독일의 개정 임대차법에 관한 연구 : 주택임대차에 관한 규정을 중심으로 Zum Wohnraummietrecht

윤기택,김종현 청주대학교 학술연구소 2004 淸大學術論集 Vol.4 No.-

Die deutsche Mietrechtsreform fu¨hrt durch die Zusammenfassung des bisher in verschiedenen Gesetzen geregelten mietrechtlichen Vorschriften im Bu¨rgerlichen Gesetzbuch (BGB) und ihre jetzt u¨bersichtliche Gliederung insbesondere im Bereich der Wohnraummiete zu einer erheblichen Vereinfachung fu¨r die Betroffenen. Daneben entha¨lt das im BGB zusammengefaβte Wohnraummietrecht aber auch wichtige inhaltliche A¨nderungen. Wa¨hrend der Mieterschutz an einigen Stellen ausgebaut wird, wird die Vertragsfreiheit gesta¨rkt. Das im deutschen BGB zusammengefaβte private Mietrecht finden sich jetzt in den §§ 535 ff. BGB. Eingeleitet werden sie durch allgemeine Vorschriften fu¨r Mietverha¨ltnisse, also Vorschriften, die unabha¨ngig von der Art der gemieteten Sache fu¨r alle Arten von Mietverha¨ltnissen gelten. Daran anschliβend gliedern sich die Vorschriften u¨ber Wohnraummiete, und schlieβlich u¨ber andere Sache (z.B. Gescha¨ftsraummiete). Das deutsche Wohnraummietrecht ist die Vorschriften u¨ber die Miete und Betriebskosten ausfu¨hrlich geregelt. Fu¨r frei finanzierte Wohnungen werden die Mieten bei Abschluβ des Mietvertrages und bei spa¨teren Mieterho¨hungen grundsa¨tzlich frei vereinbart. Falls Vermieter und Mieter Wohnungen sich aber nicht auf eine frei vereinbarte Mieterho¨hung einigen, kann der Vermieter eine gerechtfertigte Mieterho¨hung nach dem Vergleichsmietensystem durchsetzen. Betriebskosten bleiben insoweit auβer Betracht. Bei der Mieterho¨hung wegen gestiegener Vergleichsmiete darf er die Miete aber innerhalb von 3 Jahren nur maximal 20% erho¨hen. Hat der Mieter das Mieterho¨hungsverlangen erhalten, kann er das Mietverha¨ltnis schriftlich ku¨ndigen. Nach einer vorgesehenen Modernizierung dart der Vermieter die Miete auch erho¨hen. Der Mieter hat dabei ebenfalls ein spezielles Ku¨ndigungsrecht. Bei der Abrechnung der Betriebskosten bringt die Mietrechtsreform durch die neue Regelung mehr Klarheit. Nach dem deutschen Wohnraummietrecht endet ein Mietverha¨ltnis auf bestimmte Zeit mit Ablauf der vertraglich vereinbarten Mietzeit, und ein Mietverha¨ltnis auf unbestimmte Zeit durch eine wirksame Ku¨ndigung nach Abaluf der Ku¨ndigungsfrist. Hier gibt es verschiedene Ku¨nigungsarten. Das Gesetz unterscheidet zwischen ordentlicher und auβerordentlicher Ku¨ndigung (also die fristlose Ku¨ndigung). Bei der ordentlichen Ku¨ndigung kann der Vermieter nur dann ku¨ndigen, wenn er ein berechtigtes Interesse an der Beendigung des Mietverha¨ltnisses hat. Diese Ku¨ndigung des Vermieter muβ der Mieter nicht in jedem Fall hinnehmen. Vielmehr kann er unter bestimmten Umsta¨nde widersprechen und die Fortsetzung des Mietverha¨ltnisse verlangen. Auβerdem kann der Vermieter oder der Mieter das Mietverha¨ltnis fristlos ku¨ndigen, wenn sich ein Vertragspartner so schwerwiegende Vertragsverletzungen zuschulden kommen la¨sst, daβ dem underen Teil die Fortsetzung des Mietverha¨ltnisses nicht zugemutet werden kann. Zwischen deutschem und koreanischem Wohnraummietrecht bestehen die rechtsvergleichend bemerkenswerten Unterschiede im Hinblick auf das Mieterho¨hungsverlangen und das Eintrittsrechtbei Tod des Mieters. Wa¨hrend nach deutschem Wohnraummietrecht fu¨r die Mieterho¨hung sog. die ortsu¨bliche Vergleichsmiete (und auch sog. die Kappungsgrenze) in Betracht kommt, wird im koreanischen Wohnraummietrecht nur prozentuale Obergrenze beru¨cksichigt. Zudem hat im deutschen Mietrecht der Vermieter einen Anspruch auf Zustimmung zur Mieterho¨hung bis zur ortsu¨blichen Vergleichsmiete. Dagegen wird in Korea dieser einfach als Gestaltungsrecht angesehen. Fu¨hrt in Deutschlund der Mieter mit seinem Lebenspartner einen gemeinsamen Haushalt, so tritt mit dem Tod des Mieters der Lebenspartner in das Mietverha¨ltnis ein. Wenn er nicht eintreten will, so wird es mit den Erben des Mieters fortgefu¨hrt. Aber nach dem koreanischen Wohnraummietrecht treten in diesem Fall der Lebenspartner und den Erben des Mieters gemeinsam ein.

