Evaluation for Impacts of Nitrogen Source to Groundwater Quality in Livestock Farming Area

Gyeong-Mi Lee,Sunhwa Park,Ki-In Kim,Sang-Ho Jeon,Dahee Song,Deok-hyun Kim,Tae-Seung Kim,Seong-Taek Yun,Hyen Mi Chung,Hyun-Koo Kim 한국토양비료학회 2017 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.50 No.5

We investigated 52 livestock farming complexes in Gyeong-Gi and Incheon provinces based on low, medium, and high livestock density and groundwater quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate a relationship between nitrate N concentration in groundwater and animal factors, such as livestock density and animal species. 2,200 groundwater samples for 3 years from 2012 to 2014 at Gyeong-Gi and Incheon provinces were collected and analyzed for pH, EC, DO, ORP, temperature, major anions and cations, such as NO₃-N, HCO₃<SUP>-</SUP>, PO₄<SUP>-</SUP>, SO₄<SUP>2-</SUP>, Cl<SUP>-</SUP>, NH₄-N, K<SUP>+</SUP>, Na<SUP>+</SUP>, Ca<SUP>2+</SUP>, Mg<SUP>2+</SUP>, T-N, and TOC. Average concentration of total N for generated load density was 23,973 g day<SUP>-1</SUP> km<SUP>-2</SUP> for cattle, 51,551 g day<SUP>-1</SUP> km<SUP>-2</SUP> for pig, and 52,100 g day<SUP>-1</SUP> km<SUP>-2</SUP> for poultry. For animal feeding species, average ratio for generated load over discharge load was 16.1% for cattle, 7.8% for pig, and 7.1% for poultry. Therefore, cattle feeding region is highly vulnerable for water pollution compared to pig and poultry feeding areas. The concentrations of chloride, nitrate, and total N in the groundwater samples were higher at high animal farming regions than other regions. The average concentration of nitrate, and chloride in groundwater samples was 5.0 mg L<SUP>-1</SUP>, 16.6 mg L<SUP>-1</SUP> for low livestock density, 6.9 mg L<SUP>-1</SUP>, 17.7 mg L<SUP>-1</SUP> for medium livestock density and 7.6 mg L<SUP>-1</SUP>, 22.7 mg L<SUP>-1</SUP> for high livestock density and total nitrogen (T-N) was 7.7 mg L<SUP>-1</SUP> for low livestock density, 9.4 mg L<SUP>-1</SUP> for medium livestock density, 10.7 mg L<SUP>-1</SUP> for high livestock density. In conclusion, based on this research, for managing groundwater quality near livestock farming regions, Ca-(Cl+NO₃) group from the Piper diagram is more efficient than using 19 factors for water quality standard.

Evaluation for Impacts of Nitrogen Source to Groundwater Quality in Livestock Farming Area

Lee, Gyeong-Mi,Park, Sunhwa,Kim, Ki-In,Jeon, Sang-Ho,Song, Dahee,Kim, Deok-hyun,Kim, Tae-Seung,Yun, Seong-Taek,Chung, Hyen Mi,Kim, Hyun-Koo 한국토양비료학회 2017 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.50 No.5

