(MFI) were 68.27 and 65.27, Holstein beef B2, D grade were 77.47 and 69.40 by Hosstein beef B2 grade was highest. The inosine(Hx) of Korean native beef B2 D grade on the 30th day chilled with vacuum-package were 58.37% and 55.47%, Holstein beef B2, D grade 54.75% and 52.26% by Korean native beef B2 grade was highest, and those were increased compared on the 2nd day after slaughtering. the monounsaturated fatty acid(MUFA)/saturated fatty acid(SFA) ratios of Korean native beef were 1.48 and 1.32, Holstein beef 1.44 and 1.41 by Korean native beef B2 grade was highest, and B2 carcass grade were higher than D carcass grade. The cooking loss and cooking shortening ratios of Korean native beef B2, D grade on the 30th day chilled with vacuum-package were 15.41%, 14.70% and 19.51%, 26.61%, Holstein beef B2, D grade were 15.63%, 15.27% and 18.59%, 33.20% by Korean native beef B2 grade was lowest. The texture and palatability of cooked meat of on the 30th day chilled with vacuum-package were good in order Korean native beef B2 grade, Holstein beef B2 grade, Korean native beef D grade, and Hostein beef D grade.
傷病別로 본 一部 無醫地域 住民들의 醫僚利用에 關한 調査
安僑燦 충남대학교 대학원 1977 論文集 Vol.9 No.-
Because of a desire to know the illness and choice medical care of Doctorless Rural Residents, in Chungnam province, we conducted a survey among doctorless Sae Ma Eul villages near main street, for the 1 month period from 1976 June 15th to July 15th. Information was gathered from 2,271 persons, from this group, 197 persons, had experience of recieving medical treatment; and these are the conclutions drawn therefrom. 1. Record of Disease For. 1 month, from 1976 June 15th to July 15th, followings are the incidence of disease Disease of the digestive system : 29.4% Disease of the respiratory system : 17.8% Disease of the bones and organs of movement : 12.2% Allergic, endocrine system, metabolic and nutritional disease : 10.2% Others : below 5% 1) Result of Age Difference The highest incidence was 40-49 age group, followed by 0-9 age group. In 0-29 age group, "Disease of the respiratory system" was highest rate, but in other age groups, the highest rate was "Disease of the digestive system", Especially, in 0-9 age group, that of digestive system was very high. 2) Result of Sex Difference The incidence rate of male was higher than that of female. "Disease of the digestive system" was highest rate in both sex. "Accidents, poisoning and violence" was higher in male. 3) Result of Householder's Educational Influences Among diseased persons, about 90% were educated below primary school. "Mental psychoneurotic and personality disorders" was higher among educated above high school level. But "Disease of the digestive system" and "Disease of the respiratory system" were very high in groups of educated below middle school level. 4) Result of Householder's Occupational Influences "Disease of digestive system" was higher in agriculture and forestry, but among sales and service workers, "Disease of respiratory system" was high. 5) Result of Monthly Income of each Household There was no difference in the high income brachet and low income brachet. 2. Record Concerning Usage of Medical Facility l) Result of Treatment Total recovery : 41.6% Discontinued treatment : 27.9% Continuing treatment : 27.9% Among "Infections and parasitic disease" and "Accident, poisoning and violence", the rate of total recovery was high, but "Disease of respiratory system" and "Deliveries and complication of pregnancy, childbirth and puerperium", the rate of discontinued treatment was high. 2) Type of Medical Facilities 1st choice medical facility for seeking treatment, the residents utilized drug stores, private clinics, oriental medical facility, in that order. Among "Disease of the circulatory system" and "Deliveries and complication of pregnancy, childbirth and puerperium", the utility rate of private clinics was high, but "Mental psychoneurotic and personality disorders" that of oriental medical facility was high. 42.1% of persons who visited 1st choice medical facility, change to the 2nd choice medical facility. 2nd choice medical facility for seeking treatment, the residents utilized private clinics, drug stores, oriental medical facility, in that order. "Allergic, endocrine system, metabolic and nutritional disorders" and "Disease of the bones and organs of movement" : higher utility rate at private clinic "Disease of the genito-urinary system" and "Disease of the circulatory system" : higher utility rate at drug stores After visiting 3rd and 4th choice medical facility, the numbers of resident was so few that any special fact was difficult to find. 3) Location of Medical Facility The location of 1st choice medical facility was followed, Within residing Kun : 51.8% Within residing Myon : 17.8% Neighboring Kun : 13.2% The location of 2nd choice medical facility revealed similar to that of 1st choice medical facility, but the utility rate of large city, such as Daejon, Seoul, was increased. 4) Reasons for Selection of Medical Facility A) Selection of 1st choice Medical Facility The reasons for selection of 1st choice medical facility were "Distance", "Trust for medical skill", "Economic problem", in that order. Among "Accidents, poisoning and violences", trust factor was the reasons given largest number of persons, but among other diseases, "distance" was the main reasons. B) Reasons for Changing to the 2nd Choice Medical Facility Main reason was "No effective", "trust" factor, economic factor, in that order. Trust factor was main reason among "Allergic, endocrine system, metabolic and nutritional diseases", but among "Mental psychoneurotic and personality disorder", "Disease of the circulatory system", "Disease of the digestive system" "Disease of the bones and organs of movement", "Effective" factor was main reason. 5) Reasons for Discontinuation of Treatment "Economic" factor revealed 50.9%, discontinuation at their own discretion was 43.6%. Rate of discontinuation was higher in "Disease of the digestive stsyem", "Disease of the respirarory system", in that order. Among "Neoplasms", "Disease of the genitourinary system", there was no person to discontinuation of treatment. "Economic" factor was main reason for all disease classified.
金敎秀,金光駱 嶺南大學校 工業技術硏究所 1982 연구보고 Vol.10 No.1
Many studies have been reported on the preparation of metallic powders. The methods in common use for the preparation are the pulverization of lump metals, the granularization of fused metals, the electrodeposition of the powders by DC, the reduction of metal oxides at high temperature, the dissociation of metals at gas phase, etc. The modification of the electrolytic process, among these method, was attempted here by applying AC in combination with DC. The effect of AC was examined by varying the current density ratio DC/AC in a mixed solution of 0.1M CuSO₄and 1.5M H₂SO₄at 30℃. In the case of preparing copper powder, both the stripped ratio of copper powder from the cathode and the current efficiency for the powder were better and the particles were finer when the current was applied in combination. The particle size, the flow rate, and the apparent density demanded for copper powder can be controlled by varying the current density ratio.