대전 3, 4 공단지역의 대기중 중금속의 농도

임종명,이진홍,윤미정,장미숙,남병현 忠南大學校 環境問題硏究所 1999 環境硏究 Vol.17 No.-

This research centered on seasonal analysis for the concentration of heavy metals in 5 sites within Taejon 3rd and 4th industrial Complexes. Total suspended particulates were collected on glass microfibre filters (Whatman EPM 2000) by high volume air samplers. About 20 metal elements including 13 toxic ones were analyzed by ICP-MS and ICP-AES after the pretreatment of mixed acid extraction. The following results were summarized from the research : 1) the concentrations of TSPs were 17.7∼219.6㎍/㎥ while the arithmetic mean concentration was 101.7㎍/㎥ ; 2) the arithmetic mean concentration of human carcinogen such as arsenic, hexavalent chromium and nickel subsulfide was 9.99, 6.68 and 6.13 ng/㎥ while that of probable human carcinogen such as beryllium, cadmium and lead was 0.12, 3.37, 97.65 ng/㎥, respectively.

가족인형놀이가 정신지체 아동의 자발적 발화에 미치는 효과 : 사례연구 Case Study

김윤선,김수정,이경희,한현민 대진대학교 교육대학원 교육연구소 2002 교육연구 Vol.4 No.1

The experiment was undertaken to determine the effect of family puppet play on spontaneous utterance of a five-year-old child with mental retardation. The intervention was three major activites, that is the meeting with father, the playing with elder brother, and the eating time with mother. The intervention continued over 15 weeks, and lasted 26 sessions (20 minutes a session). The data gathered were response to imitation demand, spontaneous imitation, spontaneous utterance, and emotion expressive utterance. The results revealed that in initial sessions response to imitation demand and spontaneous imitation were dominated, but spontaneous utterance and emotion expressive utterance were rapidly increased after 10th and 12th session, respectively.

펄스구동시 LD의 발진 주파수 변화의 측정

김종구,예윤해 경희대학교 레이저공학연구소 2006 레이저공학 Vol.17 No.-

A fiber Fabry-Perot interferometer(FPI) is used to measure the optical frequency change of laser diode during pulse operation. The relaxation oscillation in the carrier density and the temperature change in the active region by heated by the current pulse is the main driving force for the frequency chirping. The frequency chirping during pulsing period is measured and modeled by an equation to characterize the property of the phenomena and to evaluate the quality of the packaging. The two main time constants characterizing the frequency chirping of LD are found to be several tens and hundreds nanoseconds.

코스닥 공모주 주가산정의 적정성 분석

이윤원,정현성 東亞大學校 經營問題硏究所 2003 經營論叢 Vol.24 No.-

경쟁불안이 수영 선수들의 경기력에 미치는 영향

김원배,윤영길,현종호 서울대학교 체육연구소 2000 서울大學校 體育硏究所論集 Vol.21 No.2

The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of performance on the competitive anxiety in competitive situation. To achieve the aim of this study, the subjects were surveyed 172 swimming athletes and all athletes who selected the represent from each province was participated in Busan's Korea National Senior Games on 2000. The CSAI-2 Inventory developed from Martens et al(1990) was used to measure the athlete's psychological anxiety level, the method of survey was visited the athletic club school accommodation before 2 days ago in main events. The results was analysed by SPSS/PC and Mean/Standard Diviation were yielded in each factor. The independant t-test was used to know the difference of cognitive anxiety and physical anxiety on sex, athletic carrear, win experience after Middle School. On the basis of the results analyzed in this study, the conclusion were drawn as follows; 1.The difference of anxiety on sex was significantly appeared. The anxiety of girl players was higher than one of boy players. 2.The difference of anxiety on athletic carrear was significantly appeared. The anxiety of less carrear players was higher than one of more carrear players. 3.The difference of anxiety on win experience didn't significantly appeared.