We investigated 52 livestock farming complexes in Gyeong-Gi and Incheon provinces based on low, medium, and high livestock density and groundwater quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate a relationship between nitrate N concentration in groundwater and animal factors, such as livestock density and animal species. 2,200 groundwater samples for 3 years from 2012 to 2014 at Gyeong-Gi and Incheon provinces were collected and analyzed for pH, EC, DO, ORP, temperature, major anions and cations, such as $NO_3-N$, ${HCO_3}^-$, ${PO_4}^-$, ${SO_4}^{2-}$, $Cl^-$, $NH_4-N$, $K^+$, $Na^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, T-N, and TOC. Average concentration of total N for generated load density was $23,973g\;day^{-1}\;km^{-2}$ for cattle, $51,551g\;day^{-1}\;km^{-2}$ for pig, and $52,100g\;day^{-1}\;km^{-2}$ for poultry. For animal feeding species, average ratio for generated load over discharge load was 16.1% for cattle, 7.8% for pig, and 7.1% for poultry. Therefore, cattle feeding region is highly vulnerable for water pollution compared to pig and poultry feeding areas. The concentrations of chloride, nitrate, and total N in the groundwater samples were higher at high animal farming regions than other regions. The average concentration of nitrate, and chloride in groundwater samples was $5.0mg\;L^{-1}$, $16.6mg\;L^{-1}$ for low livestock density, $6.9mg\;L^{-1}$, $17.7mg\;L^{-1}$ for medium livestock density and $7.6mg\;L^{-1}$, $22.7mg\;L^{-1}$ for high livestock density and total nitrogen (T-N) was $7.7mg\;L^{-1}$ for low livestock density, $9.4mg\;L^{-1}$ for medium livestock density, $10.7mg\;L^{-1}$ for high livestock density. In conclusion, based on this research, for managing groundwater quality near livestock farming regions, $Ca-(Cl+NO_3)$ group from the Piper diagram is more efficient than using 19 factors for water quality standard.

