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김재영 이화여자대학교 이화인문과학원 2009 탈경계 인문학 Vol.2 No.2
Gregory Bateson described the problem of prosthesis: Whether the cane for the eye-handicapped belongs to the body of that person? This question from posthuman studies concerns the interface between bodies and machines. I approach to the question from three viewpoints: (1) cybernetics and the problem of the observers, (2) Artificial Life (A-Life) and the boundary of life and non-life, and (3) Global Life (or On-saeng-myeong) and the so-called Seoul interpretation of quantum mechanics. The proponents of cybernetics in the 1940s regarded both animals and machines as self-regulating homeostatic systems. Thus cybernetics blurred the boundary of the living and the non-living systems. Bateson, Heinz von Foerster, and Humberto Maturana discussed the fundamental problem of the “observers.” They argued that the genuine cybernetic systems must include the observer as part of the systems. Thus the interaction and the interface between the living and the non-living systems is of great significance. The researchers on A-Life concern with producing the life-as-it-could-be beyond the life-as-we-know-it. Hence A-Life seems to be suitable for the further discussion of the interface between bodies and machines. But A-Life itself lacks the ontological distinction of life and non-life. However, the theory of Global Life (or On-saeng-myeong) discusses the true nature of what life is and articulates the concept of life from the general philosophical and/or physical viewpoint. Thus it gives the better starting point of the ontological demarcation between the living bodies and the non-living machines. In that sense, the question of prosthesis can be correctly explored in the theory of Global Life. Moreover, the Seoul interpretation of quantum mechanics argues that the measurement process is not only the physical interaction between the system and the apparatus, but the transaction of communicating the informations between the observer and the observed. Therefore the apparatus for the observation should be regarded as part of the observer. The problem of observers in cybernetics can be solved from the Seoul interpretation of quantum mechanics. This article corresponds to the first part of the long-term research project of making out the boundary or interface between the living bodies and the non-living machines. I argued that Global Life and the Seoul interpretation of quantum mechanics provide with the correct starting point for this problem of prosthesis.
Young Hun Kim,박형우,Zae Young Ryoo,이현식,김도형,이상규 대한독성 유전단백체 학회 2012 Molecular & cellular toxicology Vol.8 No.1
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes are widely used nanomaterials. Toxic effects of MWCNTs were revealed by various studies, thus prompting concerns about the effects of MWCNTs on human health and the environment. MWCNTs can be aerosolized in ambient air, and absorbed into the body through the respiratory tract. Inhaled MWCNTs can induce harmful effects on the respiratory tract and on the circulatory system. Important factors related to the toxicity of MWCNTs, such as the surface area of the nanotubes and the amount of catalytic metal included, have been revealed by various studies. These factors have an interdependent effect on MWCNT toxicity, which may differ according to the type of MWCNT. In this study, we compared the effects of purified and unpurified MWCNTs on A549, Jurkat, and THP-1 cell lines, and found that the unpurified and purified MWCNTs cause a reduction of cell viability as well as abnormal variations of cellular progression. In particular, in the case of 24 hr exposure samples, S-phase delayed pattern was appeared and the cyclin D1 was highly expressed.