섬유판에서 음향방출원의 위치표정

박익근,김용권,윤종학,노승남,서성원 한국공작기계학회 2003 한국공작기계학회 추계학술대회논문집 Vol.2003 No.-

음향방출 신호를 이용하여 목재 섬유판(fiberboards)의 위치표정의 유용성 유무를 실험적으로 검증하였다. 위치표정의 정확도를 향상하기 위해 신호처리 방법중의 하나인 웨이블릿 변환 디노이징 기법을 활용하여 저주파수인 대칭모드(굽힘파)를 활용하고, 고주파수인 비대칭 모드(팽창파)룰 제거하여 신호를 재구성함으로써 섬유판의 위치표정시 문턱값 통과방법을 사용할 때 발생하는 도달시간차를 최소화 할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 디노이징 기법을 활용한 섬유판의 위치 표정과 굽힘강도에 대한 사상총수를 기초로 하여 목재 구조물 및 문화재의 건전성을 평가 할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

초음파현미경에서 V(z)곡선의 시뮬레이션

박익근,임재생,윤종학,노승남,서성원 한국공작기계학회 2003 한국공작기계학회 추계학술대회논문집 Vol.2003 No.-

본 연구에서는 초음파현미경의 기하학적 원리와 초음파현미경의 특징중 하나인 V(z)곡선의 간섭파형을 시뮬레이션하였고, 실제 초음파현미경의 V(z)곡선법을 이용하여 미소영역에서의 누설탄성표면파 음속을 측정하였다. 초음파현미경을 이용한 V(z)곡선법의음속측정결과가 시뮬레이션 음속값과 큰차이를 보이지 않으므로 미소영역에 초음파현미경의 V(z)곡선법을 적용하여 초음파의 음속측정이 가능함을 확인하였다. 이는 향후 초음파현미경을 이용하여 미세한 재료의 물성평가에 적용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

환경 오염물질의 진보된 독성 평가 기법

류재천,최윤정,김연정,김형태,방형애,송윤선 한국환경독성학회 1999 환경독성보건학회지 Vol.14 No.1

Recently, several new methods for the detection of genetic damages in vitro and in vivo based on molecular biological techniques were introduced according to the rapid progress in toxicology combined with cellular and molecular biology. Among these methods, mouse lymphoma thymidine kanase (tk) gene forward mutation assay, single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay) and transgenic animal and cell line model as a target gene of lac I (Big Blue) and lac Z (Muta Mouse) gene mutation are newly introduced based on molecular toxicological approaches. The mouse lymphoma tk^(+/-) gene assay (MOLY) using L5178Y tk+i- mouse lymphoma cell line is one of the mammalian forward mutation assays, and has many advantages and more sensitive than hprt assay. The target gene of MOLY is a heterozygous tk^(+/-) gene located in 11 chromosome, so it is able to detect the wide range of genetic changes like point mutation, deletion, rearrangement, and mitotic recombination within tk gene or deletion of entire chromosome 11. The comet assay is a rapid, simple, visual and sensitive technique for measuring and analysing DNA breakages in mammalian cells. Also, transgenic animal and cell line models, which have exogenous DNA incorporated into their genome, carry recoverable shuttle vector containing reporter genes to assess endogenous effects or alteration in specific genes related to disease process, are powerful tools to study the mechanism of mutation in vivo and in vitro, respectively. Also in vivo acridine orange supravital staining micronucleus assay by using mouse peripheral reticulocytes was introduced as an alternative of bone marrow micronucleus assay. In this respect, there was an International workshop on genotoxicity procedure (IWGTP) supported by OECD and EMS (Environmental Mutagen Society) at Washington D, C, in March 25-26, 1999. The objective of IWGTP is to harmonize the testing procedures internationally, and to extend to finalization of OECD guideline, and to the agreement of new guidelines under the International Conference of Harmonization (ICH) for these methods mentioned above. Therefore, we introduce and review the principle, detailed procedure, and application of MOLY, comet assay, transgenic mutagenesis assay and supravital staining micronucleus assay.