한국사상(韓國思想)[문학(文學)] : 『임진록』의 작가의식과 민족의식 고찰 ―민족의식의 자각을 중심으로―

윤경수 ( Gyeong Soo Yun ) 한국사상문화학회 2012 韓國思想과 文化 Vol.63 No.-

『임진록』은 16세기 임진전쟁이 반발하기 전 후의 조정과 왜적의 실상을 알려주는 군담소설이다. 당시 당파간의 갈등은 국가의 이익보다 사리사욕이 앞서 자신이 소속하고 있는 당을 먼저 챙겼다. 이율곡은 임진전쟁이 일어 날 것을 예견하여 10만 양병 설을 주장 했지만 당시조정은 아랑곳하지 인했다. 또 풍신수길(도요토미 히데요시)의 국서(國書)에는 왜국이 명나라를 치겠다는 명분을 내세워 조선을 통과할 길을 빌리자고 요청하자는 내용이었지만 거절하였다. 당시 통신서는 서인(西人) 황윤길과 동인 김성일이다. 선조는 이들에게 풍신수길의 인물됨에 대해 물었다. 황윤길은 풍신수길에 대해. 범상하지 인물로 미구에 전쟁이 일어날 것을 선조에게 아뢰었다. 동인(東人) 김성일은 풍신수길에 대해 눈은 미물인 쥐와 같이 생겨 전쟁을 일으킬 위인이 못된다고 보고했다. 좌의정 유성룡이 김성일에게 전쟁이 일어나면 어떻게 하려고 그런 말을 하느냐고 하니, 김성일이 누가 그런 줄 모르고 말한 것은 아니라고 했다. 당시 선조는 신하들 간에 당쟁이 극도로 심화되어 국정의 안위문제를 올바로 파악하지 못하고 동인(東人)들 보고에 따라 전쟁준비에 힘쓰지 안했다. 조정은 당시상황을 무사안일로 대처해 왜적은 그 기회를 틈타 부산에 상륙하여 파죽지세로 서울을 19일 만에 함락시켜 선조는 의주에 몽진하게 되었다. 왜적은 조중연합군(朝中聯合軍)에 의해 조선에서 물러났지만. 7년에 걸치는 임진전쟁의 피해는 16세기를 기준으로 할 때 역사상 미증유의 큰 손실의 참화(慘禍)를 입었다. 임진전쟁이 끝난 후에는 백성들의 의식이 달라졌다. 전쟁 당시에는 조선군이 왜군에게 열세를 면하지 못했지만 이순신이 해전에서 23전 23승과 사명대사의 승군이 왜적을 물리쳤고, 의병이 활약상을 내용으로 통쾌한 승리를 내용으로 한 『임진록』이 출판되어 인구에 회자되었다. 오늘에 전하는 『임진록』의 이본(異本)이 120여종에 이르고 있고, 일제 강점기에는 금서로 지정된 것으로 보면 400년 이상을 애독하여 온 것을 이해할 수 있게 된다. 『임진록』이 쓰인 것은 전쟁이 끝난 직후라고 할 수 있다. 작가들은 전장의 피해가 엄청나게 컸던 것으로 인하여 실의에 빠진 사람들에게 희망과 용기를 돋구어주기 위해 전승을 내용으로 쓴 것이다. 흔히 『임진록』은 일부사람들과 학자에 따라 정신적으로 승리한 픽션을 내용으로 한 복수문학이라 했다. 대체로 한문본은 역사계열인 관계로 허구인 내용도 겸했지만 한글본과 비교할 때 논픽션의 경향을 띄고, 한글본은 허구적인 픽션이 한문본 보다 심한 편이다. 『임진록』은 작가의식과 민족의식이 집단적 무의식을 내용으로 하여 실의에 빠진 사람들에게 희망과 광명을 주는 용기를 북돋아 주었다. 그 저력은 다른 데 있는 것이 아니고 단군신화의 동굴모티프가 수용되어 민족의 정서가 영합된 것으로 볼 수 있다. 임진전쟁은 작가들의 의식과 민족의식을 자각케 하였다. 이로 인해여 『임진록』은 작가들에 의해 420년이 지난 오늘에도 읽혀지고 영상매체로써 활용하게 되어 민족의 정서로 승화시켜 놓았다는 것을. 이해하게 된다. 더구나 작가들은 민족의식의 서린 정서를 집단적 무의식적으로 수용하여 단군신화를 형상화한 것에서 문학적 가치와 의의를 지니게 한다. 필자는 『임진록』을 분석하는 일환으로 서구학설을 인용하고 도표를 삽입 시킨 것을 밝힌다. Imjinrok is a war novel reflecting the condition of 16th century Joseon about the court and Japanese before and after the Japanese invasion. During this time, Joseon officials in the central government were loyal to their factions before the country for their personal interests. For this reason, the court did not pay attention when Yi Yulgok insisted the development of 100,000 military forces based on his prediction of possible Japanese invasion. Toyotomi Hideyoshi``s official letter to grant the passage to attack Ming through Korean land was refused. At this time envoys were Hwang Yun-gil of Western-ban and Kim Seong-il of Eastern-ban. Seonjo asked about the personality of Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Hwang responded that he was not ordinary man and capable of starting a war. On the other hand, Kim told the king Hideyoshi looked like rat and had no ability to start a war. When Left-Councilor Yu Seong-ryong pointed out to Kim, he would be responsible when the war broke. Kim responded that he understood the consequences. At the time of intense conflict among the factions, Seonjo accept the recommendation of Eastern-ban and did not pay attention to the preparation for a possible war. Japan took advantage of the situation and quickly took over Seoul in 19 days after landing in Busan. Seonjo fled to Uiju. Japan retreated by the allied forces of Joseon and Ming, but 7 years of war brought chaos and the casualties were incomparable to the standard of 16th century. After the war, people``s consciousness changed. Although Joseon military forces suffered throughout the war, Admiral Yi Sun-sin owned all 23 naval battles and Samyeong Great Monk``s forces defeated Japanese forces. Also many righteous armies brought outstanding victories against Japanese troops. They became the frame of Imjinrok and it was published and became popular. Today, there are over 120 versions of the book and Japan ban this book during the Japanese occupation. For 400 years people loved to read Imjinrok. It was published just after the war of Japanese invasion. Author(s) tried to provide the hope and courage to the people who suffered from the war. That is why they wrote the stories of victories. Some people including scholars consider Imjinrok is a revenge literature with fictions of victories. Chinese version including some fictions and Korean versions have more fiction in character. Imjinrok encouraged hopeless people for hope and liberation with the authors`` professionalism and national consciousness. In fact the foundation came from the cave-motif of the Dangun Mythology with national consciousness. Japanese Invasion awakened the authors`` professionalism and national consciousness. This is why the book is still wide read and became visual materials as the reflection of national consciousness after 420 years of the publication. Also its materialization of Dangun Mythology gives the literary significance. This study uses Western thoughts and tables to analyze the Imjinrok.

