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<나의 가슴을 운디드 니에 묻어주오>에 나타난 아메리카 인디언의 강요된 동화
노헌균 ( Heong Yun Rho ) 한국영미문화학회 2013 영미문화 Vol.13 No.2
The film director Yves Simoneau deals with Native American`s forced assimilation into white American culture in Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee(2007) in the time period from 1876 to 1890. The assimilation had been processed “through laws, persuasion, education and force.” A politician like Senator Henry Dawes made a special law, the Dawes Allotment Act, to distribute the communally held Indian territory into parcels of 160 acres to each Indian household. An educator like Richard Pratt founded Indian boarding schools to brainwash young Indians to transform them into ordinary American citizens. A philanthropy organization named Friends of the Indians financially supported several selected Indian elites including Charles Alexander Eastman to raise them as future leaders in Indian communities. The assimilationists put their ideas on the same basis, social Darwinism specified in Lewis Henry Morgan`s Ancient Society. Morgan maintains that even the lowest levels of human races can reach the highest level of civilization once they are exposed to “appropriate” circumstances. Senator Dawes, Richard Pratt, and Friends of the Indians believed that white capitalism, Christianity, and Westernized education are the “appropriate” ones severely needed to civilize the savage Indians. The film focuses on how Charles Alexander Eastman, whose Sioux name is Ohiyesa, reacts to the programs the assimilationists provided. On the one hand, Eastman is regretful of his own transformation saying “I should`ve jumped off the train” taking him from Indian reservation to Boston. On the other, he is eager to help Bureau of the Indian Affairs to assign Christian names to Indians. That is why Native American critic David Brumble gives him a dual identity of “romantic racialist and social Darwinist.”
셔만 알렉시의 『어느 파트타임 인디언의 진짜 일기』: 현대 미국사회에서 인디언으로 살아남기 위한 전략으로서의 트랜스내셔널리즘
노헌균 ( Heong Yun Rho ) 미국소설학회(구 한국호손학회) 2014 미국소설 Vol.21 No.1
Sherman Alexie insists that transnationalism will be the best strategy for Native Americans to survive in contemporary America in The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian. The transnationalism in this article refers to Shari M. Huhndorf`s idea, “alliances among the tribes and the social structures and practices that transcend their boundaries, as well as processes on a global scale such as colonialism and capitalism,” and the conception of “the new man” in J. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur`s Letters from an American Farmer. This article specifies how and why Arnold Spirit Jr., the protagonist of the novel, makes various efforts to overcome the nationalism agenda on Spokane Indian Reservation. By crossing over the cultural boundaries between Wellpinit High School on reservation and Reardan High School in a white town, he shows not so much the disadvantages of transnationalism as the benefits of making an apple of himself, “red on the outside and white on the inside.” Based mainly on the two theoreticians`s ideas in analyzing Junior`s transformative practices, this article investigates if Alexie`s transnationalism can replace the dominant ideologies on reservation.
레즐리 실코의 『죽은 자들의 연감』: 아메리카 인디언 문화 부활선언문
노헌균 ( Heong Yun Rho ) 미국소설학회(구 한국호손학회) 2011 미국소설 Vol.18 No.3
Leslie Marmon Silko reviews the past 500 years of American culture since Christopher Columbus`s arrival in the Bahamas in 1492 in Almanac of the Dead. Rather than accepting the dominant Euro-American conception of cultural imperialism in the Americas, Silko is indignant in the whole sphere of colonization to Native Americans, muckraking every evil project done to them deliberately, and accusing the Euro-Americans of the exploitation they have made in the guise of civilization. Silko identifies the Euro-Americans as "vampire capitalists" who are descendants of "the misogynistic, arrogantly hierarchical, and egocentric traditions of Western liberal individualism." In order to save Native Americans from the European capitalists and colonialists, Silko strongly insists that politically radical actions like Ghost Dance and guerilla tactics are highly urgent before Native Americans completely disappear in the Americas. Silko borrows the ideas of regeneration of Native American culture from such traditional Native American thinkers as Dee Brown, Paula Gunn Allen, Arnold Krupat, and A. LaVonne Brown Ruoff. Combining the four theoreticians` arguments together, Silko implies throughout the novel that the Americas should be returned to their native inhabitants.
Michael Mann s The Last of the Mohicans: The Declaration of Another(New) Colonialism
노헌균(Heong yun Rho) 한국영미어문학회 2016 영미어문학 Vol.- No.122
This paper aims to investigate how a film director, Michael Man manipulates James Fenimore Cooper s 1826 novel, The Last of the Mohicans and James L. Conway s 1977 film with the same title to declare that the year 1992 is the beginning of another(new) colonialism to Native Americans. The Indians have tried to overcome colonialism by applying the post-colonialism since the mid-twentieth century, consistently arguing for the returning of the stolen land, the recovery of lost sovereignty, and the regeneration of forgotten cultural heritage. In order to react to the Indians s resistant efforts, Michael Mann visualizes in his film why and how the Native Americans have to either get Americanized or to vanish by making binary divisions, the Noble Savage and the Vicious Savage, and by demonstrating the superiority of European civilization. In conclusion, I try to evaluate if Michael Mann s argument can be sustainable in the discourse of Native Americans in contemporary era and to indicate the wide disparities between the visual images of Indians in films and their real life on reservations.
Oh, Heong Sub,Kim, Tae-Dong,Koh, Yun-Hyuk,Lee, Kwang-Sup,Cho, Shinuk,Cartwright, Alex,Prasad, Paras N. Royal Society of Chemistry 2011 Chemical communications Vol.47 No.31
<P>New donor–acceptor alternating conjugated polymers were synthesized and characterized. Among them, PCPBBT exhibited a band-gap of 1.01 eV and ambipolar characteristics with <I>μ</I><SUB>h</SUB> = 7.1 × 10<SUP>−4</SUP> cm<SUP>2</SUP> V<SUP>−1</SUP> s<SUP>−1</SUP> and <I>μ</I><SUB>e</SUB> = 3.3 × 10<SUP>−3</SUP> cm<SUP>2</SUP> V<SUP>−1</SUP> s<SUP>−1</SUP>.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>A series of low band-gap donor–acceptor alternating conjugated polymers based on the bisthiadiazole unit was synthesized and their optical and physical properties were investigated. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=c1cc11899d'> </P>
복숭아 통조림의 貯藏期間에 따른 주석 溶出量의 變化에 關하여
許允行 최신의학사 1974 最新醫學 Vol.17 No.12
Author Investigated the Variation of dissolved tin ammounts between Lacqured can and plain Can in the Commercial Canned white Peach according to storage time by use of A. 0. A. C. Method. Obtained results indicated as follows: 1. Degree of tin dissolving were increased Proportionally according to storage time of Canned Peach. 2. It was demonstrated that the Lacqured Can has a small amounts of dissolved tin than plain Can.