중부지역 과수원 토양중의 중금속 함량 평가

정구복,김원일,이종식,신중두,김진호,윤순강 한국환경농학회 2004 한국환경농학회지 Vol.23 No.1

우리나라 중부지역에서 1998년 3∼5월에 과수원 토양 164지점(경기 48, 강원 36, 충북 36, 충남 44지점)을 대상으로 표토(0∼20 ㎝)와 심토(20∼40 ㎝)로 나누어 채취하여 토양내 중금 속함량과 분포특성, 총함량에 대한 침축액별 가용성 함량 비율 및 토양 이화학성과의 관계 를 비교 검토한 결과는 다음과 같다. 과수원 토양중 0.1 N-HCl 침출성 평균함량은 Cd 0.080, Cu 4.23. Pb 3.42 ㎎/㎏, 1 N-HCl 침출성 As 평규함량은 0.44 ㎎/㎏, 중금속 총함량 은 Zn 78.9, Ni 16.09 및 Hg 0.052 ㎎/㎏ 이었다. 과수원 토양내 중금속 평균함량은 우리 나 라 토양환경보전법의 토양오염 우려기준(Cd 1.5, Cu 50, Pb 100, Zn 300, Ni 40, Hg 4 ㎎/ ㎏)과 비교하여 1/25∼1/76.9 수준으로 안전하였다. 토양의 중금속 총함량에 대한 침출액별 가용성 함량비율은 Cd 5.4∼9.2, Cu 27.9∼47.8, Pb 12.6∼21.8, Zn 15.8∼20.3, Ni 5.3∼6.3, Cr 0.7∼3.6% 이었고, 특히 0.05 M-EDTA 침출성 CU 및 Pb의 침출비율이 상대적으로 높 게 나타났다. 토양내 Cd, Pb 및 Ni의 총함량은 모래함량과 부의상관, 미사와 점토함량과는 정의 상관을 보였다. 토양의 중금속 총함량에 대한 침출액별 가용성 함량비율은 점토함량과 는 부의 상관을 보였으며, Zn과 Ni의 함량비율은 토양 pH값, 유기물 및 유효인산 함량과 정 의 상관을 보였다. 이상의 결과에서 볼 때 과수원 토양의 중금속 함량은 토양환경보전법의 토양오염기준보다 매우 낮아 안전하였으나 영농활동에 의한 영향으로 볼 수 있는 농도수준 이 검출된 일부 토양에서 조사되었다. 따라서 최근의 친환경농업 측면으로 볼 때 영농형태 별 중금속의 분포 및 농업자재에 의한 농경지내 중금속 부하량에 근거하여 중금속 오염유무 를 평가할 수 있는 판단기준에 대한 연구가 필요하다고 생각된다. Objectives of this study were to monitor the distribution of heavy metals, to compare extractable heavy metal with total content and to investigate the relationships between soil physico-chemical properties and heavy metals in orchard soil. sampling sites were 48 in Gyeonggi, 36 in Gangwon, 36 in Chungbuk, and 44 in Chungnam. Soils were collected form two depths, 0 to 20 and 20 to 40 cm (here after referred to as upper and lower layers) from March to May in 1998. Total contents of heavy metal in soils were analyzed by ICP-OES after acid digestion (HNO₃:HCl:H₂O₂) whereas extractable contents were measured after successive extraction of 0.1 N-HCl, 0.05 M-EDTA, and 0.005 M-DTPA. Mercury was analysed by mercury atomizer. The average contents of Cd, Cu, and Pb in the extractant with 0.1 N-HCl at upper layer were 0.080, 4.23, and 3.42 ㎎/㎏, respectively. As content in the extractant with 1 N-HCl was 0.44 ㎎/㎏, and total contents of 20, Ni, and Hg were 78.9, 16.1, and 0.052 ㎎/㎏, respectively. m e ratios of concentrations of heavy metals to threshold values (Cd 1.5, Cu 50, Pb 100, Zn 300, Ni 40, Hg 4 ㎎/㎏) in soil Environmental Conservation Act in Korea (2001) were low in the range of 1/2.5-1/76.9 in orchard soils. The ratios of extractable heavy metal to total content ranged 5.4-9.21% for Cd, 27.9-47.8% for Cu, 12.6-21.8% for Pb, 15.8-203% for Zn, 5.3 -6.3% for Nii and 0.7 -3.6% for 2n, respectively. Cu and Pb contents in 0.05 M-EDTA extractable solution were higher than those in the other extractable solution. Total contents of Cd, Ni, and Ni in soils were negatively correlated with sand content, but positively correlated with silt and clay contents. Ratios of extractable heavy metal to total content were negatively correlated with clay content, but Zn and Ni contents were positively correlated with soil pH, organic matter, and available phosphorous. Therefore, the orchard soil was safe because the heavy metal contents of orchard soil were very low as compared to its threshold value in the Soil Environmental Conservation. Act However, it need to consider the input of agricultural materials to the agricultural land for farming practices for assessment of heavy metals.