Testimonies of the Jeju 4·3 survivors of imprisonment for completely resolving the Jeju 4·3 Incident and legally regaining the honor of the 4·3 victims during the imprisonment

By Dong-yun Yang,Mi-gyeong Kang,Yeong-ran Kim 세계환경사회거버넌스학회 2015 World Environment and Island Studies Vol.5 No.3

These people were wrongfully arrested, imprisoned and (in some cases tortured) by armed police, military and security forces as a part of the 4.3 Incident, without legitimate justification and without proper hearings or trial. It is essential theme that they spend their time in jail without doing any crime during the Jeju 4.3 Grand Tragedy. It is our second theme that they have suffered pains, trauma and lamentations from the Tragedy, then and now. These 11 cases represent desperate situation of violations of human rights of Jeju people during the Jeju 4.3 Grand Tragedy as it were : Gyeong-in Kim, Pyeong-guk Kim, Dong-su Park, Won-hyu Boo, Chun-ok Park, Keun-bang Yang, Il-hwa Yang, Hui-chun Oh, Chang-yong Hyun, U-ryong Hyun, and Byeongtae Jo

경남지역에서 분리한 Salmonella Enteritidis의 항생제 감수성 검사 및 random amplification polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR을 이용한 유전형 분석

김은경 ( Eun-gyeong Kim ),김민경 ( Min-kyung Kim ),권현애 ( Hyun-ae Kwon ),윤도경 ( Do-kyung Youn ),구정헌 ( Jeong-heon Koo ),박소연 ( So-yeon Park ),이희근 ( Hui-geun Lee ),조명희 ( Myeong-hui Jo ),하도윤 ( Do-yun Hah ),김철호 ( 한국동물위생학회(구 한국가축위생학회) 2018 韓國家畜衛生學會誌 Vol.41 No.3

Salmonella Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) are found in animals, humans, and environment. In addition, S. Enteritidis draws attention to the public health concerns due to carriage of antibiotic resistance traits. For these reasons, the prevalence and antibiotic resistance patterns of S. Enteritidis are significant issues with regard to public health. To address this issues, a total of 24 strains of S. Enteritidis from 164 samples collected from several slaughterhouses in Gyeong-Nam province in order for antibiotic resistance profiles. Subsequently, we characterized the genotyping by random amplification polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR. As a result, very high level of resistance to protein synthesis inhibition antibiotics and most isolates were susceptible to others. Six random primers were used for RAPD-PCR to reveal genotypes of S. Enteritidis isolates. One of the primer, P1245, generated 147 distinct RAPD-PCR fragments ranging from 400∼3000 bp. The number of RAPD-PCR products ranged from 4 to 8 for this primer. The RAPD-PCR fragments could be placed these strains into 3 subgroups and 2 classes by UPGMA cluster analysis. Interestingly, several S. Enteritidis that isolated from different slaughterhouses showed same genotype. These results showed only limited genetic variation among the isolates, those were grouped into a few different patterns of antibiotic resistance.

지역치안협의회의 운영실태 분석 및 활성화 방향 연구 : 델파이 방법을 활용하여

윤경희,박동균 치안정책연구소 2012 치안정책연구 Vol.26 No.1

Recently, as national interest in security like school violence, victim protection, or crime prevention is increasing, general and preprescriptions rather than post-approaches to crime are being more highlighted. Therefore, it is the periodic demand to build multiple organizations' cooperative system in a local community to discuss regional security issues and grope for solutions collaboratively. In particular, with the advent of the decentralization age, there is more demand to solve regional security issues in consideration of a region's specific situations. Thereby, the National Police Agency organized 'the Regional Security Council' in February, 2008 and produced visible fruition as establishing the law and order to expand security infrastructure and conducting activities to form a bond of sympathy for security, so the importance of the Regional Security Council is getting greater now. However, despite the visible fruition of it, the Regional Security Council has recently been excluded from the evaluation of general security results, so its driving force has been weakened; thus, now its mere formal operation is pointed out as a problem. Thereupon, this study figures out the problems of the Regional Security Council by evaluating the actual operation of the Regional Security Council. And it intends to suggest directions to enhance its functions and roles as a private cooperation organization worthy of its fame. To attain the goal, this study used Delphi Method to collect related experts' intuitions and opinions three times based on quantitative and qualitative analysis. As a result, the level of its operational appropriateness was lower than the average in terms of 'the differentiation from existing consultative groups or cooperation groups', 'forming the bond of sympathy with related agencies', 'degree of solving current issues in a local community', 'related organizations' 'cooperative handling skills', 'reflecting the agenda or the current problems and issues of the region at the meeting', 'sharing information on the agenda', and 'activating programs and holding meetings for cooperation regarding schools or sexual violence'. In order to activate the Regional Security Council afterwards, it will be needed to be improved in terms of the above eight items. Thereupon, based on the above findings of this paper, this study suggests directions to active the Regional Security Council from three aspects : the Regional Security Council's organizational operation and cooperation, the Regional Security Council's reasonable agenda provision and conference operation, and activities(or programs). 최근에는 학교폭력, 피해자보호, 범죄예방활동 등 치안에 대한 국민적 관심이 증가함에 따라 범죄의 사후적 접근보다는 사전적· 종합적인 처방의 중요성이 강조되고 있다. 따라서 지역치안문제에 대해 함께 논의하며 공동으로 해결방안을 모색해 나가는 지역사회내 다기관 협력체제 구축은 시대적 요청이라 할 수 있다. 특히 분권화 시대를 맞아 지역의 특수상황을 고려하여 지역치안의 문제를 해결하려는 요구가 증가함에 따라 경찰청에서는 2008년 2월 '지역치안협의회'를 구성하여 치안인프라 확충을 위한 법질서 확립 및 치안 공감대 형성을 위한 활동을 하는 등의 가시적인 성과를 이뤄냄으로써 지역치안협의회의 중요성은 매우 증가하는 시점이다. 그러나 이러한 가시적인 성과에도 불구하고 최근 지역치안협의회가 치안종합성과평가에서 제외되어 추진동력이 약화되어 형식적 운영이 문제점으로 드러났다. 이에 이 연구에서는 지역치안협의회의 실질적 운영평가를 통하여 지역치안협의회의 문제점을 파악하고, 명실상부한 민간협력기구로서 그 기능과 역할을 제고할 수 있는 방향을 제시하고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 이 연구에서는 델파이 방법(Delphi Method)을 활용하여 관련 전문가들의 직관과 의견을 3차례에 걸쳐 양적·질적 분석을 통하여 수렴하였다. 그 결과 '기존 협의체, 협력단체와의 차별성', '관계기관의 공감대 형성', '지역사회 현안 문제 해결 정도', '관계기관의 공동대처 능력', '의제 및 회의시 지역현안 및 이슈의 반영', '의제 정보의 공유', '학교, 성폭력 등 협력 관련 회의 개최 프로그램의 활성화'의 측면에서 운영의 적절성 수준이 보통미만의 수준으로 나타났으며, 향후 지역치안협의회의 활성화를 위해서는 위 8가지 항목을 기준으로 개선해야 할 것으로 나타났다. 이에 이 연구에서는 이러한 연구결과를 바탕으로 지역치안협의회 활성화 방향을 지역치안협의회의 조직운영 및 협력, 지역치안협의회의 합리적 의제 제시 및 회의 운영, 활동(프로그램)상 3가지 측면으로 나누어 제시하였다.

다문화가정의 위험요인 분석을 통한 경찰의 관리방안 연구

윤경희 치안정책연구소 2010 치안정책연구 Vol.24 No.1

Today, Korea is rapidly entering to multiracial and multi-cultural society. This fast change brings various issues, putting whole community in risk. Rising risk and concern about safety problem are two-sided characteristics that multi-cultural families have. In other words, this double-faced trait of multi-cultural family is an assailant which creates indirect factors of threats(crime, conflict, confusion, etc.) and become direct problems(fear of crime, crime injuries, suicide, etc.) that appear in multi-cultural families with more threats of risk. Looking into recent crime aspects, international crime rate is increasing with a new type of crime caused by foreigner(voice fishing, smuggling of drugs and guns), conflict problems in family and local community according to percentage increase of international marriage. Problems occurred in multi-cultural family are unfamiliar perils that have not experienced before; Prediction and control of outbreaking carry uncertainty. Risk management is much more required. Especially, multi-cultural family's risk arising has a possibility of mixed up with threaten components of public peace in Korean society. Change in police activity is asked. With this awareness of problem, this study tries to search for police's management strategies in many aspects of coin-sided risks from multi-cultural families' victimization. Average comparison analysis for causes of harm and anger as a type of multi-cultural family's feature in human sociological aspect and risk based on model of this study are achieved for accomplishing the purpose of this study. We also look at the effect that riskers article of objective factor influence on resentment article of subjective factor. Mean value of riskers article and resentment article of multi-cultural family analyzed to 2.70 which is roughly high rate, and it appears that riskers article has significance to resentment article. These results show that police's countermeasure is indispensable for managing multi-cultural family's potential risk at comparatively high level before critical situation is coming. For that, strategies for controlling multi-cultural family's safety issues are suggested like below : Most of all, police's accurate recognition on multi-cultural family's risk and setting risk indicator are demanded for regulating possibility of being developed into crime. Secondly, total management solution complying with type and level of multi-cultural family's risks can be performed by constructing integrated risk management system. Thirdly, organization collaboration system has to be built as planned and adjusted counter-move of associated bodies as opposed to all sorts of harms and resentment requisite threatens Korean society and multi-cultural families. Fourthly, communication activity by steps for finding a way out of the difficulty is realized with multi-cultural family's participation and conversation.

연무에 있어서 대규모 대기 확산현상의 수치해석

윤경미,배명환,김정민 경상대학교 생산기술연구소 2002 工學硏究院論文集 Vol.2 No.-

The spectral finite difference method with a highly spatial resolution and a fast computation speed is applied to simulate the numerical analysis of large-scale atmospheric diffusion phenomenon in smog. A two-dimensional domain as an analytic object is selected, and an analytic fluid is assumed to be laminar, incompressible and viscous. Heat flux and smog inflow are taken in a fixed section on an abscissa as a fire phenomenon. Two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations with a buoyancy under Boussinesq assumption, continuity equation, energy equation and diffusion equation as governing equations are used. Using a conformal boundary-fitted coordinate system, numerical analyses are performed on various conditions. Dimensionless values of concentration, temperature and stream function increase with the Grashof number. Only dimensionless concentration increases with dimensionless diffusion coefficient, but dimensionless values of temperature and stream function are not changed with dimensionless diffusion coefficient. Except dimensionless values of stream function, concentration and temperature decrease with increasing the Reynolds number.

6차 교육 과정에 따른 고등학교 공통 과학 (화학 부분) 교과서의 탐구 활동 분석

김윤희,정경규,문경근,문성배 부산대학교 사범대학 과학교육연구소 1998 科學敎育硏究報 Vol.25 No.-

In order to obtain the fundamental data for developing an ideal chemistry curriculum in the common science, four kind of common science textbooks were analyzed. Particularly, inquiry activities part was analyzed by the three dimension framework which consists of inquiry content dimension, inquiry process dimension and inquiry context dimension. The average volume of chemistry part in the common science text books was 13% (56 page). In the analysis of the inquiry content dimension of inquiry activities, the total number of themes in four kinds of textbook had similar inquiry activities. For the analysis of inquiry process dimension, 'interpreting data and formulating generalizations' category(39.1%) was most emphasized and the categories of 'observation and measuring'(30.8%), and 'building, testing and revising the theoretical model'(16.5%), 'seeing a problem and seeking ways to solve it'(13.5%) follow in order. As for the analysis of the inquiry context dimension, the scientific context was 82%, the individual context 1.8%, the social context 7.8% and the technical context 7.8%. It showed that the proportion of STS related contents in inquiry activities was 18%. For the purpose of common science text book in the 6th curriculum, it is expected to increase the proportion of the high level inquiry process and the proportion of STS related contents.

제주북부지역 적설량에 미치는 해양과 대기간 에너지수지 효과

한경훈,윤용훈,방익찬 제주대학교 해양과환경연구소 2005 해양과환경연구소 연구논문집 Vol.29 No.1